白洋淀网箱养殖环境微生物原位修复技术研究

为了修复因白洋淀网箱养殖而污染的水环境,采集试验网箱底部、试验网箱周围、待用网箱及对照点四个泥样,经过富集培养,共分离到174种细菌,通过其对鱼饵料COD去除率的测定,筛选出10株有机污染降解菌,这些菌株能以鱼饵料作为生长的唯一碳源和氮源.1株细菌对鱼饵料的COD去除率约70%,5株菌的COD去除率超过60%,4株菌C...     

厌氧半固定床生物膜反应器启动与运行试验研究

以开发一种启动时间短、处理效果好、抗冲击负荷和不利环境能力强、能耗低的厌氧处理反应器为目的,采用自行设计的以在水中呈水草型摇摆状态的生物带作为半固定载体的生物膜反应器,处理人工模拟高浓度废水,进行启动与运行试验,考察和评估其运行效果。结果表明,在上升流速为0.104~0.124 m/h的运行条件下,COD去除率在试验第30天时达到最高的96%,稳定运行状态下去除率为88%左右;反应器在温度和负荷双重冲击条件下,7d后COD去除率下降至67%,出现酸化倾向,负荷维持不变,仅温度恢复正常,11d时COD去除率回升并稳定在88%左右,恢复至原稳定状态,表现出很好的抗冲击负荷和不利环境能力;负荷启动与运行阶段,反应器平均沼气产率为0.43m3/kg,产气状况良好;生物带载体上形成的生物膜活性较高,VSS/SS达到0.7,且生物相较为丰富,说明反应器的半固定床结构设计优良,可进一步开发应用。     

河北省海水池塘底质生物修复菌的分离筛选

为了修复对虾养殖池塘的养殖环境。从昌黎、乐亭、黄骅等3地的对虾池塘中取底泥，共分离出215种细菌．通过其对对虾饵料和蛤蜊内降解能力的测定，筛选出9株虾池有机污染降解茵。这些菌株能以对虾饵料作为生长的唯一碳源和氮源。并且对对虾的配合饵料和蛤蜊肉具有较强的降解能力。通过7d的培养。有4株细菌对对虾的饵料的COD去除率约70％。对蛤蜊肉的COD去除率超过50％，其他5株细菌对对虾饵料及蛤蜊肉的COD去除率也在30％以上。结果表明。这些细菌能快速消除对虾池塘的有机污染，具有修复虾池环境的潜力。     

菲律宾蛤仔对0~#柴油和南海流花原油的生物富集动力学特征

以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为实验对象,基于双箱动力学模型,研究了菲律宾蛤仔肌肉和内脏组织对0~#柴油和南海流花原油的生物富集特征。采用OgirinPro 8.5软件对富集结果进行非线性拟合,获得了2种油品的吸收速率常数(k_1)、释放速率常数(k_2)、生物富集系数(BCF)、理论平衡时石油烃质量分数(CAmax)和生物学半衰期(B1/2)等动力学参数。结果表明,菲律宾蛤仔对0~#柴油和南海流花原油的k_1分别为0.921~9.74和3.43~64.2,k_2分别为0.092 8~0.134和0.100~0.189,BCF分别为6.87~94.56和34.30~379.88,CAmax分别为17.18~67.62 mg·kg~(-1)和30.38~595.24 mg·kg~(-1),B_(1/2)分别为5.17~7.47 d和3.67~6.93 d。菲律宾蛤仔对0~#柴油和南海流花原油的k_1和BCF均随着水体中石油烃浓度的增大而减小,k_2和B1/2与水体中石油烃浓度无明显相关性,CAmax随着水体中石油烃浓度的增加而增大。通过比较菲律宾蛤仔2种组织对2种油品的生物富集过程,发现菲律宾蛤仔对南海流花原油的生物富集能力强于对0~#柴油的富集能力,而内脏对石油烃的生物富集能力高于肌肉。     

三种因素对海水生物流化床启动期间营养盐去除及amoA基因表达的影响

在实验室规模下,以旋转式生物流化床(CB-FSB)为研究对象,研究了初始总氨氮(TAN)、水温及滤料膨胀率3种条件下,海水生物流化床生物过滤功能启动期间TAN和亚硝酸盐氮(NO-2-N)去除及amoA基因数量的变化。结果显示:生物流化床生物过滤功能启动所需时间随着水温的升高而缩短,在水温为15℃、20℃和25℃时,启动所需时间分别为27 d、25 d和23 d;初始TAN质量浓度的升高也会缩短生物流化床生物过滤功能启动所需要的时间,在初始TAN质量浓度为1 mg/L、2 mg/L、4 mg/L时,启动所需时间分别为24 d、22 d和21 d;在膨胀率为100%和150%时,启动所需时间无明显差别,分别为21 d和20 d,明显好于膨胀率为50%时启动所需时间27 d;amoA基因的数量变化与TAN去除率的变化有一定的相关性,并随着初始TAN浓度的升高而增多,在4 mg/L时数量最多,达到2.76×10~7copies/g。     

