青、白刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)体壁营养成分的比较分析

通过对相同养殖环境条件下,青、白刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)体壁中营养成分(粗蛋白、粗脂肪、多糖、脂肪酸、氨基酸、微量元素等)的测定,比较两种剌参的营养品质与价值.结果显示,青、白刺参的出皮率,体壁中的水分、多糖和灰分含量差异显著(P＜0.05),粗蛋白和粗脂肪差异不显著(P＞0.05).青、白刺参体壁中均检测出20种主要脂肪酸,脂肪酸总量和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的含量差异不显著(P＞0.05),而青刺参饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量显著高于白刺参,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量显著低于白刺参(P＜0.05).MUFA中青刺参的花生四烯酸(AA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量均显著低于白刺参(P＜0.05).青、白刺参体壁中检测出17种氨基酸,必需氨基酸(EAA)、鲜味氨基酸(FAA)和药效氨基酸(DAA)的含量均无显著差异(P＞0.05).青刺参体壁中天冬氨酸和精氨酸含量均显著低于白刺参(P＜0.05).青刺参体壁中Mn和Cr的含量显著低于白刺参(P＜0.05).重金属元素Pb、Cd、Hg、As的含量均符合相关食品卫生标准.综合评价认为,相同养殖环境条件下,白刺参的出皮率、多糖含量、脂肪酸中不饱和脂肪酸含量、AA和DHA的相对百分含量、氨基酸中天冬氨酸和精氨酸含量以及微量元素中Mn和Cr含量均优于青刺参.     

Dietary supplements of guanosine improve the growth,non‐specific immunity of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus Selenka,and its resistance against Vibrio splendidus

The growth response, non‐specific immune activities and disease resistance were measured in sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka (initial average weight 6.80 ± 0.10 g), when fed diets supplemented with graded levels of guanosine from the guanosine‐5’‐monophosphate disodium (GMP) at 0 (control), 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg for 8 weeks. The results showed that GMP supplemented at 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg significantly enhanced the growth of sea cucumber. Sea cucumber fed a diet with 0.6 g/kg of GMP had significantly higher intracellular superoxide anion production, nitric oxide synthase activity, lysozyme activity and the total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) activity than those in control group (p < .05). Increased lysozyme activity and T‐SOD activity were also found in sea cucumber fed GMP at 1.2 g/kg. Moreover, there was significantly lower cumulative mortality after the disease challenge in sea cucumber fed the diets with 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg GMP than that in control and 0.3 g/kg GMP groups (p < .05), and no significant difference was observed between 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg GMP groups. These results suggested that feeding GMP at a dose of 0.6 g/kg could enhance growth, non‐specific immunity of sea cucumber as well as its resistance against Vibrio splendidus.     

不同饲料搭配及投喂量对仿刺参稚、幼参生长和成活的影响

水温(22.8±1.5)℃,将体长1.0~2.0 mm的仿刺参稚参放养到容水40 L的塑料槽中,每槽150头,研究不同饲料搭配及投喂量对稚、幼参生长和成活的影响。在前一试验中,给幼参分别投喂含鼠尾藻、酵母和配合饲料98.0%、2.0%、0%(1组),95.0%、0%、5.0%(2组),30.0%、5.0%、65.0%(3组),60.0%、5.0%、35.0%(4组),90.0%、5.0%、5.0%(5组);投喂量为360.7%~107.1%;在后一试验中,采用第4组的搭配比例,6、7、8、9、10组的投喂量分别为第4组的1/4、1/2、1.0、5/4、3/2。每组4个平行。试验结果表明,稚、幼参摄食不同搭配饲料时,第1个月生长和成活率差异不显著;中期,第1、2组的幼参生长显著快于其他组;后期,第3组生长显著快于其他组。稚、幼参的成活率与配合饲料的添加量呈正相关。在后一试验中,前期稚参的生长速度随投喂量的增加而加快;中、后期,各水槽稚参的总质量随投喂量的增加而增加,但平均每头质量与投喂量不呈正相关,第9组的稚参增长最快,第8组成活率最高,第6、7组的成活率最低。中、后期换水前水中氨氮含量显著高于换水后。文中提出了仿刺参苗种培育期间的适宜投喂模式。     

Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of a highly pathogenic Shewanella marisflavi infecting sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus

Shewanella marisflavi isolate AP629 is described as a novel pathogen of sea cucumber. The LD(50) values (14 days) in sea cucumber, mice and swordtail fish were 3.89 × 10(6) , 6.80 × 10(4) and 4.85 × 10(4) CFU g(-1) body weight, respectively. Studies on S. marisflavi were conducted, including morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, haemolysis, whole-cell protein and 16S rDNA gene sequence. Colonies of S. marisflavi appeared faint red on marine agar and green on thiosulphate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose media. Shewanella marisflavi had polar flagella. The cells were Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive and not sensitive to O/129. The bacterium exhibited β-haemolysis on sheep blood agar and produced H(2) S. Shewanella marisflavi survived and grew at 4-35°C, pH 6.0-9.2 and in the presence of 0-8% NaCl. The whole-cell proteins included 13 discrete bands, and proteins of molecular weight 87, 44 and 39 kDa were found in all five strains of Shewanella spp. The difference in 16S rDNA gene sequences in S. marisflavi was at the 446 bp site: S. marisflavi (KCCM 41822) - G, isolate AP629 - A. This is the first report that Shewanella is pathogenic to sea cucumber.     

生物技术在棘皮动物研究中的应用进展

分子生物学技术在动植物研究中得以广泛的应用,但在棘皮动物研究中却少有应用。本文综述了国内应用分子生物学技术对棘皮动物研究的一些应用进展,并提出一些相关的问题。     

海参加工业清洁生产评价指标体系的构建

海参加工业是我国北方重要的水产品加工行业之一。近年来,随着市场需求的不断增大,海参加工产品产量逐年增加,海参加工业面临的环境问题日益凸显。为了促进我国海参加工业的清洁生产,保证产业的可持续发展,本研究基于我国清洁生产技术体系及海参加工行业的特点,构建了由生产工艺及装备等6个一级指标和加工工艺等24个二级指标组成的海参加工业清洁生产评价指标体系,并选择两家案例企业进行清洁生产水平的评价。研究结果表明,案例企业的清洁生产水平均为Ⅱ级:国内清洁生产先进水平;通过案例分析结果与企业生产现状的对比,证明本指标体系具有一定的科学性、可操作性和适用性。根据评价结果对两家案例企业提出了改变能源类型、提高废弃物资源利用率的清洁生产改进措施,为我国水产品加工行业的清洁生产提供了借鉴与参考。     

温度、盐度和pH对仿刺参体腔细胞活性氧产生的影响

无脊椎动物主要依靠天然免疫进行自身防御,而活性氧在保护宿主免受病原侵害方面发挥重要作用。本文研究了环境因子温度,盐度和pH对仿刺参体腔细胞吞噬过程中活性氧产生的影响。不同环境条件处理暂养7d的仿刺参,于不同时间点抽取体腔液,然后用鲁米诺化学发光法检测仿刺参体腔细胞体外吞噬酵母细胞时活性氧的产生。试验结果表明,与对照组相比(17℃),6℃和26℃水温中的仿刺参分别从第1d和第15d极大地增加了活性氧的产生。盐度25和盐度35两组仿刺参体腔细胞比对照组吞噬过程产生更多的活性氧,而盐度16和40两组第1d时活性氧的产生亦显著增强。较低pH同样极大增强了吞噬作用中活性氧的产生。研究结果表明,温度、盐度和pH均可影响仿刺参体腔细胞吞噬过程中活性氧的产生。该试验为进一步研究仿刺参在适应不同环境时的生理生化过程及无脊椎动物免疫机制奠定了基础。     

海参皂苷的分离提取与生物活性

海参具有较高的营养价值和药用价值.海参皂苷具有抗肿瘤,抗菌等多种生物活性,具有重大的应用价值和广阔的应用前景.本文对海参皂苷的提取、分离纯化、分析方法及生物活性进行初步的介绍.     

