苏州市患病水生动物体内细菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了解苏州市不同地区患病水生动物组织中感染细菌的种类及其耐药性,于2014年6～10月从不同地区采集的患病鱼、虾、蟹和中华鳖组织中共分离到14株细菌,通过16S rRNA基因分析对细菌进行了鉴定,并调查了他们对链霉素、恩诺沙星、强力霉素、庆大霉素硫酸盐和甲砜霉素等5种抗生素的抗性及最低抑菌浓度。结果显示:从不同地区水生动物分离到的同种细菌对同种抗生素的抗性有明显差异,其中,分离到的嗜水气单胞菌及摩根氏菌有多重耐药性;对14株细菌进行质粒抽提和琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,发现8株细菌中存在分子量不同的质粒,且不同地区来源的同种细菌所含有的质粒的分子量不同,耐药性较强的嗜水气单胞菌和摩根氏菌均含有质粒;嗜水气单胞菌质粒的序列测定结果显示,该质粒与其抗药性无关;转化实验结果显示,从摩根氏菌分离的1.8 kb质粒与氨苄青霉素抗药性有关。     

鳖白底板病、腐皮病并发症病原菌及药物治疗

中华鳖(Ｔｒｉｏｎｙｘｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ)的白底板、腐皮病是两种较严重的传染病,两者并发症的感染率可达80%～90%,死亡率100%。陈晓凤等[1995]研究认为白底板病的病原是嗜水气单胞菌(Ａ.ｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌａ)、迟缓爱德华氏菌(Ｅ.ｔａｒｄａ)和变形杆菌(Ｐ.ｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ)。而谢军[1996]认为该病的病原可能是病毒。腐皮病的病原也众说不一,孙佩芳等[1998]多次从患腐皮病的中华鳖血液和肝脏中分离到温和气单胞菌,而其他人也从患腐皮病鳖体内分离到气单胞菌、假单胞菌和无色杆菌等菌种,其中认为气单胞菌为主要致病菌[中国科学院水生生物…     

常见鳖病防治图谱

图示：Ａ：底板及全身淡白无血色;Ｂ：肝灰白,胃肠失血,内有淤血;Ｃ：口腔腮状器官淡白糜烂;Ｄ：胃肠有黑色淤血段,内有成条血块,肝土黄,心脏缺血、色淡。一、白底板病病症：患病鳖体型较厚,鳖体完好无损伤。底板苍白,呈极度贫血状态,大部分身体呈水肿状,解剖发现肝脏呈土黄色和青灰色。胆囊肿大,肌肉苍白无血,腹腔有积水。病原：嗜水气单胞菌、迟缓爱德华氏菌和普通变形杆菌。危害及流行情况：１００－５００克以上的鳖、尤其对２５０克左右的鳖危害较大,发病突然、传染性极强。发病委节５－６月,死亡率５０％－８０％。防…     

5种淡水细菌的多重PCR检测方法的建立及其应用

细菌对水产养殖品种危害大,造成的经济损失高。传统的显微镜镜检方法检测细菌误差大,而利用PCR方法鉴定细菌种类特异性强,准确性高。利用多重PCR探索出一种能准确鉴定水产常见细菌。研究表明,利用PCR分别扩增了嗜水气单胞菌Hly A基因,肺炎克雷伯菌Khe基因,无乳链球菌Sip基因,爱德华氏菌Ser C基因和Eip基因以及迟钝爱德华氏菌Muk F基因和Gad B基因,扩增特异性强。并成功地建立了一种同时用于无乳链球菌和爱德华氏菌等两种细菌以及爱德华氏菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、迟钝爱德华氏菌和嗜水气单胞菌等4种细菌的多重PCR检测方法。为了验证多重PCR方法的准确性,采集患病黄鳝病灶部位,分离培养细菌并提取该细菌基因组DNA,用上述两种多重PCR方法检测出患病黄鳝体内感染的细菌主要是肺炎克雷伯菌和嗜水气单胞菌。建立的多重PCR检测方法对水产常见致病菌的快速诊断和分子流行病学的调查具有重要意义,为鱼类的疾病诊断提供了依据。     

噬菌体生物制剂在草鱼细菌性疾病治疗中的应用实例

正噬菌体是一种可入侵细菌内繁殖,最终使细菌裂解的病毒,又称为细菌的"食者"。国内外很多研究表明,噬菌体对嗜水气单胞菌、温和气单胞菌、副溶血弧菌、维氏气单胞菌、迟缓爱德华氏菌等均有较好的裂解效果,特别对具有多重耐药性的病原菌有较好的裂解效果。本实验室于2018年从中华鳖养殖池塘中分离到一株宽谱噬菌体,经研究发现,它对嗜水气单胞菌、副溶血弧菌等多种致病菌都具有较好的裂解作用,开始逐渐将其应用在实际生产中。     

