急性低盐胁迫对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼存活、血清离子浓度和内分泌激素水平的影响

为探究急性低盐胁迫对斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)幼鱼存活、血清离子浓度和激素水平的影响,将斜带石斑鱼幼鱼从盐度30(对照组)的水体直接转移至盐度0、5、10、20的水体中,于2 h、6 h、12 h、48 h和72 h检测幼鱼血清中的钠离子(Na~+)、钾离子(K~+)、氯离子(Cl~-)浓度和生长激素(GH)、催乳素(PRL)、皮质醇(COR)水平的变化,并记录幼鱼存活情况。结果显示,血清Na~+和Cl~-浓度随盐度增加显著上升(P0.05)。盐度0组和对照组血清Na~+浓度随实验时间变化不大,较稳定(P0.05);而盐度5和盐度10组血清Na~+浓度在6 h降低,随后升高并保持稳定(P0.05);盐度20组血清Na~+浓度随时间的延长出现显著波动(P0.05)。随时间延长Cl~-浓度在盐度0组呈显著下降趋势(P0.05),在盐度5、10和20组和对照组变化不明显(P0.05)。K~+浓度在盐度0组显著高于其它组(P0.05)。随时间延长K~+浓度在盐度0组先升后降(P0.05),而在盐度5、10和20组以及对照组则先降后升(P0.05)。GH水平在盐度20和对照组显著高于其它3组(P0.05)。随时间延长GH水平在盐度0、5和10组呈先下降至6 h处达到最低点,而后上升的趋势(P0.05),而在盐度20和对照组无显著变化(P0.05)。PRL在各试验组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。随时间延长各试验组血清PRL水平先下降后上升至12 h达到最大值后又下降(P0.05),最后趋于稳定。COR水平在盐度0、5和10组显著高于盐度20和对照组(P0.05)。随时间延长在盐度0、5和10组的变化规律与PRL水平类似,而在盐度20和对照组无显著变化(P0.05)。随时间延长在盐度0组幼鱼死亡率逐渐升高,72 h内全部死亡;盐度5组幼鱼在实验期间仅有极少数死亡,而其它组幼鱼无死亡情况,这表明斜带石斑鱼幼鱼能够适应在盐度低至5的急性胁迫下存活,但在淡水急性胁迫条件下不能长时间存活。     

盐碱对大鳞鳃血清渗透压、离子含量及鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的影响

通过室内毒理实验,研究了盐度、碱度以及盐碱交互作用对大鳞9E(Barbus capito)血清渗透压、血清离子(Na~+,K~+,CI~-、尿素氮)浓度和鳃丝Na~+/K~+ -ATP酶活力的影响.单因子实验中,随着含盐水平(8 g/L,10g/L、12g/L,14 g/L)的增大,大鳞鳃血清渗透压和血清离子(Na~+,K~+,Cl~-)浓度均显著升高(P<0.05),鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力先升高后降低,受体内外渗透压差的影响最显著(P<0.05).碱度的增大(19.05 mmol/L,30.20 mmol/L,47.86mmol/L,75.86 mmol/L)能引起血清K~+和尿素氮浓度显著升高(P<0.05),但对血清渗透压和鳃丝ATP酶活力无显著影响.在双因子实验中,盐碱交互升高会引起渗透压和血清离子(Na~+,CI~-、尿素氮)显著升高(P<0.05).方差分析结果表明,盐度、碱度及交互作用均对渗透压有显著影响,影响作用最大的是盐度,其次是碱度,交互作用最小.鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性先升高后降低,最高值出现在盐度10 g/L、碱度30.20 mmol/L的正交试验组.从实验结果可得出,大鳞鳃在盐度12g/L以下的水体中能生存,在盐碱共存的环境下,能耐受的上限为盐度10 g/L、碱度30.20mmol.本研究旨在掌握大鳞鳃的生存盐碱度范围,以期为该物种的增养殖生产提供基础依据.     

