盐度对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹渗透压和非特异性免疫酶的影响

设置盐度梯度0、4、8、12、16、20和24,测定不同盐度下中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)仔蟹成活率和组织匀浆上清液离子浓度、Na~+-K~+-ATPase活性、氧合血蓝蛋白含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酚氧化酶(PO)活性,研究盐度对仔蟹成活率、渗透压调节和非特异性免疫酶活性的影响,探讨仔蟹对盐度的适应性。结果表明,盐度8实验组中华绒螯蟹仔蟹成活率和氧合血蓝蛋白含量最高,分别为(90.00±1.00)%和(0.253±0.023)mg/mL,显著高于其他实验组(P0.05);而在淡水组和盐度24组这两个指标值均降至最低。Na~+、Cl~-、K~+浓度,Na~+-K~+-ATPase活性和非特异性免疫酶活性在盐度0～8时呈下降趋势,而在盐度8～12时逐渐上升,当盐度大于12时趋于稳定;这些指标值在盐度8实验组降到最低,Na~+、Cl~-和K~+浓度分别为(40.897±1.700) mmol/mL、(8.340±2.130) mmol/mL和(1.842±0.158) mmol/mL,Na~+-K~+-ATPase酶活性为(3.153±0.735) U/mg,非特异性免疫酶SOD、AKP和PO活性分别为(129.026±3.496) U/mg、(1.326±0.173) U/mg和(16.366±0.065) ng/mL。综合各项实验指标表明,不同盐度对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹渗透压和非特异性免疫酶活性具有一定影响,中华绒螯蟹仔蟹在盐度4～8水体中有较好的生理适应性,淡水和高盐度水体会降低其渗透压调节和免疫防御功能,这为长江口仔蟹资源变动评估和繁育场保护提供了参考。     

盐度对中华绒螯蟹性早熟生理机制的影响

于2004年6月至11月在崇明岛中华绒螯蟹养殖基地进行1秋龄中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的养殖试验,通过荧光免疫二步抗体检测法和原子吸收等方法,测定了1秋龄蟹血淋巴钙离子和雌二醇水平,研究了不同盐度水体中1秋龄中华绒螯蟹性早熟情况及盐度促进中华绒螯蟹性早熟的生理机制。结果表明:(1)随着水体盐度的升高,1秋龄中华绒螯蟹性早熟率上升,成活率则呈下降趋势;(2)水体盐度升高导致1秋龄未发育雌蟹血淋巴中Ca2 含量上升(P<0.05),但对1秋龄雄蟹作用不显著(P>0.05);(3)池塘养殖90 d之后,高盐度水体中1秋龄未发育雌蟹血淋巴中雌二醇水平显著高于低盐度水体1秋龄未成熟雌蟹(P<0.05);(4)1秋龄性早熟雌蟹血淋巴中雌二醇含量高达(1294.00±595.87)pg/mL,极显著地高于同期的1秋龄未成熟雌蟹(P<0.01)。研究表明:水体盐度升高引起的1龄雌蟹血淋巴中雌二醇水平和Ca2 含量上升是导致1秋龄雌性中华绒螯蟹性早熟的内在生理原因。     

