4种常用消毒药物对棕点石斑鱼(♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(♂)受精卵孵化的影响

人工育苗中对受精卵进行消毒,可以很大程度上预防各种病原对受精卵的危害,防止病原体的垂直传播。但是,用化学药物消毒,总会对鱼的受精卵产生一定程度的毒害作用。因此,人工育苗中进行受精卵消毒处理时必须控制药物种类、药物浓度及消毒时间。本研究在(27.0±0.5)℃条件下,使用药物浸泡的方法,研究了4种常用水产消毒药物对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼受精卵[棕点石斑鱼(♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(♂)]孵化效果的影响。聚维酮碘、甲醛和二氧化氯的处理时间均为10 min,臭氧处理分1 min、2 min和3 min共3个梯度。使用SPSS 17.0软件对试验数据进行方差分析,结果表明,其受精卵的孵化率和畸形率与药物的浓度、处理时间呈负相关。甲醛和二氧化氯处理组与对照组的孵化率、畸形率差异显著;聚维酮碘处理组中25 mg/L、50 mg/L与75 mg/L各处理与对照组无差异,100 mg/L处理出现显著差异;臭氧处理组,0.3 mg/L处理中的各时间梯度间的孵化率和畸形率与对照组差异性不显著,0.5 mg/L、0.7 mg/L及1.0 mg/L处理中各时间梯度间差异极显著,0.5 mg/L处理2 min时,孵化率已极低,仅为4.14%,畸形率为50.00%。试验结果证明,在珍珠龙胆石斑鱼苗种生产中,其受精卵的适宜消毒药物、浓度范围及处理时间分别为:聚维酮碘20–70 mg/L处理10 min,臭氧0.3–0.5 mg/L处理1 min;二氧化氯、甲醛对受精卵刺激显著,而且对环境及人体有毒副作用,建议在生产中尽量不要使用。     

不同消毒剂对三种鲑科鱼受精卵成活率的影响

在水温4.5±1.3℃下和桶式流水孵化器中,研究了不同浓度过氧化氢水溶液、聚维酮碘、甲醛溶液和二氧化氯对虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）、金鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）和白斑红点鲑（Salvelinus leucomaenis）受精卵至发眼期胚胎的成活率和防治水霉菌等感染的效果。结果表明：二氧化氯处理组与对照组鱼胚胎的发眼率与畸形率差异显著;聚维酮碘处理组鱼胚胎的发眼率虽与对照组无显著差异,但畸形率明显高于甲醛对照组。因此,聚维酮碘和二氧化氯不适于这三种鱼受精卵的消毒。1000 mg.L-1的过氧化氢饱和水溶液（双氧水）与1500 mg.L-1甲醛处理组鱼胚胎的在发眼率无显著差异,但随着药物浓度的增加,其畸形率显著高于对照组。因此,建议鲑鳟鱼受精卵孵化过程中可用1000 mg.L-1双氧水防止水霉菌滋生,提高受精卵的成活率。     

九种药物对斜带石斑鱼受精卵孵化率的影响

以斜带石斑鱼受精卵为试验对象,采用药物浸泡方法,研究了盐酸吗啉胍、利巴韦林、阿昔洛韦、二溴海因、溴氯海因、三氯异氰尿酸、10%的聚维酮碘、37%的甲醛、次氯酸钠等9种药物对斜带石斑鱼受精卵孵化率的影响。试验数据通过SPSS Inc软件进行了单因素方差分析及线性回归分析,研究结果表明,抗病毒药物盐酸吗啉胍、利巴韦林、阿昔洛韦对斜带石斑鱼受精卵孵化影响无差别,三者药物浓度与孵化率无线性相关;6种常用化学消毒剂毒性依次为二溴海因次氯酸钠三氯异氰尿酸溴氯海因甲醛聚维酮碘,石斑鱼受精卵孵化率随着6种常用化学消毒剂质量浓度增加而下降,且药物质量浓度与孵化率呈线性负相关。根据试验结果,建议斜带石斑鱼育苗生产上药物消毒受精卵:盐酸吗啉胍、利巴韦林、阿昔洛韦生产上用药质量浓度为1～3mg/L,10%的聚维酮碘生产上用药质量浓度为20～100mg/L,37%的甲醛生产上用药质量浓度为20mg/L,二溴海因、溴氯海因、三氯异氰尿酸、次氯酸钠生产上慎用。     