水体盐度对雌性三疣梭子蟹生长、卵巢发育、渗透压调节、代谢和抗氧化能力的影响

为研究长期盐度适应对雌性三疣梭子蟹生长、卵巢发育、渗透压调节、代谢和抗氧化能力的影响,本实验设置了不同盐度(10、15、20和25)的水体,对生殖蜕壳后三疣梭子蟹雌体进行60 d的盐度适应实验。结果显示:(1)雌蟹的成活率、增重率、特定生长率和性腺指数随水体盐度的升高而显著上升。(2)血清渗透压、Na~+、Cl~–、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、大部分游离氨基酸和总游离氨基酸含量及后鳃Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性均随水体盐度的升高而显著上升。(3)血清中葡萄糖和肝胰腺乳酸含量随水体盐度的升高而显著降低,而血清中的尿素氮、尿酸及肝胰腺中的尿酸含量均随水体盐度的升高而显著上升;肝胰腺中的甘油三酯、总胆固醇和尿素氮含量均在20和25盐度组较高。(4)10盐度组血清和肝胰腺中的总超氧化物歧化酶活性显著低于其他组,而血清中的总抗氧化能力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、血蓝蛋白和肝胰腺中的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、丙二醛水平均在10盐度组最高。研究表明,水体盐度升高可促进三疣梭子蟹生长和卵巢发育;在20和25盐度条件下,雌蟹机体的代谢水平和氧化胁迫较低。     

镧对条纹锯鮨组织抗氧化酶及Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性的影响

在水温17~26℃下,将平均体质量(68.19±4.00)g的条纹锯幼鱼饲养在体积200L的塑料箱中,用氯化镧配制镧的质量浓度分别为0、0.1、2、5、10、20mg/L和30mg/L,每个质量浓度设3个平行,每个平行放入15尾鱼,每日更换50%试验用水,以探究稀土元素镧对条纹锯幼鱼的肝、肾、鳃组织超氧化物歧化酶、Na~+/K~+-ATP酶、过氧化氢酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响。90d的饲养结果表明,当镧质量浓度为5mg/L时,条纹锯生长的质量增加率和特定生长率最高,分别为74.29%和0.61%;镧显著或极显著抑制肝、肾中超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性(P0.05和P0.01);低质量浓度(0~2mg/L)时,镧对鳃中的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性无显著影响,高质量浓度时(20、30mg/L)时,有抑制作用;镧极显著抑制肝中丙二醛含量(P0.01),而在肾和鳃中丙二醛含量先升后降;镧对条纹锯肝、肾、鳃中Na~+/K~+-ATP酶的活性影响大致相同,即在低质量浓度镧暴露时Na~+/K~+-ATP酶呈激活状态,在高质量浓度镧作用下,鳃中的Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性没有明显变化,肝、肾中的Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性受到显著或极显著抑制(P0.05和P0.01)。     

急性盐度胁迫对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)“黄选1号”血清渗透压及离子含量的影响

为探索三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)"黄选1号"在盐度适应过程中血清渗透压和离子浓度的变化特点及规律,进而了解其渗透压调节机理,设置盐度为5、10、20和50共4个实验组,以盐度30的自然海水为对照组,进行三疣梭子蟹"黄选1号"急性盐度胁迫实验。结果显示,各实验组血清渗透压呈规律性变化,0–12 h期间,低盐实验组血清渗透压较对照组表现为下降,盐度为50的高盐实验组,血清渗透压表现为上升;12–72 h期间,各实验组血清渗透压达到稳定状态。随着胁迫盐度的升高,血清与环境介质渗透压的差值先减小后稳定,与外界环境未出现等渗现象。血清中Cl~-、Na~+、K~+含量的变化与血清渗透压的变化相似,但血清与环境介质离子含量的差值表现为Cl~-、Na~+含量差值先下降后稳定,K~+含量差值表现为先上升再下降最后稳定。研究表明,三疣梭子蟹"黄选1号"渗透压调节类型属于高渗调节型,Cl~-和Na~+在渗透压调节中起主要作用,提示三疣梭子蟹"黄选1号"具有较强的渗透压调节能力,对生存环境盐度的变化具有较强的适应能力。     