盐度对中华绒螯蟹交配及产卵前后血淋巴中5种激素的影响研究

为探究盐度在中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)交配和产卵前后对血淋巴中5种激素的影响，本研究分别设置了0、2、4、6的交配盐度和3、6、9、12、15、18、21的产卵盐度，分析了不同交配和产卵盐度条件下，中华绒螯蟹血淋巴中双羟基孕酮(DHP)、促性腺激素(GTH)、前列腺素(PG)、雌二醇(E2)和睾酮的含量变化。结果显示，在淡水中，雌蟹无交配行为发生，当盐度<6时，雌蟹只交配不产卵。雌蟹在盐度为2~6中交配后，血淋巴中GTH、PG、E2和睾酮与交配前相比均无明显变化，且交配后各盐度组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着盐度的升高，雌蟹产卵前，血淋巴中DHP、PG、E2和睾酮的含量均呈先下降再上升的趋势；产卵后血淋巴中DHP、PG、E2则呈先上升后下降的趋势，其中，当盐度为18时，雌蟹产卵后，血淋巴中DHP、GTH、PG、E2和睾酮含量均降到最低，且与产卵前相比均有显著差异(P<0.05)。当盐度为6时，雌蟹产卵前血淋巴中DHP、PG、E2和睾酮含量最高，产卵后DHP和PG的含量下降，而GTH、E2和睾酮含量均呈上升趋势，但产卵前与产卵后相比除DHP有显著差异外(P<0.05)，其他各项指标相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)；此后，随着盐度的逐渐升高，产卵前后血淋巴中睾酮的含量呈先下降后上升的趋势。研究表明，盐度对中华绒螯蟹雌蟹交配和产卵前后血淋巴中5种激素产生了一定影响，其中，5种激素在中华绒螯蟹低盐度交配中的变化不显著，DHP、GTH和PG这3种激素参与了中华绒螯蟹的产卵活动。本研究通过探讨盐度对中华绒螯蟹雌蟹交配及产卵前后血淋巴中激素的影响，旨在了解中华绒螯蟹繁殖的生理机制，为中华绒螯蟹的繁育生物学研究提供基础资料和参考。     

维生素C对中华绒螯蟹非特异性免疫的影响

通过在以鱼粉、豆粕、玉米粉和麦麸为主要原料配制而成的每100g基础饲料中分别添加0、250、500、1 000、1 500 mg的VC(以VC多聚磷酸酯为VC源)配制5种试验饲料,对均重为(37.52±2.19)g的中华绒螯蟹进行为期60 d的饲养试验,以酚氧化酶(PO)、抗菌力(Ua)、溶菌酶(UL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)等指标为判据,研究VC对中华绒螯蟹体液免疫因子的影响.结果表明,VC对中华绒螯蟹各组织器官中PO、Ua、UL、SOD、AKP和ACP等活性有显著或极显著的影响(P<0.05或P<0.01),在适宜范围内,随着vc添加量的增加,PO、Ua、UL、AKP和ACP活性显著增强,从而增强中华绒螯蟹的非特异性免疫力,而SOD活性则显著降低(P<0.05),表明VC作为天然抗氧化剂在中华绒螯蟹体内发挥了很大的作用.综上所述,VC作为免疫刺激剂能有效地增强中华绒螯蟹的非特异性免疫力,且VC适宜添加量以500～1 000 mg·(100g)-1饲料为宜.     

中华绒螯蟹亲蟹渗透压调节和抗氧化系统对盐度的响应

探讨了中华绒螯蟹亲蟹血清离子和渗透压对盐度的响应以及肝胰腺抗氧化能力与盐度的关系.设立4个盐度组(盐度6、12、18、24)和1个淡水对照组,检测第4天和第20天时中华绒螯蟹亲蟹血清中Na+、K+、Cl-浓度、渗透压以及肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氧酶(CAT)活性和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)...     

尿素对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹非特异性免疫功能的影响

分别用0.24、0.48、0.72、0.96、1.20g/L的尿素溶液饲养中华绒螯蟹幼蟹7d,测定幼蟹血清中超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(Glutathione-S transferase,GST)的活性和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量.结果表明,随着时间的延长,各浓度组中华绒螯蟹幼蟹血清中上述3种酶的活性逐渐下降,丙二醛含量逐渐上升;随着浓度的增加,3种酶活性有逐渐下降的趋势,但0.24g/L尿素浓度组中华绒螯蟹幼蟹血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性和0.96g/L浓度组中华绒螯蟹幼蟹血清中谷胱甘肽-S转移酶活性显著高于其他处理组,这两组中华绒螯蟹血清中丙二醛含量则相应下降.表明尿素浓度增加使得中华绒螯蟹幼蟹体内清除脂质过氧化物、过氧化氢和自由基的能力下降,对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹体内的非特异性防御系统有损伤.     

