鲶生长激素基因cDNA的克隆和原核表达

从脑垂体中提取总RNA,用RT-PCR扩增并克隆到鲶鱼的生长激素(GH)基因cDNA。分析其核苷酸序列和推测的氨基酸序列,结果显示:鲶鱼生长激素基因的开放阅读框(ORF)包括603个核苷酸;编码200个氨基酸;其中包括22个氨基酸的信号肽和178个氨基酸的成熟肽。把GH成熟肽的cDNA克隆入表达载体pET-28 a,用IPTG诱导重组蛋白的表达,其表达量超过细胞蛋白总量的50%,主要为不溶性的包含体。细菌裂解液沉淀溶于8 mol/L尿素后,用固定化金属配体亲和层析纯化,获得分子量为22.5 kD的单一蛋白带。     

鲫胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ cDNA克隆及序列分析

利用One-Step RT-PCR技术,从鲫(Carassius auratus)肝胰脏组织中克隆了胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ),并进行了序列分析。结果表明,鲫IGF-ⅠcDNA由486个核苷酸组成,编码包括信号肽、成熟肽(B、C、A、D四个域)和E域的161个氨基酸。核苷酸同源性分析揭示,鲫IGF-ⅠcDNA序列与金鱼的同源性最高,为99.18%;与鲮、三角鲂、团头鲂的同源性次之,分别为94.44%、94.65%、94.44%;与鲤、草鱼的同源性相对较低,为86.03%和85.29%。E区域的分析结果表明,鲫IGF-Ⅰ序列为Ea-2亚型。     

齐口裂腹鱼生长激素基因全长cDNA克隆与序列分析

鱼类生长激素是一种单一肽链蛋白激素,主要作用是促进机体的生长.采用RT-PCR方法,首次从齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)脑垂体总RNA中克隆出生长激素(gFowth hormone,GH)cDNA的开放阅读框ORF(open reading frame)序列,全长633bp.经DNA Star软件分析,该基因编码210个氨基酸,分子量为23.55 kD,等电点为5.46,含有1个疏水区和1个N-糖基化位点.空间结构含有4个α螺旋和4个β折叠,形成2个二硫键.序列比较发现,齐口裂腹鱼GH与草鱼、鲤的GH同源性分别为99.8%、99.4%;与黄鳝、花鲈和大黄鱼的GH同源性分别为57.4%、63.5%和64.2%.     

锯缘青蟹蜕皮抑制激素cDNA的分子克隆及其表达分析

根据近缘种类同源序列设计简并引物,采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT—PCR)技术,首次扩增获得锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)眼柄组织中编码蜕皮抑制激素(MIH)成熟肽全长cDNA序列及部分信号肽序列。将该序列克隆到pUCm—T载体上进行序列测定。结果表明,编码锯缘青蟹MIH成熟肽的cDNA由234个碱基组成,由此推测MIH成熟肽含78个氨基酸残基。该序列不仅与其它短尾类甲壳动物的MIH氨基酸序列具有高度的同源性(79％～9l％),还与该激素同一家族的性腺抑制激素、大颚器抑制激素的氨基酸序列具有较高的相似性。RNA斑点杂交结果显示,MIH基因在眼柄神经节及脑组织中均有表达,而在肌肉、中肠腺中不表达。     

翘嘴鳜生长激素cDNA克隆及其真核表达载体的构建

根据GenBank上大眼鳜生长激素cDNA序列(收录号:AY155227)设计了1对特异性引物,应用RT-PCR技术从翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)脑垂体中克隆了生长激素基因(scGH)编码区序列并对其真核表达载体的构建进行了研究。结果显示:扩增片段全长615 bp,共编码204个氨基酸。该序列与GenBank上大眼鳜生长激素cDNA序列同源性为99.84%。将scGHcDNA序列定向插入pYES2/CT真核表达载体中,经过筛选、酶切和测序,证明重组子中确实插入了翘嘴鳜GH片段。     

胭脂鱼生长激素基因cDNA的克隆和原核表达

从脑垂体中提取总RNA,用RT-PCR方法扩增并克隆到了胭脂鱼的生长激素(GH)基因cDNA。胭脂鱼生长激素基因的开放阅读框(ORF)均包括633个核苷酸,编码210个氨基酸,其中包括22个氨基酸的信号肽和188个氨基酸的成熟肽。把GH成熟肽的cDNA克隆入表达载体pET-28 a,用IPTG诱导重组蛋白的表达,其表达量超过细胞蛋白总量的50%,主要为不溶性的包含体。细菌裂解液沉淀溶于8M尿素后,用固定化金属配体亲和层析纯化,获得了相对分子质量为24kDa的单一蛋白带。     