盐度胁迫对黄河鲤幼鱼耐受性、肝脏抗氧化酶和鳃丝Na+/K+-ATPase酶活性的影响

为了解盐度胁迫对黄河鲤(Cyprinus carpio haematoperus)幼鱼耐受性、肝脏抗氧化酶和鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATPase酶活性的影响,实验设置0(对照组)、3、6、9、12和15共6个盐度梯度对黄河鲤幼鱼进行盐度胁迫,在6、12、24、48、72和96 h时采样,测定肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和溶菌酶(LZM)的活性及丙二醛(MDA)的含量和鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATPase酶活性。结果显示:与对照组相比,各盐度组黄河鲤幼鱼肝脏组织的SOD、CAT、LZM、GSH-Px和鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATPase酶活性随胁迫时间的延长均有先升高后下降的趋势,且SOD、CAT、GSH-Px和鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATPase酶活性在盐度为6时能在胁迫96 h内维持较高水平,而盐度为9、12和15时酶活性则随胁迫时间延长显著下降。各盐度组LZM酶活性在胁迫96 h内均显著高于对照组,且12和15高盐度组在胁迫96 h时仍显著高于其他组。各盐度组的MDA含量均在胁迫6 h达峰值,之后随胁迫时间延长,盐度为3、6、9组下降较显著,但12和15组的MDA含量在96 h时仍显著高于其他组。结果表明:在本试验条件下,黄河鲤幼鱼在养殖用水盐度0～6范围内适当提高盐度可提高其肝脏抗氧化性能和鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATPase酶活力。     

大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)PRL基因、Na~+-K~+-ATPase α1基因对盐度胁迫的响应

采用荧光定量PCR技术对不同盐度胁迫下各时间点大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼肠、鳃中催乳素(PRL)基因和Na~+-K~+-ATPase α1两种基因的表达量进行检测。以盐度30为对照组,盐度5、10、40和50为实验组进行数据分析。结果显示,两种基因在两种组织中均有表达,且基因的表达量具有组织和时间特异性。肠组织PRL、Na~+-K~+-ATPase α1基因的表达量,在盐度50和5条件下,随胁迫时间的延长呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;鳃组织PRL基因表达量,在盐度50和盐度5条件下,随胁迫时间延长先升高后降低,而Na~+-K~+-ATPase α1基因表达量在低盐条件下(盐度5)没有显著变化,在高盐条件下(盐度50)随时间延长呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势。在肠组织中,两种基因存在极显著的协同作用,随着盐度的升高,两种基因的表达量都呈现先升高后降低的趋势,且相关系数均接近于1;在鳃组织中,在10–40盐度范围内,两种基因的表达存在明显的拮抗作用,当PRL基因的表达量呈现升高(或下降)趋势时,Na~+-K~+-ATPase α1基因的表达量呈现下降(或升高)趋势,且两种基因的相关系数均为负值。研究表明,PRL具有抑制Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性的作用,为今后盐度胁迫分子调控机理研究提供理论依据。     

福瑞鲤对氨氮胁迫的生理响应

以福瑞鲤(Cyprinus carpio)为材料,研究不同浓度氨氮(0、10、20和30 mg/L)处理对幼鱼鳃组织中抗氧化系统和Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力的影响。结果显示,氨氮胁迫6 h诱导H_2O_2含量、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性迅速显著升高,并在胁迫24 h时达到最高水平。胁迫96 h后,各处理组H2O2含量、SOD活性和总抗氧化能力均低于对照组水平,MDA含量显著增加。氨氮胁迫后,Na~+/K~+-ATP酶基因转录水平和蛋白活性呈先降低后升高又降低的变化趋势,参与胁迫过程中渗透压的调控。研究结果表明,低浓度氨氮胁迫后,福瑞鲤鳃组织通过调节细胞抗氧化能力,提高Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性,有效改善鱼体的抗氨氮胁迫能力,但是高浓度氨氮胁迫对鳃组织造成氧化损伤。     