中华绒螯蟹感染“颤抖病”病毒后血清免疫因子的变化

对中华绒螯蟹进行颤抖病病毒悬液和PBS(对照)注射感染,研究其血清免疫因子抗菌活性(Ua)、溶菌活性(UL)、凝集活性(HA)、酚氧化酶(PO)、过氧化酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(S0D)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性的变化,并对实验的结果进行统计学分析。结果表明,在中华绒螯蟹人工感染颤抖病病毒后,蟹体内的免疫因子发生了明显的变化,血清中Ua、UL活性先是降低,然后上升至高于正常值水平。P0活性先上升然后下降至低于正常值水平,POD、HA、SOD活性逐渐升高至显著水平;ACP及AKP活性则显著下降。     

中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹血淋巴生化指标与盐度的关系

设定淡水对照组和两个盐度组(盐度12,盐度25),分别在第0、3、6、12、24、48、72、96、144小时取样,研究盐度对中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹6项血淋巴生化指标的影响。结果表明,在0~144 h内,盐度组中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹血淋巴总蛋白(TP)含量在前6 h显著高于对照组(P<0.05),96 h后高低盐度组TP水平趋于一致,并保持在略高于对照组的稳定水平。葡萄糖(GLU)含量随盐度的升高而增大,盐度组GLU均呈先升高后降低趋势,盐度25组GLU在72 h达到最大值且显著高于盐度12组和对照组(P<0.05)。盐度12组甘油三酯(TG)含量呈降低趋势且在6~144 h显著低于对照组(P<0.05),72 h后显著低于盐度25组(P<0.05),盐度25组TG呈先下降后上升趋势,且在72 h后恢复至对照水平。盐度组碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性呈先升高后降低趋势,盐度组乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性均在3 h达到最大值,12 h取得最小值。分析认为,中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹由淡水进入咸水,其血淋巴TP、GLU、TG含量均发生显著性变化,推测其机体加强能量代谢,加速动用脂类和糖类作为能源物质以应对盐度突变刺激;并最先调节蛋白质代谢过程以响应外界坏境的渗透压变化进行渗透压调节,其机体最终能够适应外界较高盐度的水体。     

中华绒螯蟹性早熟的早期判别

结合对生殖腺的组织学研究，对发生性早熟发育与未发生性早熟发育的中华绒螯蟹的２２个形态特征参数进行了比较，确定了判别雌、雄中华绒螯蟹性早熟的三个形态特征参数，建立了雌、雄蟹性早熟判别公式；对雌蟹的判别准确率达９０．９％，对雄蟹的判别准确率达９６．９％。     

苯噻酰草胺胁迫对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的毒性效应

为探讨苯噻酰草胺对中国重要经济水产动物中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹的毒性效应,采用半静态体外暴露法,研究了苯噻酰草胺对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的致死效应和急性毒性,并测定了14 d短期暴露过程中鳃和肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量变化规律。结果表明,苯噻酰草胺对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹毒性等级为高毒,24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为5.31、2.11、0.47和0.18 mg/L,安全浓度为0.018 mg/L。低浓度苯噻酰草胺(0.01 mg/L)胁迫能够在短期内促进生物体的防御能力,暴露14 d鳃组织中的SOD、CAT活力及MDA含量随着胁迫时间延长呈先升高后降低的趋势,肝胰腺中SOD、CAT活力受到显著诱导(P0.05),MDA含量与对照组间无显著性差异(P0.05)。在0.04、0.16 mg/L苯噻酰草胺浓度胁迫下,鳃组织中SOD、CAT活力在暴露14 d后被明显抑制,MDA含量显著升高(P0.05);肝胰腺组织中的SOD、CAT活力与丙二醛含量均显著升高(P0.05)。研究表明较高浓度的苯噻酰草胺可导致中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的氧化胁迫,引起不可逆的氧化损伤。[中国渔业质量与标准,2021,11(4):01-08]     