黄颡鱼生长激素cDNA序列克隆及其序列分析

采用RT-PCR方法,首次从黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)脑垂体总RNA中克隆出生长激素(growth hormone,GH)cDNA的开放阅读框ORF(open reading frame)序列,长603nt,推导的GH前体由200个氨基酸组成。以生长激素氨基酸序列为分子标记,比较了包括黄颡鱼在内的鲇形目6科9种鱼类的生长激素氨基酸序列同源性,并用PHYLIP软件构建了鲇形目6科9种鱼类的系统发育树,可识别3个大的单系类群,即类群Ⅰ:鲇科Siluridae;类群Ⅱ:芒鲇科Pangasiidae (鱼尝科Bagridae 异囊鲇科Heteropneustidae);类群Ⅲ:鱼回科Ictaluridae 胡子鲇科Clariidae。     

棕点石斑鱼Piscidin样肽基因的克隆及其成熟肽的原核表达

以简并引物通过RT-PCR从重要经济海水鱼类棕点石斑鱼Epinephelus fuscoguttatus白细胞中扩增出一条388bp具有完整编码框的cDNA序列。Blast分析初步显示,该序列属于鱼类抗菌肽Piscidin家族的一员,将其命名为棕点石斑鱼Piscidin样肽(GU592793),推导氨基酸序列具有界定鱼类Piscidin的以下共同特征:(1)预测的信号肽序列与其他Piscidin的同源性较高,在60%~95%之间;(2)推测的成熟肽N端6个氨基酸残基富含Phe、Ile及His;(3)成熟肽第8个和第13个氨基酸位点均为Gly。NJ进化树分析表明,该cDNA推导的氨基酸序列与赤点石斑鱼Epinephelusakaarapiscidin-like peptide(ACE78290)、斜带石斑鱼Epinephelus coioidesPiscidin-like peptide(ACE78291)以高达81%的支持率聚为一支。也表明本研究成功克隆到棕点石斑鱼首条PiscidincDNA序列。推测的成熟肽为两亲性阳离子肽,等电点12.48,Schiffer-Edmunson预测其二级结构呈α螺旋构型。将...     

斜带石斑鱼抗菌肽hepcidin基因克隆及其成熟肽的原核融合表达

文章根据已报道的硬骨鱼类hepcidin cDNA序列设计简并引物，通过RT—PCR从重要海水经济鱼类斜带石斑鱼（Epinephelus coioides）肝脏中扩增出1条具有完整开放阅读框的246bpcDNA序列，Blast分析表明该序列是鱼类hepcidin基因家族的一员，被命名为斜带石斑鱼hepcidin样抗菌肽前体，该cDNA所推导的氨基酸序列有如下特点：1）信号肽序列与多数鱼类hepcidin信号肽的同源性在67％～87％之间；2）C端20个氨基酸序列具有绝大多数动物hepcidin成熟肽的共同典型保守序列特征，即在对应位置具有8个Cys；3）序列中不具有已报道的hepcidin前体肽转化酶作用典型基序[RX（K／R）R]；4）与GenBank中已注册的2条斜带石斑鱼hepcidincDNA序列（GU391241和GU391242）所推导的氨基酸序列同源性分别为36％和33％，且NJ进化树显示不与这2条序列聚为一枝，表明该序列是斜带石斑鱼hepcidin基因家族中一种新亚型，其预测成熟肽融合表达载体成功在大肠杆菌（Escherichiacoli）中表达，为后续研究奠定基础。     

鳜hepcidin cDNA的分子克隆及序列分析

Hepcidin是近年来发现的一类具有独特性质的抗菌肽，根据C-enBank中收录的鱼类抗菌肽hepcidin的cDNA序列设计一对简并引物，用RT-PCR方法从鳜（Sinipercachuatsi）肝脏组织中克隆到hepcidin的cDNA，并构建pMD18-T-hep-cidin载体进行序列测定和分析。结果表明，该cDNA长为381bp，其中第20-277位是该基因的开放阅读框（ORF），编码86个氨基酸，形成由信号肽（24个残基）、前肽（42个残基）和成熟肽（20个残基）3部分序列组成的前体肽，与已报道的其他鲈形目鱼类hepcidin相比较，核苷酸序列的同源性为72．2％-92．0％，所推导的成熟肽与包括人类在内的其他生物hepcidin成熟肽的同源性在50％-86．4％，都含有8个保守的cys残基，可形成4个链内二硫键。鳜hepcidin cDNA片段的获得为以后的重组表达奠定了实验基础，也为抗菌肽hepcidin家族找到了新的成员。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.