盐度骤变对金钱鱼幼鱼鳃线粒体丰富细胞形态结构的影响

文章采用显微技术研究了盐度骤降(20盐度组投入5盐度组)、盐度骤升(20盐度组投入35盐度组)胁迫下,金钱鱼(Scatophagus argus)幼鱼鳃线粒体丰富细胞(Mitochondria-rich cells,MRCs)形态结构的变化。结果显示,低盐胁迫3 h MRCs长径[(9.517±1.390)μm]和短径[(7.150±1.448)μm]较对照组长径[(7.317±0.986)μm]和短径[(5.067±0.467)μm]显著增大(P<0.05),高盐胁迫6 h MRCs数量显著增加。显微结果表明,胁迫24 h鳃丝处于渗透机制的主动调节阶段;超微结构观察发现鳃丝分化出2种类型的MRCs:1)Ⅰ型MRCs,椭圆形,胞核形状不规则,内脊发达,顶端开口处于关闭或开放状态,主要存在于低盐环境;2)Ⅱ型MRCs,圆形,胞核规则呈圆形,具有多个顶端开口。具不同形状的线粒体,a型线粒体着色较浅,呈短粗状;b型线粒体着色较深,呈小的颗粒状,主要存在于高盐环境。综上所述,金钱鱼幼鱼对盐度骤变产生应答反应机制,通过MRCs体积、数量、形状结构,以及线粒体的形状结构变化共同维持内环境稳定。     

不同盐度和驯养时间中华鲟子二代幼鱼鳃的显微结构变化

采用光学显微镜和组织切片方法,研究了不同盐度和驯养时间中华鲟幼鱼鳃及鳃中泌氯细胞的结构变化特征。试验用鱼为1+龄中华鲟子二代,平均全长50.7 cm,平均体重约441.9 g。试验前在养殖池中暂养1周。试验设2个盐度梯度(10、15)组和1个对照组(淡水)。盐度驯养为将中华鲟子二代从暂养池转入盐度10海水中驯养,分别取驯养1、3、6、9、12、24、48、72、96、120、144、168、192、216、240和264 h的幼鱼各1尾用于试验;将剩下的鱼再转入盐度15海水中驯养,分别取驯养24、48、72 h的幼鱼各1尾用于试验。结果显示,在淡水组中,中华鲟子二代幼鱼鳃丝发达,细胞饱满,鳃小片宽且长。鳃丝上皮的泌氯细胞数量较少,通常靠近鳃小片基部,呈近椭圆状。与淡水组相比,盐度10组的幼鱼鳃丝主干部明显变窄,鳃小片基部区域及鳃小片上泌氯细胞的数量略有增加,胞体变大,且随驯养时间的延长,出现了明显的细胞膜间隙。幼鱼在盐度15组中鳃丝主干明显变窄变短,鳃小片也显著缩短,鳃泌氯细胞数量显著增加,主要分布在鳃小片基部,有明显的分泌腔。中华鲟子二代幼鱼能够快速适应外界水体盐度的变化,这与鳃及鳃上皮中调节渗透压功能细胞的数量和结构变化相适应。     

Immunolocalization of chloride transporters to gill epithelia of euryhaline teleosts with opposite salinity-induced Na<Superscript>+</Superscript>/K<Superscript>+</Superscript>-ATPase responses

Opposite patterns of branchial Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase (NKA) responses were found in euryhaline milkfish (Chanos chanos) and pufferfish (Tetraodon nigroviridis) upon salinity challenge. Because the electrochemical gradient established by NKA is thought to be the driving force for transcellular Cl⁻ transport in fish gills, the aim of this study was to explore whether the differential patterns of NKA responses found in milkfish and pufferfish would lead to distinct distribution of Cl⁻ transporters in their gill epithelial cells indicating different Cl⁻ transport mechanisms. In this study, immunolocalization of various Cl⁻ transport proteins, including Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), anion exchanger 1 (AE1), and chloride channel 3 (ClC-3), were double stained with NKA, the basolateral marker of branchial mitochondrion-rich cells (MRCs), to reveal the localization of these transporter proteins in gill MRC of FW- or SW-acclimated milkfish and pufferfish. Confocal microscopic observations showed that the localization of these transport proteins in the gill MRCs of the two studied species were similar. However, the number of gill NKA-immunoreactive (IR) cells in milkfish and pufferfish exhibited to vary with environmental salinities. An increase in the number of NKA-IR cells should lead to the elevation of NKA activity in FW milkfish and SW pufferfish. Taken together, the opposite branchial NKA responses observed in milkfish and pufferfish upon salinity challenge could be attributed to alterations in the number of NKA-IR cells. Furthermore, the localization of these Cl⁻ transporters in gill MRCs of the two studied species was identical. It depicted the two studied euryhaline species possess the similar Cl⁻ transport mechanisms in gills.     