双氧水预防白点鲑卵水霉病发生的效果研究

在白点鲑(Salvelinus leucomaenis Pallas)受精卵至发眼期间,为了替代甲醛,采用浓度分别为0mg/L(对照组)、600mg/L、900mg/L、1200mg/L、1500mg/L、1800mg/L的双氧水预防水霉菌的发生。消毒时间为隔天一次上午7:00-8:00,持续时间15min后换至正常流水孵化。在水温(4.5±0.4)℃,水体溶解氧(6.75±0.35)mg/L,pH(6.6±0.45)的情况下,经过40d的孵化,对各处理组的数据统计和分析,认为在浓度为1200mg/L可以有效预防水霉菌的发生,发眼率、上浮率和畸形率分别为89%、80.6%、0.7%、,而对照组相应为72%、70.2%、0.45%。当双氧水浓度低于1200mg/L时,受精卵孵化率和双氧水浓度呈正相关;高于1200mg/L时,受精卵孵化率和双氧水浓度呈负相关。另外,在孵化后期,发眼卵死亡率、仔鱼死亡率和畸形率则随着双氧水浓度的增加呈现明显上升的趋势。     

虹鳟卵孵化中水霉病的防控

在水温9~11℃下,研究不同浓度过氧化氢、甲醛、聚维酮碘和中草药(五倍子、麻黄等)浸提液对虹鳟受精卵发眼率、孵化率和畸形率的影响。结果表明:聚维酮碘不适合用于虹鳟受精卵水霉病的防治,其他三种消毒剂的最佳药浴浓度分别为过氧化氢1 000mg/L、甲醛1 500 mg/L、中草药浸液50mL(仅限于本试验配方),发眼率可分别提高到发眼率可分别提高到(96.54±1.16)%、(97.76±2.36)%、(94.26±3.58)%,孵化率可分别提高到(97.99±0.13)%、(98.24±1.09)%、(98.10±1.09)%。将这三种消素剂两两交替使用后,发现过氧化氢和中草药的防治效果不低于甲醛,为今后研发防治水霉菌的无公害新型药物提供基础性数据。同时,建议在孵化中建立一套科学、严格、有效的防疫体系,既可大大减少消毒剂的使用量,又可真正达到安全、高效、价廉。     

SDBS对大鳞副泥鳅胚胎发育及幼鱼性腺发育的影响

为了解十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)对大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)胚胎发育及幼鱼性腺发育的影响,将受精卵随机分成7组,分别置于0、0.1、0.3、0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0 mg/L SDBS溶液中充氧孵化,统计培育周期、孵化周期、孵化率和畸形率。选取均重为3 g左右健康的大鳞副泥鳅210尾,随机分成7组,分别置于0、0.1、0.3、0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0 mg/L SDBS溶液中饲养60 d,统计大鳞副泥鳅的死亡情况,取性腺制作组织切片,观察SDBS对大鳞副泥鳅幼鱼性腺发育的影响。结果显示:SDBS浓度≤1.0 mg/L时,对大鳞副泥鳅受精卵培育周期、孵化周期、孵化率和鳅苗畸形率无显著影响,SDBS浓度≥2.5 mg/L时,培育周期与孵化周期显著延长,孵化率显著下降,鳅苗畸形率显著上升。大鳞副泥鳅的死亡率随SDBS浓度的升高明显上升,SDBS浓度≥0.1 mg/L时显著抑制精巢发育。     