海洋沉积物中反硝化细菌的分离及去除硝酸盐氮的模拟试验

本研究从长江口沉积物中筛选分离出了海洋反硝化细菌,模拟了该细菌对不同浓度水平硝酸盐氮的去除效率。研究结果表明,分离出的海洋反硝化细菌能有效去除海水中硝酸盐氮,在硝酸盐氮初始浓度为1mg/L,1d内硝酸盐氮去除率就达到了70%;在100mg/L硝酸盐氮模拟试验中,约在一周内能将90%硝酸盐氮去除。试验证实反硝化细菌的生长与水体中硝酸盐氮浓度有一定的相关关系,一旦生物修复过程完成,反硝化细菌就会大量死亡,水体重新恢复到清澈透明状况。     

原位生物处理技术改善城市断头河水质研究

在水网密布、河涌众多的地区,存在着大量断头河道和盲肠河道,因无水源补给、水体长期滞留,大多呈富营养化状态,生态环境及景观功能丧失。以扬州市断头河富营养化水体净化为例,设计了人工曝气、生态净水砖和生物浮床等原位生物处理技术。工程效果显示：对COD的平均去除率为45%,去除范围35%～56%;对NH3-N的平均去除率为33%,去除范围17%～44%;对TN的平均去除率为28%,去除范围15%～39%;对TP的平均去除率为35%,去除范围25%～44%。说明原位生物处理技术对改善城市断头河富营养化水体水质效果显著。     

燕尾草金鱼的选育试验

生物过滤技术是循环水养殖系统中很关键的水处理技术,选择合适的滤料在很大程度上决定着生物过滤效果的好坏和循环水养殖系统能否正常运行。本次试验对一种新型悬浮式滤料在循环水高密度养殖系统中的水处理能力进行了研究,结果表明:(1)该滤料的挂膜性能好,挂膜时间短,且生物膜状态稳定;(2)该滤料的生物过滤能力好,具有较高的氨氮去除率和氨氮负荷,最高分别为57.5%和182.9 g/(m~3·d);其亚硝酸盐去除率平均为45.4%。     

原位生物处理技术改善城市断头河水质研究

在水网密布、河涌众多的地区,存在着大量断头河道和盲肠河道,因无水源补给、水体长期滞留,大多呈富营养化状态,生态环境及景观功能丧失。以扬州市断头河富营养化水体净化为例,设计了人工曝气、生态净水砖和生物浮床等原位生物处理技术。工程效果显示:对COD的平均去除率为45%,去除范围35%～56%;对NH3-N的平均去除率为33%,去除范围17%～44%;对TN的平均去除率为28%,去除范围15%～39%;对TP的平均去除率为35%,去除范围25%～44%。说明原位生物处理技术对改善城市断头河富营养化水体水质效果显著。     

城市水环境治理生物修复技术

河湖富营养化和河道黑臭是我国城市水环境普遍现象.生物修复技术是20世纪90年代迅速发展的一项污染治理工程技术.利用该项技术原理,通过水体底泥生物氧化、水体生物修复、水环境生态恢复等技术,可对城市水环境进行有效治理,但必须根据城市水环境的实际情况,选择合适的生物修复组合技术.     

罗非鱼油的制备及其脂肪酸组成分析

以罗非鱼下脚料为实验材料，对其鱼油的提取与精炼工艺参数、理化特性及脂肪酸组成进行了系统研究。结果显示：罗非鱼油精炼工艺条件为80％的磷酸脱胶，添加量为油量的1％、30％的氢氧化钠脱酸．添加量为油量的2％、活性白土脱色，添加量为油量的20％、真空脱臭，时间为30分钟。精炼后罗非鱼油为清亮、淡黄色液体，各项理化指标符合鱼油标准。脂肪酸分析表明，罗非鱼油含有C12-C22脂肪酸29种，其中饱和脂肪酸10种．单不饱和脂肪酸7种，多不饱和脂肪多烯酸12种，不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸分别占脂肪酸总量57．58％和42．42％。单不饱和脂肪酸主要是18：1(油酸)和16：1．分别占脂肪酸总量27．66％和7．62％，多不饱和脂肪酸主要是18：2(亚油酸)和18：3(n-3)(亚麻酸)，分别占脂肪酸总量10．18％和3．04％，EPA(20：5)和DHA(22：6)含量很低，分别占脂肪酸总量0．68％和1．03％；饱和脂肪酸主要为16：0．18：0和14：0，分别占脂肪酸总量的26．75％，5．23％和3．00％。     