Changes in Na+,K+-ATPase activity and gill chloride cell morphology in the grouper Epinephelus coioides larvae and juveniles in response to salinity and temperature

The activity of the enzyme Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase and morphological changes of gill chloride cells in grouper, Epinephelus coioides larvae and juveniles were determined 6–48 h after abrupt transfer from ambient rearing conditions (30–32 ppt, 26.5–30 °C) to different salinity (8, 18, 32, 40 ppt) and temperature (25, 30 °C) combinations. Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity in day 20 larvae did not change at salinities 8–32 ppt. Activity decreased significantly (P <0.01) after exposure to 40 ppt at 25–30 °C, which was accompanied by an increase (P <0.05) in density and fractional area of chloride cells. Enzyme activity in 40 ppt did not reach a stable level and larvae failed to recover from an osmotic imbalance that produced a low survival at 25 °C and death of all larvae at 30 °C. Enzyme activity and chloride cell morphology in day 40 groupers did not change in 8–40 ppt at 25 °C and 8–32 ppt at 30 °C. A significant decrease and a subsequent increase in Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity in 40 ppt at 30 °C was associated with the increase in chloride cell density resulting in an increased fractional area but a decreased cell size. Enzyme activity and chloride cells of day 60 grouper were unaffected by abrupt transfer to test salinities and temperatures. These results demonstrate that grouper larvae and juveniles are efficient osmoregulators over a wide range of salinities. Salinity adaptation showed an ontogenetic shift as the larvae grew and reached the juvenile stage. This development of tolerance limits may reflect their response to actual conditions existing in the natural environment.     

Effects of Salinity and Na+/K+ Ratio on Osmoregulation and Growth Performance of Black Tiger Prawn,Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798, Juveniles Reared in Inland Saline Water

A 60‐d growth trial was conducted with the black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon (ca. 0.8 g juveniles) at CIFE Rohtak Centre to evaluate the effects of salinity and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio of inland saline water on shrimp growth, survival, and osmoregulation. Three different salinities (5, 10, and 15 ppt) and five different Na⁺/K⁺ ratios (25:1, 45:1, 65:1, 85:1, and 27.9:1), for a total of 15 treatments were prepared by ionic manipulation. The medium with Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 27.9 was reconstituted seawater and was used as the reference treatment. At the end of the 60‐d trial both salinity and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio significantly influenced the survival and growth of shrimp in inland saline water (P < 0.05). Final mean individual weight, weight gain (%) (WG [%]) increased with decreasing Na⁺/K⁺ ratios. Survival rates were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 45 and 27.9 at salinities 10 and 15 ppt, respectively. Minimum growth and survival (0–24%) were observed in mediums with Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 85 at all salinities. Serum osmolality and osmoregulatory capacity were similar across all treatments at identical salinities except for sodium to potassium ratio (Na⁺/K⁺) 85. The serum sodium and potassium levels did not show any significant difference (P > 0.05) for mediums with Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 25, 45, 65, and 27.9 at all salinities. Significantly different (P < 0.05) serum sodium levels were observed in mediums with Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 85 at all salinities at the end of the trial. The serum potassium levels were significantly low in treatments with Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 85. There was no significant difference in the serum magnesium levels between treatments and the serum calcium levels were significantly lower for shrimp reared in the reference mediums. Results of this study confirm that P. monodon can be successfully cultured in low salinity waters with Na⁺/K⁺ ratio ranging between 25 and 45:1.     

Influence of salinity on the energetics of gill and kidney of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