一种新型聚维酮碘制剂对卤虫卵及无节幼体的活体消毒试验

为了解一种新型的聚维酮碘制剂对卤虫卵及无节幼体的消毒杀菌效果,研究了该聚维酮碘制剂对卤虫卵和无节幼体的毒性以及对3种不同产地卤虫卵孵化率的影响,并进行了卤虫活体和孵化水的灭菌试验。结果显示,该聚维酮碘制剂在极高浓度(20000 mg/L)下,长时间(60 min)浸泡对市售卤虫卵孵化率无影响,并且未引起卤虫无节幼体死亡,毒性极低;试验分离到市售卤虫携带的4种优势细菌,分别为Vibrio tubiashii、V.sinaloensis、V.anguillarum和Uncultured V.sp.,以浓度500 mg/L的该聚维酮碘制剂处理30min后,可将孵化水中的细菌几近全部杀死(细菌存活率为1.67%);在试验浓度(2 000 mg/L)下,聚维酮碘对渤海湾盐田卤虫卵和巴里坤盐湖卤虫卵的孵化率无影响,但浓度在500 mg/L及以上时,俄罗斯进口卤虫卵的孵化率显著下降。试验结果表明,该聚维酮碘制剂可以作为优良的卤虫消毒剂,建议生产上使用浓度为200~500 mg/L。     

三疣梭子蟹受精卵离体孵化技术

为了探究三疣梭子蟹受精卵的离体孵化技术及效果，本研究先后开展了受精卵块最适分离液种类及作用条件的筛选、分离液处理不同发育期受精卵离体孵化的差异、分离液处理对受精卵卵膜的结构影响，及分离液处理受精卵对孵化后幼体活力的影响实验。结果显示，木瓜蛋白酶是一种较为理想的分离液，在浓度为0.09 g/mL，分离时间30 min时，分离率可达到99%以上；经过分离液处理后的各期受精卵均能孵化出幼体，卵内溞状幼体期离体胚胎孵化率最高，为89.0%±3.3%，未经处理的对照组为70.0%±4.8%；卵裂期离体胚胎孵化率最低，为58.0%±3.9%，对照组为31.0%±2.3%，与对照组相比，处理组的孵化率明显提高。透射电镜结果显示，经过分离液处理的受精卵卵膜结构疏松，且厚度降低，符合处理组孵化率增加这一现象，干露、福尔马林溶液胁迫和行为学测试对不同处理组的幼体进行质量评价的结果显示，处理组和对照组幼体活力无显著差异。研究表明，实验所获得的分离液可以有效提高三疣梭子蟹受精卵的分离率和孵化率，且不影响幼体质量，可为三疣梭子蟹及其他甲壳动物受精卵的离体孵化提供参考。本研究可为三疣梭子蟹的苗种繁育提供新的技术手段，也将为基因编辑辅助育种等技术的实施奠定基础。     

钙、镁离子对鲫鱼受精卵孵化率及畸形率的影响

为研究不同钙、镁离子浓度对鲫鱼孵化的影响,在恒温22±0.5℃条件下,将鲫鱼受精卵分别置于Ca2+浓度为25、100、200、300和400 mg/L及Mg Cl2浓度为25、100、200、300和400 mg/L的水中孵化,比较孵化率和畸形率。结果表明,不同钙、镁离子浓度梯度对鲫鱼受精卵发育有着重要的影响,在钙离子浓度为100 mg/L时鲫鱼孵化率最高,同时畸形率最低,随着浓度增加孵化率降低、畸形率上升;在镁离子浓度增加到100 mg/L时,孵化率最高,畸形率最低,随着继续增加出现孵化率降低、畸形率上升的趋势。钙镁离子浓度与孵化率在一定范围(100~400 mg/L)内呈直线回归关系。据此得出结论:钙、镁离子均在100 mg/L时孵化效果最好。     

黑鲷受铜、镉胁迫的生理反应

研究了不同浓度的铜、镉处理液对黑鲷体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的影响。结果表明:在48 h内对照组和铜、镉处理组(≤5 mg/L)中黑鲷均未出现死亡;48 h后对照组与铜、镉处理组中黑鲷体内SOD和CAT活性值差异极显著(P<0.01),而且变化趋势基本一致,即低浓度处理组对黑鲷体内SOD和CAT活性起诱导作用,而高浓度处理组则起抑制作用,其中在处理浓度为0.5 mg/L时SOD和CAT活性达到最高值,在试验过程中存在明显的"毒理兴奋"作用。因此,铜、镉处理对黑鲷的生理生化存在着一定的影响,建议可以以黑鲷SOD和CAT活性变化作为水环境监测的生物指标物,从而达到评价水生生态环境的目的。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检,进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验,并采用病毒检测等方法,以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明,斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性,体表光洁,肌肉透亮,肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜,健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力,而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象;虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低,随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低,随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min,成活率近100％;在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好,而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测,可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.