海上网箱“鲍参混养”生态养殖模式探讨

为了探讨鲍参混养的可行性,于2011年11月在福建省连江县某海珍品养殖基地进行鲍参混养试验。选取壳长为3．0~4．0 cm的鲍苗与同规格、不同数量的海参苗进行混养试验,经过5个多月的养殖,结果表明：试验组1、试验组2与对照组鲍鱼壳长分别为6．0、5．8、5．6 cm;试验组1、试验组2海参平均体重分别为169、141 g。试验组1、试验组2每笼经济效益可增加315~434元。因此认为,鲍参混养模式在连江海区进行养殖是可行的,养殖过程中利用鲍鱼产生的残饵供给海参作为饵料,既有效地解决了残饵腐败导致鲍鱼死亡等问题,同时还可降低海参养殖成本投入,提高单位面积的经济效益。     

海蜇、海参混养生态位互换提高池塘效益

海蜇与海参混养充分利用两品种的互换生态位。海蜇水温18—28℃适宜生长，5月底6月初开始放苗，到10月上旬可陆续放苗2—3茬，39～90天可收获海蜇。6月初水温达到20℃海参开始夏眠，正好利用这一特性养殖海蜇，10月中旬收完海蜇，到10月下旬水温下降到18—8℃，正是海参适宜生长的时期。海蜇平均产量121．52kg／667m^2，产值1080．85元／667m^2，海参平均产量158．13kg／667m^2，产值5326．48元／667m^2。平均每667m^2纯益3644．29元，投入产出比为1：2.32。     

Population genetic structure of sea cucumber, Stichopus japonicus in Korea using microsatellite markers

Sea cucumber ( Stichopus japonicus ) is a commercially valuable species in Korea. We examined the genetic characteristics of sea cucumber populations in Korea using microsatellite markers. A total of 144 sea cucumbers from five populations were typed for nine polymorphic microsatellite loci. A total of 139 different alleles were found over all loci and many alleles were unique. The average number of allele per locus ranged from 6 to 18.4. The average observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.532 to 0.626 and from 0.719 to 0.789 respectively. All populations showed significant departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium at almost all loci except one (Psj2409). This deviation was in the direction of heterozygote deficit. A phylogenetic tree revealed two distinct clusters. One cluster was formed by the eastern sea population. A second cluster consisted of the subpopulations of the western and southern sea populations. The eastern sea population showed genetic differences such as a larger number of alleles per locus, a larger number of unique alleles and a smaller number of the most common alleles, suggesting a higher genetic diversity in this population. These results provide basic information on natural population genetic structure of S. japonicus in Korea.     

Breeding and larval development of Holothuria mammata,a new target species for aquaculture

Sea cucumber commercial fisheries in the North‐eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea started in Turkey in the 1990s. Due to ineffective management practices, the sea cucumber resource was overexploited. Holothuria mammata is one of the sea cucumber species exploited from this geographical area, showing high potential for its aquaculture. This research was undertaken to develop the breeding, larval and juveniles rearing techniques for development of H. mammata aquaculture. Broodstocks collected from Ria Formosa (Faro, S Portugal) were successfully induced to spawn by thermal stimulation from July to October, yielding up to 6.95 million eggs/female. The eggs and larvae were reared and their development described. H. mammata showed the five typical larval stages of most aspidochirote holoturians. Juveniles stage was reached after 21 days post‐fertilization. This is the first work focused on the aquaculture biotechnology of H. mammata, however, further research is need to improve the survival of juveniles to ensure the future production of this species.     