The effect of seawater acclimation and adaptation to various salinities on the energetics of gill and kidney of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was examined. Smolts and non-smolts previously reared in fresh water were exposed to a rapid increase in salinity to 30 ppt. Plasma osmolarity, [Na⁺], [Cl^–], [K⁺] and [Mg⁺⁺] increased in both groups but were significantly lower in smolts than non-smolts. Gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase specific activity, initially higher in smolts, increased in both groups after 18 days in seawater. Kidney Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase specific activity was not affected by salinity in either group. Gill and kidney citrate synthase specific activity was not affected by seawater exposure in smolts but decreased in non-smolts. In a second experiment, Atlantic salmon smolts reared in fresh water were acclimated to 0, 10 or 30 ppt seawater for 3 months at a temperature of 13–14°C. Gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase was positively correlated with salinity, displaying 2.5- and 5-fold higher specific activity at 10 and 30 ppt, respectively, than at 0 ppt. Kidney Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase specific activity was not significantly affected by environmental salinity. Citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase specific activities in gill were slightly (6–13%) lower at 10 ppt than at 0 and 30 ppt, whereas kidney activities were lowest at 30 ppt. Oxygen consumption of isolated gill filaments was significantly higher when incubated in isosmotic saline and at 30 ppt than at 0 ppt, but was not affected by the prior acclimation salinity. The results indicate that although high salinity induces increased gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity, it does not induce substantial increases in metabolic capacity of gill or kidney.     

盐度对点篮子鱼的存活、生长及抗氧化防御系统的影响

在容积为500 L的圆锥形塑料缸中分别用对照(自然海水)、配制的盐度为20、10、5的海水和淡水(地下水)养殖点篮子鱼［(67.76?26.12) g］,研究了不同盐度对点篮子鱼存活、生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示,淡水组第9天出现死亡,至第27天时死亡率达100%,其余各组未出现异常,死亡率为0%。各盐度组鱼的特定生长率未表现出显著性差异,但盐度10组鱼体重显著高于盐度20和盐度5组,与对照组无显著性差异;盐度5组全长显著低于其余各盐度组。驯化40 d后,对各组鱼鳃、肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基活性检测结果显示,除盐度5组外,盐度10、20组点篮子鱼鳃、肝脏、肾脏、肌肉中SOD、CAT、抗超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基活性在驯化40 d后均恢复到对照组水平,组间无显著性差异;盐度5组中鱼鳃的SOD和抗超氧阴离子自由基活性显著高于盐度10和盐度20组,肝脏、肌肉和肾脏中SOD、CAT、抗超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基活性均恢复到对照组水平。点篮子鱼不同组织中SOD和CAT酶活力在不同盐度下均以肝脏中最高,肾脏和鳃次之,肌肉中最低;抗超氧阴离子自由基活力以肝脏中最高,极显著高于其余各组织中抗超氧阴离子自由基活力(P<0.01),肌肉次之,肾脏和鳃最低;羟自由基活力以肾脏中最高,显著高于其余各组织中羟自由基活力(P<0.05);鳃次之,肝脏和肌肉中最低,结果表明盐度能影响抗氧化酶活力大小,但并未影响鱼体内酶的分布。     

Mitochondrion-rich cells distribution,Na<Superscript>+</Superscript>/K<Superscript>+</Superscript>-ATPase activity and gill morphometry of the Amazonian freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae)

Detailed measurements of gill area and constituent variables (total filament number, total filament length and mean filament length), and immunolocalization of the α-subunit of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity were performed on both hemibranchs of all five arches of freshwater potamotrygonid stingrays (Paratrygon aiereba and Potamotrygon sp.). Both species exhibit similar mass-specific gill area, 89.8 ± 6.6 and 91.5 ± 4.3 mm² g⁻¹ for P. aiereba and Potamotrygon sp., respectively. The density of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase-rich MRCs and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity was higher in the 4th gill arch in both species. The Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity was positively correlated to the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase-rich (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase rich) mitochondrion-rich cell (MRC) distribution among the gill arches of P. aiereba but not in Potamotrygon sp. The levels Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity were not correlated to the gill surface area among the arches for both rays’ species. Considering that the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase-rich MRC is the main site for active ion transport in the gill epithelia and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity plays a crucial role in osmoionoregulatory function, we suggesting that 4th gill arch is more relevant for osmoregulation and ion balance in these potamotrygonids.     