盐度胁迫对尼罗罗非鱼免疫相关指标的影响

为探究盐度胁迫对尼罗罗非鱼免疫的影响，对体质量(35.0±5.0) g的尼罗罗非鱼进行了急性和慢性的盐度胁迫实验，对免疫相关指标进行了检测和分析。在急性盐度胁迫中，设置0、5和15盐度组，分别在胁迫后6、12、24、48和96 h进行取样，检测血清SOD、CAT、GSH-Px和AKP的活性。在慢性实验中，设置0、10、20和30盐度组，胁迫8周后检测血清SOD、CAT、GSH-Px和AKP活性，并进行了无乳链球菌易感性实验。结果显示：①血清中SOD活性在急性盐度胁迫6、12和24 h时都有随盐度上升而上升的趋势，但在96 h时盐度15组酶活性显著低于盐度5组；在慢性盐度胁迫下，各组的酶活性呈现出随着盐度升高而显著性下降的趋势。②血清CAT活性在急性盐度胁迫下12和24 h时呈现出随着盐度升高而显著下降的趋势；在慢性胁迫下不存在显著性差异。③血清中GSH-Px活性在急性和慢性胁迫后，均呈现随着盐度升高而降低的趋势。④血清AKP活性在胁迫后6 h随盐度升高呈现出显著下降趋势；在慢性盐度胁迫下，盐度20组显著低于其他实验组。⑤尼罗罗非鱼对无乳链球菌易感性实验中，盐度10组的易感性和盐度0组之间无显著差异，盐度20和30组的易感性高于盐度0组。研究表明，两种盐度胁迫均会引起免疫相关指标的变化，急性盐度胁迫实验表明，盐度5和15可导致尼罗罗非鱼机体氧化损伤，但尼罗罗非鱼可以逐渐适应这一变化；慢性盐度胁迫实验表明，盐度高于20会抑制尼罗罗非鱼多种免疫指标活性，造成其对无乳链球菌的易感性升高。     

Effects of salinity on the physiological responses of the large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea under indoor culture conditions

The physiological responses to different environmental salinities were assessed in juveniles of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea. This species shows a good capacity to adapt to comparatively low environmental salinities by evaluating some physiological responses, i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and lysozyme (LZM) in the liver, spleen, gill and kidney respectively. Growth and survival at salinity 5‰, 10‰ and 25‰ were better than those at salinity 15‰ and 20‰. No significant differences in ACP, AKP, SOD and LZM in the liver were observed among different salinity treatments; SOD, AKP and LZM in the spleen among different treatments only showed significant differences at the beginning or the 2nd week; in the gill, no significant difference of AKP and LZM were observed during the whole experiment, SOD among different treatments showed significant difference at the beginning and the 8th week, and ACP only showed significant difference at the end of the experiment; in the kidney, significant differences in ACP, AKP and SOD among different salinities were merely observed at the end of experiment, and LZM showed significant difference among different treatments at the 2nd week. Overall, some slight stress responses were observed, but few significant differences were observed between low salinity and normal salinity, especially the growth and physiological functions were not influenced by low salinity, i.e. 5‰ and 10‰. We conclude that juvenile large yellow croaker is tolerant to low salinity and shows a potential for low salinity culture.     

不同盐度对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼血清离子浓度和激素水平的影响及其与鳃MRCs渗透调节功能的关系

