虾蟹血淋巴的抽取与固定

随着人们对甲壳动物生理生态学研究的逐步深入,尤其是与免疫应答密切联系的血液生理学领域被广泛关注.抽取和固定血淋巴,成为进行血液学研究必不可少的步骤.那么如何更好地抽取和固定血淋巴呢,本文以虾蟹为例做了总结,以供参考.     

鱼类配子和胚胎冷冻保存研究进展及前景展望

种质资源是水产养殖生产、优良品种培育及水产养殖业可持续发展的重要物质基础。我国是一个水生生物种质资源较为丰富的国家 ,丰富多样的水生生物种质资源和遗传多样性对于我国水产养殖业的快速发展起到了非常重要的作用。然而 ,由于渔业资源的过度捕捞、无序利用及人工放流等 ,造成了某些鱼类资源的衰退和濒临灭绝 ,如不及时采取保护措施 ,若干年后 ,在自然界中将难以找到上述鱼类原种、良种的遗传资源 ;由于忽视鱼类种质保护及品种选育的工作 ,养殖鱼类近亲交配越来越严重 ,造成种质退化 ,遗传多样性减少 ,生长速度减缓 ,品质下降 ,对病害…     

Composition and diversity of fish and fish catches in closures and open-access fisheries of Kenya

Abstract  Catch composition, relative abundance and diversity of fish catches in open access and three old fisheries closures were compared and contrasted with previous ecological studies. There was less variation in catch community composition among the fishing grounds than the closures, suggesting that fishing has homogenised catch composition. The trap survey found that some parrotfish [ Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy &Gaimard), Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes) and Scarus ghobban Forsskål] were relatively more common and that some important predators of macro-invertebrates [ Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park) and Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch)] were less common in the fishing grounds than closures. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to visual census results, cumulative number of species in catch surveys was higher in open access than closures sites. This may result from fishers covering more area and habitat or a reduction in the catch of competitively subordinate and rare species by aggressive, early-caught fish that can dominate bait. Comparisons of ecological visual census surveys and fisheries-dependent methods indicated that small differences in catch composition can reflect larger ecological differences and that baiting methods can underestimate biodiversity. Ecological impacts of fishing and large-scale changes in marine ecosystems must be considerable given the many fisheries-dependent assessments report modest changes.     

国内外口蹄疫的流行情况及防制

口蹄疫是一种高度传染性疾病,以传播迅速和发病率高而被国际兽医局列为法定报告动物疫病之首。该病不但严重危害畜牧业和经济,还对国家声誉、国际关系也有很大影响。本文在查阅近几年国内外有关口蹄疫文献的基础上,对其流行情况、防制策略等方面进行了总结,为该病的预防和控制提供参考和依据。     

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响_

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响王丹丽，李明云，杨天勇，胡章（宁波大学，３１５０１０）关键词老年低额　，蚤状　，温度，盐度，生长，生殖ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＳＡＬＩＮＩＴＹＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＲＥＰＲＯＤＵＣＴ...     

鱼类产卵孵化方式及其适应意义

综述了卵生鱼类的浮性卵、粘性卵、沉性卵及特殊类型的产卵孵化方式及其适应意义,也描述了卵胎生和胎生鱼类的胚胎发育及产仔特征。     

渔业管理理论与中国实践的回顾与展望

渔业管理一直是世界各渔业国家所面临的难题。本文首先分析了中国渔业的特点,指出中国的渔业管理比世界上任何国家都更为复杂、更为困难,描述了中国渔业管理的历史沿革和中国渔业政策的发展脉络,指出在中国的渔业发展中渔业政策对渔业生产始终起着指导和推动的作用,认为中国初步形成了以《中华人民共和国渔业法》为基本框架,层次结构完备,措施有力,不断完善和强化的渔业管理制度。然后,介绍了渔业管理的主要理论,梳理了中国学者对渔业管理研究的主要文献,指出中国通过水产养殖支撑不断增长的水产品消费需求,成功解决了水产品需求与资源环境约束之间的矛盾,对减少捕捞野生渔业资源发挥了重大作用。文章归纳了中国渔业管理的主要制度和措施,并对其效果进行综合评述,认为几十年来,特别是改革开放以来,中国不断引进先进的渔业管理理念,促进养殖业、捕捞业、加工流通业、增殖渔业、休闲渔业等五大产业蓬勃发展,渔业生态环境修复力度不断加大,依法治渔能力显著提升;但是由于中国渔业的特点和渔业的复杂性和不确定性,中国渔业仍存在着一些明显的问题。最后,本文根据相关的渔业发展规划,展望了中国的渔业管理将朝着渔业资源总量控制、强化资源保护及生态修复的方向发展。     

