东海区黄(鱼安)(鱼康)资源状况的初步探讨

本文以 2 0 0 2年东海区渔业资源监测调查资料为依据 ,研究分析了黄的洄游分布、渔业生物学特征和资源量状况。结果表明 ,东海区黄主要分布在黄海南部和东海北部海域 ,高资源密度主要分布在水深 4 0～ 10 0m海域 ,但各调查月份有差异 ;9月份黄个体平均体长为 2 15 .35mm ,优势体长组为 14 0～180mm ,占 5 3% ;平均体重为 397.83g ,优势体重组为 70～ 14 0g ,占 4 5 % ;现存资源量评估结果为 2 0 15t,但实际资源量估计约在 1× 10 4t以上 ,属于有潜在价值渔业。     

应用改进的Leslie法估算东海区小黄鱼资源量

针对Lesile法未考虑自然死亡因素的不足,提出了改进形式的Lesile法,使得该方法也能适用于长渔获周期的资源群体,并结合2009～2010年全国海洋捕捞信息动态采集网络评估的渔业统计结果和东海区渔业资源监测调查资料,估算东海区小黄鱼(Lartmichtlys polyaetis)资源量。结果表明,伏季休渔开捕后可供利用的小黄鱼资源量为16.99×104t,到4月底余存4.65×104t,年平均资源量7.70×104t,最大持续产量8.93×104t,全年开发率达到0.87,处于过度开发状态。     

闽东北外海渔场银方头鱼渔业生物学初步研究

闽东北外海底层流刺网作业渔获的银头鱼群体由1～6龄11个世代构成,以2、3和4龄占优势;体长优势组为210～270mm,体重优势组为200～400g,体长与体重的关系W=2.1120×10~(-5)×L~(2.9964)r=0.9970。初次性成熟年龄为2～3龄,最小性成熟个体体长为190mm,在4～8月均有产卵活动;按von Bertalanffy方程拟合生长参数:L_(∝)=436.21mm,W_(∝)=1715.05g,k=0.2357,t_0=-0.9542,体重生长拐点年龄为3.702龄。     

东海区小黄鱼种群生物学特性的分析

本研究以 196 3、1983和 2 0 0 1年东海区渔业资源监测调查资料为依据 ,对小黄鱼 (Pseudosciaenapolyactis)的种群结构、生长和死亡等主要种群生物学特征进行了动态分析。结果表明 ,目前东海区小黄鱼种群的个体小型化、低龄化现象相当突出 ,平均年龄仅为 0 .92 3龄 ;生长加快 ,生长参数k值达 0 .5 5 ;体重生长的体重生长的拐点年龄变小 ,仅为 1.6 7龄 ;性成熟提前 ;死亡率提高 ,残存率减小。尽管小黄鱼近年来产量有所恢复 ,但资源利用对象主要以当年生补充群体为主 ,生长型捕捞过度趋势加重     

长江中游宜昌江段铜鱼的种群特征和资源量

为了解三峡水库蓄水后,长江中游宜昌江段铜鱼的种群动态变化特征,基于2003~2005年、2009~2011年和2017~2019年在宜昌江段收集的9120尾铜鱼样本的基础生物学数据,运用FISAT Ⅱ 软件对种群参数和资源量进行估算。结果显示,2003~2005年、2009~2011年和2017~2019年宜昌江段铜鱼体长分布范围分别为118~416 mm、111~409 mm、107~380 mm,平均体长(平均值±标准差)为230.7±49.8 mm、217.5±54.3 mm、267.2±34.1 mm;体重分布范围分别为10~1000 g、19~889 g、16~816 g,平均体重(平均值±标准差)为195.8±123.6 g、153.2±118.6 g、250.3±84.2 g;生长指数b值分别为3.0151、3.0319、2.9775,均属匀速生长型;由Powell-Wetherall plot法和 ELEFAN Ⅰ 法拟合渐进体长L∞分别为535 mm、530 mm、500 mm;生长系数k值为0.18、0.14、0.15,属中等速率生长型;由体长结构实际种群分析估算铜鱼年资源量分别为1144927尾、1890899尾、2103556尾。研究表明,三峡水库蓄水后,宜昌江段铜鱼为匀速生长型,资源数量增加明显,但生长速率减缓,存在小型化趋势。     