为探究不同盐度对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼血清离子浓度和激素水平的影响及其与鳃线粒体丰富细胞(MRCs)渗透调节功能关系,实验将暂养于盐度为30的水体中的斜带石斑鱼幼鱼直接转移至盐度分别为5、10、20和30(对照组)的水体中,于7和15 d分别检测血清Na~+、K~+、Cl~–浓度和血清皮质醇(COR)水平,并于第15天观察幼鱼鳃MRCs分布和结构的变化。结果显示,随盐度升高,幼鱼血清Na~+、Cl~–浓度显著上升,而K~+浓度无显著变化;COR水平在盐度5和10实验组显著高于盐度20和对照组;随盐度上升,鳃MRCs体积增大,数量增多,且盐度20和对照组鳃MRCs体积显著大于盐度5和10实验组;鳃MRCs表面存在一个特殊的顶膜结构,在不同盐度下呈现不同形态:盐度5和10实验组中鳃MRCs顶膜开口较大,且其表面存在大量的微绒,而盐度20实验组和对照组中鳃MRCs的顶膜向内深陷形成了一个顶隐窝,开口较小,且其表面没有微绒毛。研究表明,斜带石斑鱼幼鱼鳃MRCs在盐度5的水体中可以很好地发挥渗透调节功能,使幼鱼在盐度5的水体中存活。     

Osmoregulatory changes in wedge sole (Dicologoglossa cuneata Moreau, 1881) after acclimation to different environmental salinities

The osmoregulatory responses of 20 days of acclimation to environmental salinities of 5‰, 15‰, 25‰, 35‰ and 55‰ were assessed in juveniles of wedge sole ( Dicologoglossa cuneata Moreau, 1881). This sole shows a good capacity to adapt to this range of environmental salinities. A direct linear relationship between environmental salinity and plasma osmolality was observed, with a calculated isosmotic point of 10.4‰ (284 mOsm kg⁻¹). Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in the gills followed a 'U-shaped' relationship with environmental salinity, and a direct linear relationship in kidney tissue. Plasma cortisol levels were elevated in fish held in extreme salinities, and glucose levels were higher only in the group maintained at the highest environmental salinity. In the liver, a decrease in glycogen, lactate and amino acid contents was observed in specimens acclimated to extreme salinities (5‰ and 55‰), suggesting mobilization of liver metabolites. Metabolite levels in white muscle showed a pattern similar to the liver, with lower values in specimens acclimated to extreme salinities. We conclude that wedge sole is strongly euryhaline, but acclimation to extreme salinities comes with an energetic cost.     

Effects of hypoxia on immune responses and carbohydrate metabolism in the Chinese mitten crab,Eriocheir sinensis

In aquaculture, hypoxia is an important stressor that can inhibit the healthy development of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. The aim of this work was to research on how hypoxia (1 mg/L) followed by reoxygenation affects the immune response and carbohydrate metabolism in the Chinese mitten crab. The activities of immune‐related enzymes including lysozyme (LZM), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phenoloxidase (PO) and concentration changes in haemolymph glucose, trehalose and hepatic glycogen were evaluated after 8 hr of hypoxia followed by 12 hr of reoxygenation. After 8 hr of hypoxia, the activities of LZM, PO, SOD and hepatic glycogen concentration significantly decreased to the minimum when compared to the control group, but the activities of ACP and AKP, and haemolymph glucose concentration significantly increased. After 12 hr of reoxygenation, the activities of LZM, ACP, AKP and SOD recovered to the normal level except SOD in plasma, while the PO, SOD in plasma and hepatic glycogen concentration were still significantly lower than the control level. No significant change was observed in trehalose concentration during hypoxia and reoxygenation periods. These results indicated that although the activities of ACP and AKP were likely increased to facilitate the hydrolysis of foreign matter, the overall strength of the immune response was decreased as LZM, PO and SOD activities were suppressed after exposure to hypoxic conditions. The energy stores of exposed crabs were reduced due to the expenditure of energy during exposure to hypoxic stress. In general, chronic hypoxia would impair the immunocompetence and increase the energy expenditure of Chinese mitten crab, further increased the risk of pathogen infection and feed coefficient, so the negative effects of hypoxia should not be ignored.     