北极微生物的分离及抗菌抗肿瘤活性筛选

采用多种培养基对北极地区(海洋沉积物、湖泊沉积物及土壤)微生物进行分离,并采用琼脂平板打孔法和MTT法进行了抗菌、抗肿瘤活性菌株的筛选.共分离极地微生物151株,筛选结果显示,12.4%的菌株有抗菌活性,6.2%菌株有抗肿瘤活性,其中3株同时具有抗菌、抗肿瘤活性,表明极地有良好的微生物药用资源.     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

香港巨牡蛎与近江牡蛎杂交及回交子代早期生长发育比较

为评估香港巨牡蛎与近江牡蛎杂交及回交育种的可行性,本文以香港巨牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)与近江牡蛎(Crassostrea ariakensis)为材料,比较了两种牡蛎杂交与回交子代的受精率、孵化率、幼虫及稚贝的生长和存活率。结果表明：香港巨牡蛎卵子可以与近江牡蛎精子受精,受精率为47.33±2.52%,但近江牡蛎卵子与香港巨牡蛎精子不受精。在回交实验中,香港巨牡蛎(H♀)与近江牡蛎(A♂)的杂交牡蛎 (HA)与香港巨牡蛎(HH)或近江牡蛎(AA)都可以正常交配,但各回交组受精率明显低于两牡蛎自交组(P＜0.05)。受精后,HA与AA回交组的孵化率最低,分别为20.33±2.08%(♀A×♂HA),55.67±2.52%(♀HA×♂A),其它各实验组孵化率均大于70%。幼虫期, HA幼虫存活率明显低于两牡蛎自交组HH和AA(P＜0.05);HA幼虫生长快于AA, 但慢于HH;♀A×♂HA回交组和HA自繁组的幼虫存活率为0。稚贝期,HA稚贝存活率与HH、AA自交组存活率差异不显著(P>0.05)。HA稚贝生长快于HH, 但慢于AA。另外,研究发现♀H×♂HA回交组幼虫和稚贝的生长与HA差异不显著(P>0.05),优于其它回交组;♀H×♂HA回交组幼虫的存活率与HA差异不显著(P>0.05),其稚贝的存活率虽低于HA,但优于其它回交组。本研究为牡蛎种间杂交及回交育种奠定了一定的理论基础。     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

氨基酸微量元素螯合物的生产与应用

研究了以动物蛋白质废弃物（毛发、蹄角、皮革下脚料等）为主要原料，工业化生产复合氨基酸微量元素螯合物和生产工艺、产品在工业生产中的质量控制方法以及产品在鲤、非鲫养殖中的应用效果。研究表明，按本工艺，蛋白原料水解近基酸的转化率高，且氨基酸的种类齐全。由于生产过程中采用了控制氨基酸配体与金属离子摩尔比的中间控制方法，确保了微量元素与氨基酸的螯合效果。养鲤试验表明，添加螯合盐的三个试验组分别比添加无机盐的     

大黄鱼常见疾病的防治

本文在对大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)的疾病种类、主要症状、病理变化等调查研究的基础上,提出了大黄鱼的主要病害和防治方法。     

UHMWPE绳网的研究进展

超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)是目前强度最高的绳网产品.本研究项目中使用的国产绳断裂强度为PA、PP绳的3.7倍,为HDPE、钢丝绳的5.2和8倍,伸长率为5%～9%,承载断裂强力的50%后,断裂伸长率为4%;安全性好,比常规化纤绳储存能量减少80%,反弹速度降低35%;有优异的疲劳强度,用负荷为断裂强力50%至95%共加载和卸载7000次,其剩余强力上升为原断裂强力的130%.采用国产UHMWPE制成拖网,扩大了网口扫海面积且有节约油耗的效果.应用胺脂类多组分树脂对绳网进行复合处理后,强度和耐磨性明显提高,在海洋、渔业工程、航天、石油、军事及公安等领域得到了应用.对其在各领域的应用研究进展和成果及前景进行了分析和预测.     

