白点鲑(Salvelinus leucomaenis)精子活力的观察

在水和BSS激活剂的激活下,白点鲑(Salvelinus leucomaenis)精子的A、B级快速运动时间分别为34.83±2.15 s和36.70±3.26 s;精子寿命分别为120.26±5.75s和117.45±4.33s,激活比例高于98%,BSS的激活效果更好。在4℃和15℃条件下,白点鲑精子活力、激活比例和精子寿命与保存时间呈负相关性,保存1～2h以内,经保存的精子活力和精液质量较好,不影响人工授精效果。     

尖吻和钝吻细鳞鱼(Brachymystax Lenok)精子活力的观察

在不同的激活剂中尖吻细鳞鱼的精子激活率，都显著好于钝吻的；在水和BSS溶液中尖吻细鳞鱼的精子寿命显著高于钝吻的（P〉0．05）；用BSS激活的尖吻细鳞鱼精子的强烈运动时间显著长于钝吻的（P〉0．05）。在不同条件下尖吻细鳞鱼精子的保存时间要长于钝吻的。在4℃条件下保存的精液，尖吻的是钝吻的约3倍；室温下（14℃）精液原浆保存，尖吻的是钝吻的近2倍。     

不同温度下精子保存液对黄颡鱼精子活力的影响

以精子的活力为指标,对6种精子保存液在4℃和20~22℃状态下保存黄颡鱼精子的效果进行了比较研究。结果表明:添加了葡萄糖的F保存液效果最好,精子的活力和寿命保持时间最长;在4℃条件下,120h内可保持80%以上活力,寿命持续168h。在黄颡鱼人工繁殖中应用了5种精子保存液进行人工授精,其中4种保存液可替代0.6%生理盐水。     

5种配方和5种糖类对大鳞副泥鳅精子保存效果的研究

选择大鳞副泥鳅（Paramisgurnus dabryanus）进行人工采精，对精子进行保存，比较5种精子保存液（配方A、B、C、D、E）、5种糖及室温（20～24℃）和4℃对精子活力的影响，研究其精子保存的最佳条件，为规模化苗种的人工繁殖和杂交育种提供理论依据。结果显示，精子保存液保存的时间：C〉B〉A〉E〉D；精子保存液C、B、A、E、D分别能使精子在132h、132h、72h、22h、6h内使80％的精子保持快速运动的能力。在不同糖类进行比较的过程中，发现加入糖后的精子保存液比未加的保存效果要好，但不同糖类的效果又有差别，保存的时间为：葡萄糖〉蔗糖〉L-山梨糖〉D-果糖〉D-木糖。对20～24℃保存与低温4℃保存的效果研究表明，室温保存效果远不如冰箱低温保存效果。大鳞副泥鳅精子在淡水中快速运动时间能持续约31s，寿命约为130S。     

虾夷扇贝精子的主要生理特性与低温保存

试验结果表明,虾夷扇贝精子的最适盐度为23.2～32,最适pH 7.0～8.5.4℃,未稀释精液样品保存5 d后,精子仍有(26±4)%的活力,而经海水稀释后的精液保存70 h后,最高活力仅为(11±1.41)%,用抗冻液稀释的精液,4℃保存5 h后,得到最高的精子活力仅为(24.7±4.16)%.添加抗冻剂后,-18℃的保存效果明显低于4℃保存的未稀释样品.用4℃保存的未稀释精液与栉孔扇贝卵子进行杂交试验,保存3 d内的精子获得的授精率与对照组差异不显著(P0.05).杂交组的幼虫可以正常发育至D形幼虫,与自交组无区别.     

神农架多鳞铲颌鱼精子活力观察

为研究多鳞铲颌鱼精子的生物学特性,了解精子活力的持续时间和精子的寿命,为人工繁殖技术提供理论依据,观察了神农架多鳞铲颌鱼精子在河水、0～1.0 %氯化钠溶液中的活力。结果发现,精子在河水中活力较高,平均快速运动时间为33.2 s,平均寿命为69.5 s。精子活动的最适氯化钠质量分数为0.5 %,在此质量分数情况下,精子的快速运动时间和寿命均最长,分别为50.6 s、109.7 s。     

温度对海捕野生大黄鱼精子活力的影响

给7尾体质量325~520g的成熟海捕野生大黄鱼人工催产后采精液,在20℃(室温)和4℃(冰箱)下保存0、1、3、6、12、24、36h,以砂滤海水为激活剂,观察大黄鱼精子活力,以精子的激烈运动、摇尾运动、缓慢运动和寿命作为评价指标。试验结果表明,4℃和20℃下随保存时间的延长,精子活力逐渐减弱;4℃下保存24h、20℃下保存12h,精子仍具有激烈运动的能力;4℃下保存的3个运动阶段和寿命较20℃下均有所延长,4℃保存大黄鱼精子更佳。     

超低温冻存时间对史氏鲟精子活力的影响

为研究超低温冻存时间对史氏鲟精子活力的影响,使用史氏鲟冻精与鳇鱼卵子进行了杂交授精试验。结果显示:经超低温冷冻后的精液,与对照组的鲜精(126.7±9.4 s)比较,其寿命显著下降(冻存5 h的为78.7±4.11 s,336 d的为72.0±4.32 s,702 d的为57.3±2.05 s),且授精率和受精卵的孵化率受到显著影响。冻存5 h的精液,其授精率和受精卵孵化率分别为(73.31±15.27)%和(55.68±9.81)%,与鲜精比较差异不显著(P>0.05),而冻存时间为336 d[授精率(59.20±2.39)%,受精卵孵化率(53.08±1.23)%]和702 d[授精率(25.29±8.26)%,受精卵孵化率(21.38±9.91)%]的精液则差异显著。结果表明,超低温冷冻对史氏鲟精子造成了一定程度的损伤,长时间的超低温冻存会显著降低精子的活力,影响授精率和受精卵的孵化率。     

鲤、鲢、鳙精子低温短期保存研究

本文对鲤(Cygrinus carpio)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)精液在2—4℃的短期保存进行了实验研究。筛选出了几种较为理想的稀释保护液配方;确定了精液与稀释液的适宜稀释比例为1:1;研究了抗冻剂二甲亚砜(DMSO)对低温保存条件下精于活力的影响,确定了DMSO的适宜添加浓度为6％左右。鲤精在2—4℃保存10天,活力仍高达70％,少数精子存活时间长达12天;鲢和鳙精子在2—4℃保存7天后活力仍高达60％,达到了生产应用的水平。为水产养殖和鱼类育种研究提供了一种简便易行的精液短期保存技术。     

黄鳝精子保存液的初步研究

在鱼类的繁育工作中，为解决雌雄亲鱼性成熟不同步、雄性亲鱼少、精液不足等问题，开展了鱼类精液保存技术的研究，以提高雄亲鱼的利用率。目前对鱼类精子的保存技术已取得明显进展，“四大家鱼”的冷冻精子保存技术已用于生产实践，并取得令人满意的结果，而对黄鳝精子的保存尚未见报道。笔者用不同种类的保存液保存黄鳝精子，观察对精子活力的影响，以筛选出保存效果好的精子保存液，并在人工授精技术的研究中应用，现将研究情况报告如下。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.