A new system for the culture and stock enhancement of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka),in cofferdams

A new multilayer, plate‐type system for the culture and stock enhancement of sea cucumbers in cofferdam was developed. To optimize and evaluate the system, four experimental designs were implemented using polyethylene (PE)‐corrugated sheets of various colours, interval spacing and shapes/styles. Results showed that a system equipped with black PE‐corrugated sheets attracted more animals than either blue, green, transparent or a selection of mixed sheets (six transparent sheets in the upper layer and five black sheets in the lower layer) (P<0.05). Also, more animals gathered in the system with oblique‐angled sheets (30° to the base plate) than either a wavy (the bottom and every second sheet was at an angle of 10° to the base plate) or parallel arrangement (P<0.05), and more animals assembled in the system with 2 cm between sheets than spacings of 3, 4 or 5 cm (P<0.05). As expected, the upper layers of the systems attracted more animals than lower layers in most cases except for those with transparent and mixed oblique‐angled sheets with a 3 cm spacing (P<0.05). Thus, a system with black, oblique‐angled‐corrugated sheets and 2 cm spacing is recommended for Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) culture and stock enhancement in cofferdams or ponds.     

分析刺参养殖发病原因、研讨对策,走可持续发展之路

海参为名贵海珍品,列海味八珍之首。特别是刺参,其经济价值和药用价值均为参中之冠,在我国北方近海水域广泛分布。其蛋白质和糖类含量丰富,不含胆固醇,不仅具有较高的营养价值,而且有着很好的滋补强身之功能,深受人们的青睐。近些年来,由于人们物质生活水平的提高和国内外市场需求量的不断增大,促进了我省刺参养殖产业的快速发展。在短短几年间,其规模、效益一直呈上升趋势,已发展成为我省养殖产业链中的重要产业。据统计,目前我省刺参港池养殖规模约为2.0×104hm2,海域底播增殖规模超过3.0×104hm2。这是我省继对虾养殖后又一规模开发的优…     

Effects of light intensity on daily activity rhythm of juvenile sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

Eight light‐intensity treatments (natural light, continuous darkness, and 15, 30, 60, 125, 250 and 500 lx under LD 12:12 cycle) were used to investigate the effects of light intensity on the daily activity of 30.27±3.08 g sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka). Cyclic nocturnal activity patterns of behaviour were observed at different light intensities in the range of 15–500 lx under LD 12:12 cycle. And an ongoing nocturnal cycle persisted in DD cycle for up to 8 days, but longer feeding time and less marked rhythm occurred at continuous darkness. Under poor light conditions (I<5.18 lx), the daily activity rhythm of A. japonicus was governed by an innate biological clock and the effect of light intensity was not significant among different treatments. And more individuals tended to retreat to shelters (from 56.04% to 91.83%) with the increase of light intensity within the weak light condition (from 5.18 to 278 lx). However, the daily behaviours of A. japonicus were influenced under strong light conditions (>278 lx). Less than 8.17% individuals kept actively feeding and the proportion was not decreased with the increase of light intensity.     

Differences in feeding,intestinal mass and metabolites between a thermotolerant strain and common Apostichopus japonicus under high summer temperature

Two groups of Apostichopus japonicus, a thermotolerant strain (group G3: wet weight, 64.22 ± 13.16 g/ind.), which was selected focusing on the performance of thermo‐tolerance through three generations for 10 years, and a control group (group C: wet weight, 62.08 ± 12.01 g/ind.) were collected from July to October in a seawater pond in northern China. Differences in relative faecal mass (RFM), relative intestinal mass (RIM), percentage of individuals with faeces (PIWF) and intestinal metabolites were investigated and compared between the two groups. The temperatures of terminating aestivation of the two groups were assessed according to the values of RFM and RIM. A regression analysis showed that the corresponding group G3 temperatures were 0.56–1.34°C and 0.70–1.49°C higher than those of group C when RFM and RIM were 0.01–0.05 and 0.005–0.025 respectively. The PIWF values in group G3 were 11.5%–21.2% higher than that in group C from 20 July to 22 September. Significant differences at the concentrations of 52 metabolites were detected between the two groups, 36 were higher in group G3 and 16 were higher in group C. The concentrations of threitol, 2‐methylglutaric acid, N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine, N‐acetyl‐L‐leucine, lactose, oxoproline, 2,3‐dimethylsuccinic acid and d‐glucoheptose were significantly different between groups G3 and C and were considered metabolic markers distinguishing group G3 from group C. Metabolism of A. japonicus in group G3 was more active than that in group C. These results provide new insight for understanding ingestion and intestinal metabolism in the thermotolerant strain of A. japonicus under high summer temperature.     