饲料糖种类和水平对青鱼、鲫生长和体成分的影响

用分别含20%（低）、40%（高）葡萄糖和糊精的等氮（粗蛋白为35%干物质）,等能（16.4 kJ/g）饲料分别饲养青鱼（Mylopharyngodn piceus）和鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）8周,研究饲料糖种类和水平对青鱼和鲫的生长、体成分的影响.青鱼和鲫鱼平均体质量分别为2.14 g和6.75 g.结果表明,两种鱼都是糊精组增重率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率显著高于葡萄糖组,提示两种鱼对糊精利用效率比葡萄糖高.饲料糖含量低时增重率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率相对高,提示两种鱼对脂肪作为能源的利用效率高于糖.两种鱼糊精组脂肪蓄积率显著高于葡萄糖组,体脂、肝脂、肌脂含量也高于葡萄糖组,提示糊精比葡萄糖更容易以脂肪形式积累在体内.青鱼对实验饲料的利用效率高于鲫鱼,推测这与能量代谢有关.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：452-459]     

鲍鱼冷风干燥和自然晾晒试验的比较分析

研究皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)在冷风干燥和自然晾晒两种干燥方式下的干燥速率、色泽、酸性粘多糖和总糖含量,以及微观结构变化的差异,并进行分析比较。在实验室内采用冷风干燥试验机和自然晾晒方式进行鲍鱼干燥试验。结果显示:当鲍鱼样品干基含水率从238%下降到16%以下时,冷风干燥所需时间约为122 h,是自然晾晒的70%;至干燥完成时冷风干燥鲍鱼多糖含量高于自然晾晒样品;冷风干燥样品通透性明显优于晾晒样品;两种干燥样品的微观结构差异性不明显。综合分析得出,与自然晾晒相比,冷风干燥方式具有干燥时间短,干燥过程易于控制,品质和卫生条件好,适合工业化生产等优点,是一种较佳的鲍鱼干制方法。     

三疣梭子蟹自交与杂交家系子一代生长和存活的比较

选择繁殖性能好的A家系(F6)和生长与存活好的B家系(F3),设计家系内自繁和家系间杂交,比较其自交组与杂交组子一代的生长与存活,评价杂交效应。由自交组F66(A♀×A♂)、F33(B♀×B♂)和杂交组F63(A♂×B♀)、F36(B♂×A♀)4个实验组组成,比较各实验组子一代在80、100、120、150日龄时的各生长指标杂种优势。研究表明,同一生长发育阶段的同一杂交群体的不同性状,表现的杂种优势大小有很大差异,而且同一杂交群体的同一性状在不同生长发育阶段表现的杂种优势大小同样有差异。自交组各阶段全甲宽、甲宽、甲长和体高的生长趋势比较一致,为F33F66;不同生长性状的生长速度方面,杂交组具有不同程度的总体杂种优势(-3.50%-19.47%)。结果显示,就存活而言,杂交组比自交组的存活率杂交优势明显,总体杂种优势率为24.8%,与存活相关的养殖产量的总体杂种优势率为15.99%,无论是生长性状还是存活,杂交使A家系获得的改良效果比B家系的好。A、B两个家系间存在的遗传差异获得杂种优势,是性状得到改良的基础。     

Interspecific comparison of experimental and natural routes of Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus challenge and consequences for distribution of chalimus on salmonids and therapeutant screening