Influence of temperature and salinity on the yellowleg shrimp, Penaeus californieinsis Holmes, prophenoloxidase system

The effects of salinity and temperature on plasma protein concentration and total haemocytic prophenoloxidase (proPO) were determined. Groups of 10 juvenile yellowleg shrimp, Penaeus californiensis Holmes, were acclimated for 20 days at different salinities (28%o, 32%o, 36%o, 40%o and 44%o at 25 °C) or temperatures (18, 22, 25, 28 and 32 °C at 36%o). While total protein levels were not affected, the quantities of proPO increased as salinity was elevated. Temperature affected both haemolymph parameters, showing a significant decrease in proPO at 32 °C, and an increase of protein at 28 and 32 °C. These results may help to explain the elevated disease susceptibility of shrimp at higher salinities and/or temperatures.     

转vp28蓝藻口服剂对凡纳滨对虾抗白斑综合征病毒能力及免疫反应的影响

为探讨转vp28蓝藻(Anabaena sp.PCC7120)口服剂对凡纳滨对虾抗白斑综合征病毒能力及其相应的免疫反应,本研究将此口服剂免疫幼虾7 d,再分别通过投喂攻毒和浸泡攻毒,测定其存活率及相应的免疫指标。投喂攻毒和浸泡攻毒的实验组存活率分别为78.8%和83.19%,表明该口服剂能显著增强对虾抗白斑综合征病毒的能力。蓝藻口服剂免疫对虾的酶活性检测结果显示,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酚氧化酶(PO)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性在免疫后2 h均有上升趋势,且在48或96 h达到最高值,这表明该口服剂能引起对虾体内酶活性变化。投喂攻毒的对虾酶活性检测结果显示,实验组攻毒后的对虾肝胰腺SOD活性分别比阳性对照组、野生型组、空载体组显著提高42.10%、32.26%和16.04%,且攻毒后的肌肉SOD活性分别比阴性对照组、阳性对照组、野生型组和空载体组略微提高17.70%、11.50%、15.00%以及10.00%。实验组攻毒后的对虾肝胰腺PO、CAT和AKP活性比阳性对照组分别提高12.17%、88.80%和240.07%,比野生型组分别提高21.49%、30.90%和100%;酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性比阴性对照组略微提高,而在肌肉中各组ACP活性无显著性差异。同时浸泡攻毒组结果与投喂攻毒组具有类似的趋势。浸泡攻毒的实验组CAT和AKP活性显著高于其余处理组,且CAT活性比投喂攻毒更为显著。浸泡攻毒的实验组肝胰腺PO活性显著高于阳性对照组、野生型组和空载体组,而各组肌肉ACP活性无显著性差异。研究表明,转vp28蓝藻口服剂能够增强凡纳滨对虾抗病能力并延缓对虾死亡。转vp28蓝藻PCC7120本身可作为幼虾饵料直接投喂,无需提取纯化,有望大规模应用于对虾养殖产业。     

家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长、抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

设计6种等氮等能的试验饲料,以评价不同比例的家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长性能、抗氧化以及非特异性免疫指标的影响。选用960尾体质量为(0.56±0.03)g的凡纳滨对虾随机分为6组,分别投喂用家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉的6种饲料,替代比例(等蛋白替代)分别为0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%,记为G0、G20、G40、G60、G80和G100。45 d的养殖试验结果显示,G20~G60组凡纳滨对虾的增重率(WGR)与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),G80、G100组WGR显著降低(P<0.05)。除G40组外,各替代组凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率(SGR)均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。G100组摄食量(FI)显著低于其它各组(P<0.05)。当替代水平不超过60%时,家蝇蛆粉对凡纳滨对虾的饲料系数(FCR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、蛋白质沉积率(PPV)和肝胰指数(HSI)影响不显著(P>0.05);随替代水平的继续增加,FCR和HSI显著升高,PER和PPV显著降低(P<0.05)。替代组对虾肥满度(CF)和存活率(SR)均不同程度的高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。随家蝇蛆粉替代水平的增加,全虾粗蛋白、钙(Ca)和总磷(P)含量显著升高(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),干物质和灰分含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。各替代组对虾血清和肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、血清丙二醛(MDA)含量与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),G80和G100组肝胰腺MDA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。血清酚氧化酶(PO)活性随家蝇蛆粉替代量的增加而显著降低,其中G20组显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。肝胰腺碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性随添加量的增加而显著降低(P<0.05)。家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾的血细胞总数(THC)、血清一氧化氮(NO)含量、AKP活性和肝胰腺PO活性、NO含量影响不显著(P>0.05)。     