Effects of dietary lipid level on growth performance,body composition and digestive enzymes activity of juvenile sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

A feeding trial aimed to determine the effects of dietary lipid level on growth performance, body composition and digestive enzymes activity of juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Diets with six crude lipid levels (1.9, 13.8, 29.1, 43.6, 59.6 and 71.6 g kg^?1) were fed to sea cucumbers (initial weights 0.65 ± 0.01 g) at a density of 30 juveniles, once a day. After 60 days, body weight gain (BWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) decreased with increasing dietary lipid levels. The sea cucumbers fed 1.9 g kg^?1 crude lipid showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) BWG than those of the sea cucumbers fed 59.6 and 71.6 g kg^?1 crude lipid. Intestinal protease and lipase activities generally increased with increasing dietary lipid levels. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content of body walls generally increased with increasing dietary lipid levels. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of body walls reached the maximum value at a dietary lipid level of 13.8 g kg^?1. N‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content followed the same pattern of DHA. According to the growth performance and body composition of sea cucumbers, it can be indicated that the optimum dietary lipid level for juvenile sea cucumbers is between 1.9 and 13.8 g kg^?1.     

低聚果糖对仿刺参生长及生长免疫因子的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0(对照组)、0.20%、0.40%、0.60%、0.80%、1.00%的低聚果糖,制作6组等氮、等能的试验饲料,投喂初始体质量约20 g的仿刺参14周,研究低聚果糖对仿刺参生长、体成分、机体生长免疫因子及肠道糖代谢酶活力的影响。试验结果表明,低聚果糖添加量对仿刺参的成活率无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著影响了仿刺参的质量增加率和特定生长率(P<0.05);仿刺参体壁基本成分不受低聚果糖添加量的影响(P>0.05),总糖含量随低聚果糖的升高而升高(P<0.05);体壁中甘氨酸、半胱氨酸及精氨酸含量随低聚果糖含量的增加呈先升后降的趋势,分别在0.40%、0.50%、0.80%组达到最高,显著高于0%组(P<0.05);体腔液中生长激素、补体C3、补体C4及一氧化氮合酶含量均随低聚果糖的升高呈先升后降的趋势,但肠道丙酮酸激酶和己糖激酶活力均随低聚果糖的升高而升高(P<0.05)。以质量增加率为评价指标,经二次曲线回归分析,仿刺参饲料中低聚果糖的适宜添加量为0.55%。     

The glycerinated body wall of the sea cucumber as a suitable preparation for electron microscopic and physiological studies of ‘catch mechanism’

ABSTRACT:   The body wall of the sea cucumber changes its stiffness by ionic environments. The stiff state can be held for a long time, and the mechanism concerned is known as 'catch mechanism'. In the present study, the direct effects of ions on the mechanism using the glycerinated body wall treated with 50% glycerin to clarify how the ions effect changes of stiffness were examined. The glycerinated body walls contained collagen fibers and some broken cells in the connective tissue ultrastructurally. Cell membranes were not clearly present in the broken cells, and cell organelles were dispersed around the cells. The glycerinated body walls went into a limp state during addition of 10 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and showed height elongation rate in this study's experimental system. In contrast, the elongation rate decreased by the addition of 10 mM CaCl₂, that is, the body wall came to a stiff state. This stiff state could be considered as equivalent to 'catch state' of glycerinated body wall. Collagen fibers in those samples showed more compact arrangements at 10 mM CaCl₂ treatment than the one of 10 mM EDTA ultrastructurally. These features and physiological results suggested that EDTA and/or CaCl₂ from outside affect directly to the main part of the 'catch' mechanism in the glycerinated body wall.     

海参圈内保苗技术

讨论了海参圈内保苗技术的优缺点。论述了海参池塘保苗的技术操作要点及日常管理技术,包括储水圈的改造、苗种投放、饵料投放、水质与病虫害的防治、网箱检查与处理等。为海参圈内保苗的推广、提高海参成活率,提供了一定的借鉴。