Effect of low salinity on the expression profile of Na+/K+‐ATPase and the growth of juvenile chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn)

Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn) is one of the most commercially important scombroid fish used as a food resource. Recently, there has been a demand for efficient rearing methods of this fish for a full‐life cycle aquaculture. In the present study, we evaluated the physiological responses in the juvenile S. japonicus to different ambient salinities. A significantly higher gain of the body mass was observed in the juveniles reared in 24 g/L and 13 g/L seawater than in those reared in natural seawater (34 g/L) within 40 days of the experimental period without affecting mortality. A principal enzyme for osmoregulation, Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase, was expressed in the ionocytes located in the gill filaments of the juveniles. The number and the cell size of ionocytes and the enzymatic activity of Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase in the gills decreased within 10 days after the low‐salinity challenge, which implies the reduction of the energy‐consuming active ion secretion under the low‐salinity environment. The physiological capacity for adaptation to low‐salinity seawater in chub mackerel could be basic knowledge to carry out culturing of these fish in coastal sea pens where ambient salinity fluctuates. The improvement of the growth performance by rearing in low‐salinity seawater will contribute to the efficient production of the seed juveniles for aquaculture.     

Effects of Salinity on Biogenic Amines,Hemolymph Osmotic Pressure,and Activity of Gill’s Na+/K+‐ATPase in Charybdis japonica (Crustacea,Decapoda)

The effects of salinity on hemolymph osmotic pressure, gill Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase activity and dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5‐HT) in the gills, and hemolymph of the adult Charybdis japonica were studied. DA levels increased significantly (P < 0.05), while the NE and 5‐HT revealed contrary change in hemolymph and gills. The iso‐osmotic point of C. japonica (911.4 mOsm/kg) was at salinity of 27.87 ppt. The Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase activity of gill showed negative correlation with salinity in the hypotonic environment (<27.87 ppt). The results of this experiment indicated that C. japonica had great capability to acclimate to low salinity.     

Response of ATPases in the osmoregulatory tissues of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus exposed to copper in increased salinity

An increase in salinity of freshwater can affect the physiology and metal uptake in fish. In the present study, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were exposed to copper (1.0 mg/l) in increased salinities (2, 4, and 8 ppt) for 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 days. Following the exposures, the activities of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, Mg²⁺-ATPase, and Ca²⁺-ATPase were measured in the gill, kidney, and intestine to evaluate the changes in osmoregulation of fish. Results showed that increases in salinity and Cu exposure of fish significantly altered the ATPase activities depending on the tissue type, salinity increase, and exposure durations. Salinity-alone exposures increased Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity and decreased Ca²⁺-ATPase activity. Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity decreased following Cu exposure in 2 and 4 ppt salinities, though the activity increased in 8 ppt salinity. Ca²⁺-ATPase activity decreased in the gill and intestine in all salinities, while the activity mostly increased in the kidney. However, there were great variations in Mg²⁺-ATPase activity following exposure to salinity alone and salinity+Cu combination. Cu accumulated in the gill and intestine following 14 days exposure and accumulation was negatively correlated with salinity increase. Data indicated that ATPases were highly sensitive to increases in salinity and Cu and might be a useful biomarker in ecotoxicological studies. However, data from salinity increased freshwaters should carefully be handled to see a clear picture on the effects of metals, as salinity affects both metal speciation and fish osmoregulation.     

Physiological short-term response to sudden salinity change in the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)

The physiological responses of Senegalese sole to a sudden salinity change were investigated. The fish were first acclimated to an initial salinity of 37.5?ppt for 4?h. Then, one group was subjected to increased salinity (55?ppt) while another group was subjected to decreased salinity (5?ppt). The third group (control group) remained at 37.5?ppt. We measured the oxygen consumption rate, osmoregulatory (plasma osmolality, gill and kidney Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activities) and stress (plasma cortisol and metabolites) parameters 0.5 and 3?h after transfer. Oxygen consumption at both salinities was higher than for the control at both sampling times. Gill Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity was significantly higher for the 55?ppt salinity at 0.5?h. Plasma osmolality decreased in the fish exposed to 5?ppt at the two sampling times but no changes were detected for high salinities. Plasma cortisol levels significantly increased at both salinities, although these values declined in the low-salinity group 3?h after transfer. Plasma glucose at 5?ppt salinity did not vary significantly at 0.5?h but decreased at 3?h, while lactate increased for both treatments at the first sampling time and returned to the control levels at 3?h. Overall, the physiological response of S. senegalensis was immediate and involved a rise in oxygen consumption and plasma cortisol values as well as greater metabolite mobilization at both salinities.