辽东湾水域小黄鱼的生长特征

根据2012-2013年在辽东湾水域进行的6个航次的底拖网调查资料,采用体长频率分析法研究了该水域小黄鱼(Larimichtlys polyactis)的生长特征。结果表明,2012-2013年间共采集小黄鱼样本2 593尾,体长范围为40~210 mm,平均体长为115 mm,优势体长组为90~130 mm,占59.3%。体长与体质量的关系式为W=3×10~(-5)×L~(2.8424)。采用ELEFAN技术计算了小黄鱼的Von-Bertalanffy生长方程,其极限体长L_∞、生长系数K分别为260 mm和0.47。种群总死亡系数Z、自然死亡系数M和捕捞死亡系数F分别为2.31、0.41、1.90。与辽东湾及其邻近水域的历史数据相比,辽东湾水域小黄鱼的生物学特征与2000年前发生了较大变化,极限体长减小,生长速度加快,群体小型化和低龄化严重。2012-2013年辽东湾水域小黄鱼的资源开发率为0.823,其资源处于过度开发状态。     

闽东北海域假长缝拟对虾的生物学特性及利用前景

利用2008年5、8、11月和2009年2月开展的“东海区主要渔场重要渔业资源调查”及1998-1999年开展的“福建海区渔业资源生态容量和海洋捕捞业管理”资料,分析了闽东北海域假长缝拟对虾的生物学特性、数量分布及变化.结果表明:闽东北海域假长缝拟对虾的资源量为6 673 t.1998-1999年假长缝拟对虾雌虾平均体长71.0 mm,平均体重6.2g,雄虾平均体长68.7 mm,平均体重3.2g;2008-2009年雌虾平均体长89.1 mm,平均体重6.8g,雄虾平均体长83.0 mm,平均体重5.0g.闽东北海域假长缝拟对虾1998-1999年的平均渔获量资源密度指数为2.3 kg/h,2008-2009年的平均渔获量资源密度指数为1.6 kg/h.与1998-1999年相比,假长缝拟对虾群体中的体长和体重均略有增长,但资源密度却略有减少,表明假长缝拟对虾资源比较稳定,还有一定的利用潜力,但为了保障该资源可持续利用,必须合理开发和科学管理.     

黄海中南部小黄鱼种群生物学特征的季节变化和年际变化

根据2000～2010年“北斗”号调查船在黄海中南部水域8个航次的渔业生物底拖网调查数据,结合1985～1986年的历史资料,对该水域小黄鱼种群的生长、摄食、繁殖及资源量变动等生物学特征的季节变化和年际变化进行研究.结果表明,小黄鱼春季平均体长和优势体长范围要高于其他季节,从2000～2010年在同一季节小黄鱼的平均体长和优势体长降低,并且优势体长更为集中.小黄鱼食物组成从1985～1986年到2000年发生了显著的变化,2000～2010年小黄鱼食物组成变化不大.1985～1986年小黄鱼食物主要是以鳀Engraulis japonicus(重量百分比为45.18％)为主,其次是小型底栖虾类.2000年和2010年小黄鱼食物组成主要以太平洋磷虾Euphausia pacifica为主,占食物总量的47.2％,其次是细螯虾Leptochela gracilis和脊腹褐虾Crangon afinis,但是鳀在食物组成中从4.67％增加至10.64％.小黄鱼各个季节性腺发育Ⅱ期所占的比例较高.2000年小黄鱼平均渔获量最高(夏季除外),2000年以后其平均渔获量降低,其分布开始向北偏移.由上可知,黄海小黄鱼的种群属性及其生活史类型已经发生变化.因此,建议小黄鱼的渔业管理和资源养护要充分考虑其生物学特征的变化.     

2004年乌苏里江大麻哈鱼生殖群体结构研究

2004年9月10日~10月20日,对乌苏里江大麻哈鱼(Onconhynchas keta)生殖群体随机取样81尾,对其体长、体重组成、年龄与生长、生殖,成熟系数及肥满度等生殖群体结构特征进行测定。结果表明,2004年度的溯河生殖群体主要由2+~4+龄个体组成,其中3+龄占数量优势(72.0%),体叉长平均为62.6±5.24cm,其中60~65cm体叉长占数量优势(38.3%);体重平均为2.95±1.92kg,其中以2~3kg体重占数量优势(55.6%);绝对生殖力平均为2868.7±859粒;相对生殖力平均为0.8328±0.25粒/g;性成熟系数♀群为12.04~25.00%,♂群为2.64~4.47%;肥满度♀群平均为1.1149±0.12%,♂群为1.0843±0.10%。2004年乌苏里江大麻哈鱼种群数量为2.5×104尾,生殖群体数量处于濒危状态,亟待加强保护。     

天津海域口虾蛄群体结构及资源量分析

根据2009年5、8、10、12四个月的口虾蛄调查数据,对口虾蛄的群体结构,资源密度,捕捞产量进行分析研究.结果表明,全年口虾蛄的平均体长为101.72 mm,优势体长组为101-120 mm,平均体重为17.12g,优势组体重为1-10 g.口虾蛄的平均资源密度为837.43 kg/km2,夏季的资源密度最大,冬季最...     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.