Fatty acid composition,osmolality, Na+, K+‐ATPase activity,cortisol content and antioxidant status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to various dietary levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels on the fatty acid composition, salinity tolerance and antioxidant status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Four diets were formulated with total EPA and DHA contents of 5.41, 9.55, 13.97 and 17.88 g/kg (abbreviated as ED‐5.41, ED‐9.55, ED‐13.97 and ED‐17.88 respectively). Rainbow trout (initial weight of 90.61 ± 9.25 g) were fed the experimental diets for 8 weeks to accumulate significant differences in fatty acid composition and subsequently underwent salinity acclimation. Our results indicated that high dietary EPA and DHA significantly improved the EPA and DHA content in fish tissues. The serum osmolality of fish returned to their freshwater values in the ED‐9.55, ED‐13.97 and ED‐17.88 groups. The Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase (NKA) activity of fish in the ED‐13.97 group changed dramatically to adapt the fish to the hypertonic environment. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the serum cortisol concentration and liver catalase (CAT) activity of fish in the ED‐13.97 group during salinity acclimation. The liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the ED‐13.97 group was significantly higher than that in ED‐5.41 and ED‐9.55 groups at the end of salinity acclimation. The muscle malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the ED‐13.97 group was significantly lower than that in the ED‐17.88 group before salinity acclimation and significantly lower than the ED‐5.41 and ED‐17.88 groups on day 7 of acclimation. The results of this study indicate that the rainbow trout in the ED‐13.97 group exhibited optimal salinity acclimation performance.     

The Effects of Temperature, Age, and Acclimation to Salinity on the Survival of Farfantepenaeus paulensis Postlarvae

Abstract.— Salinity tolerance limits during the ontogenetic development of Farfantepenaeus paulensis postlarvae (PL) were determined at different temperatures. Initially, PL 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 80 maintained in 30 ppt (parts per thousand) salinity, 22‐25 C, were directly transferred to 15 combinations of salinity (2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 ppt) and temperature (15, 20 and 30 C) for 96 h. Irrespective of age or salinity, higher survival rates were registered at 25 C. PL 10 suffered high mortality, especially at low salinities combined with low (15 C) or high (30 C) temperatures. From PL 20 to PL 40, an increase in survival was observed in all combinations. For PL 60 and 80, tolerance to low salinity was reduced, suggesting that PL have a maximum age by which they are able to develop adaptability to low salinities. In general, the effect of temperature contributed more significantly to mortality in PL 10 and PL 30, but its influence decreased afterwards. From PL 40, salinity becomes the main factor determining mortality. In order to examine the effects of acclimation to salinity on the tolerance limits, a second set of experiments was performed with PL 5, 10, 15 and 25 acclimated to 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 ppt, 25 C, over a 5‐d period. Postlarvae were then transferred to different salinity levels (2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 ppt) and kept for 96 h. High mortality of PL 10 occurred after direct transfer from high to intermediate/low salinity levels. Although the acclimation to salinity increased survival, it was still poor. An increase in the salinity tolerance was observed from PL 15 to 30, even with no acclimation. Results indicate that PL 10 do not have a fully developed osmoregulatory capacity to cope with low and/or abrupt changes of salinity. It is recommended that non‐acclimated PL 10 should only be released in environments with salinity at or above 20 ppt. If acclimation is carried out, PL may be released in salinities above 10 ppt. The release of PL 10 in salinities below 5 ppt may result in mortality rates of up to 70%. The best age for the release of non‐acclimated F. paulensis PL in environments with low and/ or wide fluctuations of salinity would he PL 15‐30.