Although the gills have been reported as a site for settlement by sea lice attached stages in experimental challenges, the prevalence and abundance of infection on gills have not been reported in farmed fish and have been reported only rarely in wild salmonids. Disproportionate attachment to the gills may be significant in evaluation of new therapeutants and this study asks whether the efficacy data from studies of therapeutants based on experimental challenge can be extrapolated to the fish farm arena. The distribution of chalimus on gills, body and fins of farmed first sea year Atlantic salmon were examined in two Scottish sea lochs, each on two occasions (30 fish on each sampling date), fish from one farm with infection with Lepeophtheirus salmonis only and the other farm with exclusively Caligus elongatus. The dorsal fin was the primary attachment site of L. salmonis (50% and 33% in two samples respectively) with 29% and 32% on other fins and 20% and 29% on the body and head. Only one of 56 chalimus (1.8%) and four of 75 chalimus (5.3%) were attached to the gills. In contrast, the chalimus distribution of C. elongatus was predominantly on fins other than the dorsal, including the tail, 74% and 71%, on two sampling occasions, respectively, with only 4.2% and 3.6% of chalimus located on the dorsal fin. The pectoral fins were the most common location with 32%, followed by the tail 23%, pelvic fins 14% and only 3% on the anal fin. None of 287 and 111 chalimus in two samples, respectively, of C. elongatus was attached to the gills. The low abundance of lice on the gills indicated that non‐destructive sampling methods adequately represented lice infection. In three experimental challenges with L. salmonis, the gills were a major attachment location with 19.9–36.3% of chalimus, 9.9–26.9% on the body, 22–27% on the dorsal fin and 19–23% on the other fins. These differences with natural challenge in L. salmonis reported here and also in the literature suggest that the importance of the gills for chalimus location in the experimental model is atypical and an artefact of reduced host swimming speed in tanks that permits copepodids to attach to the gills. In natural infection, the flow over the gills is high and reduced flow is required for copepodid settlement. Greatest reductions (96%) in chalimus bath treated with cypermethrin occurred on the gills with no significant reductions in those located on the dorsal and other fins. It is possible that the efficacy of therapeutants may be higher in chalimus attached to the gills because of the higher concentration encountered of bath therapeutant and extrapolation of efficacy to farms may be misleading and progression to field testing is essential.     

Effects of dietary levels and ratio of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol on the growth,survival and deformity levels of Atlantic cod larvae and early juveniles

Effects of two weaning diets that differed in phospholipid (PL) classes on growth, survival and deformities of cod larvae and early juveniles were evaluated. Cod larvae were fed rotifers until 21 days post hatch (dph) and then weaning onto dry diet started. One group of larvae were fed a control diet with low levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC), PE and phosphatidylinositol (PI) and the other group of larvae were fed with an experimental diet containing higher levels of PC, PE and PI. Larvae fed with the control diet were significantly smaller than larvae fed with the experimental diet at the end of the experiment. Swim bladder abnormalities were significantly higher in larvae fed with control diet at 35 dph than the larvae fed with experimental diet; however, no significant difference was evident at 42 dph. Vertebral deformities were significantly higher in larvae fed with control diet and scoliosis was significantly different between the treatments. Survival was also significantly higher in the experimental group. Our results indicate that dietary levels of PL, PC and PI may affect the cod larval growth, survival and deformities. More detail studies are needed to find out the optimal levels of these important PL classes in larval cod diets.     

Survival and growth of hatchery-produced postlarvae and spat of the Caribbean scallops Argopecten nucleus and Nodipecten nodosus

A study was made of the growth and survival of postlarvae and spat of Argopecten nucleus and Nodipecten nodosus produced in the laboratory and exposed to different conditions of settlement and culture. An evaluation was made of the different types of collection substrates (onion-bags, artificial-grass, fibreglass-plates), two types of settlement inducers (epinephrine, low temperature), and two culture environments (sea, laboratory). The results showed that larger numbers of postlarvae were obtained in artificial-grass collectors than on fibreglass-plates or in the onion-bags. The growth of the A. nucleus postlarvae was not affected by the collector type, while that of N. nodosus was higher on fibreglass-plates, and lesser in the onion-bags. Both thermal and chemical stimulation of the competent larvae resulted in recovery of a greater percentage of postlarvae. The growth of postlarvae of A. nucleus was better in groups exposed to the two methods of settlement induction, while those of N. nodosus remained unaffected by this treatment. The survival of the postlarvae and spat was greater in the laboratory than at sea except in the case of A. nucleus postlarvae attached to collectors, whose survival was similar in both environments. The growth of postlarvae and spat was greater in the sea than in the laboratory.