中华鳖白底板病病原体及组织病理研究

对中华鳖白底板病进行了病原菌的分离、培养、人工感染试验及生理生化性鉴定；通过光镜和电镜观察鳖的肝、脾、肾脏的组织病理，并在肝、脾、肾的细胞质和肾细胞核里发现有病毒呈圆球形状，直径２０～３０ｎｍ和４０ｎｍ。白底板病分离出毒力较强的细菌可确定为嗜水气单胞菌。患白底板病的肝、脾、肾脏均表现广泛、系统性的组织坏死，肝、肾组织更为严重。     

鳗鲡病原性嗜水气单胞菌与爱德华氏菌二联表达外膜蛋白的免疫原性

采用鳗鲡源嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)和迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)外膜蛋白基因二联表达产物免疫日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica),检测其对日本鳗鲡免疫功能的影响及其攻毒免疫保护力。将150尾日本鳗鲡平均分为PBS、细菌免疫和外膜蛋白免疫3个组,3组鳗鲡分别以PBS(0.01 mol/L,p H7.4)、嗜水气单胞菌与迟缓爱德华氏菌二联灭活苗(5.0×108 CFU/m L)、嗜水气单胞菌与迟缓爱德华氏菌外膜蛋白二联表达产物(500μg/m L)腹腔注射0.2 m L。于免疫后14、21和28 d麻醉鳗鲡采血并分离抗凝血。测定3个时间点鳗鲡血浆中特异性抗体效价和同时期鳗鲡血浆、体表黏液、肝和肾组织匀浆液中的溶菌酶含量,同时检测3个时间点鳗鲡全血细胞的转化水平。免疫后28 d,嗜水气单胞菌和迟缓爱德华氏菌分别腹腔注射感染3组鳗鲡并测定其相对免疫保护率。结果表明,免疫后14 d和28 d,灭活菌和外膜蛋白免疫组的抗体水平均极显著高于PBS组(P0.01)。溶菌酶检测结果表明,不同处理组不同时间段血清、黏液和肝肾组织悬液的溶菌酶含量存在显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)差异。免疫后14 d灭活菌组全血细胞转化水平显著高于PBS和外膜蛋白组(P0.05),而21 d两个免疫组则均显著低于PBS组(P0.05)。活菌感染结果表明,灭活菌和外膜蛋白免疫后28 d对两株病原菌的攻毒相对免疫保护率均比PBS组提高了50%(P0.05)。本研究结果表明鳗鲡源嗜水气单胞菌和迟缓爱德华氏菌外膜蛋白二联表达产物免疫日本鳗鲡后可提高鳗鲡的免疫功能及其对这两株菌的抵抗力,从而可能应用于鳗鲡基因工程疫苗的研发。     

富萌系列产品一览

类别序号兽药通用名批准文号适应症l戊二醛溶液20%兽药字(2朋6)110179073防治水产养殖动物由弧菌、嗜水气单胞菌、爱德华氏菌等引起的细菌性疾病。2聚维酮碘溶液碘含量2%兽药字(2(X]6)110179043用于养殖水体、养殖器具的消毒;可防治水产养殖动物由弧菌、嗜水气单胞菌、爱德华氏     

斑点叉尾肠败血症(ESC)PCR诊断方法的建立

由爱德华氏细菌引起的肠败血症(ESC,又称爱德华氏病)是影响斑点叉尾养殖最大的疾病。为快速和准确的诊断该疾病,本研究以NCBI公布的爱德华氏细菌eip基因(GeneBank登录号为AF037441)为模板序列,设计种特异性诊断引物,成功建立了用于斑点叉尾肠败血症病原菌的PCR检测方法。研究结果表明,该方法能够直接从发病斑点叉尾脑、肝、脾和肾组织中检测到爱德华氏菌,检测的最低量为21个细菌;同时,该诊断方法与I型荧光假单胞菌、点状产气单胞菌点状亚种、鳗弧菌、温和气单胞菌、肠型点状产气单胞菌、柱状黄杆菌、嗜水气单胞菌、河弧菌、豚鼠气单胞菌及海豚链球菌等常见水产病原菌无交叉反应。临床样品检测证明,本研究所建立的PCR检测方法可以用于斑点叉尾肠败血症的快速诊断。     

斑点叉尾鮰肠败血症（ESC）PCR

由鮰爱德华氏细菌引起的肠败血症（ESC，又称爱德华氏病）是影响斑点叉尾鮰养殖最大的疾病。为快速和准确的诊断该疾病，本研究以NCBI公布的妇爱德华氏细菌eip基因（GeneBank登录号为AF037441）为模板序列，设计种特异性诊断引物，成功建立了用于斑点又尾鮰肠败血症病原菌的PCR检测方法。研究结果表明。该方法能够直接从发病斑点叉尾鮰脑、肝、脾和肾组织中检测到妇爱德华氏菌，检测的最低量为21个细菌；同时，该诊断方法与Ⅰ型荧光假单胞菌、点状产气单胞菌点状亚种、鳗弧菌、温和气单胞菌、肠型点状产气单胞菌、拄状黄杆菌、嗜水气单胞菌、河孤菌、豚鼠气单胞菌及海豚链球菌等常见水产病原菌无交又反应。临床样品检测证明。本研究所建立的PCR检测方法可以用于斑点叉尾鮰肠败血症的快速诊断。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.