安普霉素对仔猪养分代谢率及氮沉积的影响

20头28日龄大长北三元杂交断奶仔公猪随机分为4组,分别饲养于不同环境温度(28℃、15℃)下的代谢笼内,饲喂含有不同剂量安普霉素(0、90、150mg/kg)的日粮,试验期为2周,后7d进行全收粪代谢试验,观测安普霉素对仔猪物质表观代谢率及氮沉积的影响。研究结果表明,在低温环境下日粮中添加安普霉素可抵御寒冷应激,改善仔猪日粮干物质和蛋白质的表观代谢率,增加机体氮的沉积,其中150mg/kg安普霉素可显著提高仔猪日增重70.5%(P<0.05)、改善饲料转化率32.7%(P<0.05),并能提高采食量、降低发病死亡率。在低温环境下,应适当加大抗生素的添加剂量。     

A study on the relative efficiency of organic manures and the effect of salinity on its mineralisation in brackishwater fish farm soil

The influence of salinity on the mineralisation of organic nitrogen in the form of mustard oil cake, poultry manure and cow-dung in brackishwater pond soils was studied under laboratory conditions. The concentration of mineralised nitrogen for mustard oil cake and poultry manure showed a marked increase during 7 to 30 days after which it decreased gradually and in 90 days assumed practically the same value as that of the control over the salinity range of 0–40‰. The mineralised nitrogen of cow-dung treatment was lower than that of the control,till 30 days,after which it increased gradually. The loss of nitrogen is minimum in the higher salinity range for all three types of manure used. Mustard oil cake is a better manure for brackishwater soil than poultry droppings and cow-dung.     

Effect of Crude Palm Oil Incorporation on Growth,Survival, Feed Efficiency,and Body Composition of Heterobranchus longifilis Fingerlings

An 8-week feeding trial was carried out to determine the effect of increasing dietary palm oil levels on African catfish juvenile growth and nutrient utilization. Six isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 0.5% to 15% crude palm oil with dietary lipid levels ranging from 5% to 20%. Growth performance and protein utilization efficiency of African catfish responded in a positive manner to palm oil addition up to 9% (diet 14% lipid). No further improvement in growth was observed with higher levels of palm oil in the diets, and lower survival was observed with inclusion of 15% palm oil (diet 20% lipid). Whole-body lipid content increased when fish were fed with increasing levels of dietary lipid. Under our experimental conditions, the best growth rate and nutrient utilization were observed with the inclusion of 9% crude palm oil in the diets for African catfish.     

0#柴油和原油的水溶性成分对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长的影响

采用室内培养方法,研究了不同浓度0#柴油和原油的水溶性成分(Water accommodated fraction,WAF)对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的生长影响及其差异.结果显示,低浓度的0#柴油WAF(0.30、0.10 mg/L)和原油WAF(1.17、0.58 mg/L)能够促进小球藻的生长,且0#柴油WAF的0.10 mg/L实验组和原油WAF的0.58 mg/L实验组在96h时,小球藻细胞密度显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);而高浓度的0#柴油WAF(8.10、2.70、0.90 mg/L)和原油WAF(9.36、4.68、2.34 mg/L)会抑制小球藻的生长.0#柴油和原油WAF对小球藻的96 h-EC50分别为3.34、6.54 mg/L,NOEC分别为0.30、1.71 mg/L,LOEC分别为0.90、2.34 mg/L.0#柴油WAF的毒性高于原油WAF,0#柴油和原油水溶性成分的组分差异是影响二者毒性强弱的主要因素.     

Microalga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Isochrysis galbana</Emphasis> in feed for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trachinotus ovatus</Emphasis>: effect on growth performance and fatty acid composition of fish fillet and liver

Seeking alternatives to the depleting fish oil are crucial for marine fish aquaculture, which is currently dependent on fish oil as the primary source of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs). Five isonitrogenous (46% crude protein) and isolipidic (16% crude lipid) feed diets (FO, ISO2.9, ISO4.8, ISO6.7, ISO8.6) were formulated by partially replacing fish oil with microalgae Isochrysis galbana. These diets were fed to triplicate tanks of Trachinotus ovatus (mean initial weight 1.92 g) for 80 days. This work demonstrates that a moderate inclusion (around 4.5–5.0 wt%, equivalent to the replacement of 24–26 wt% fish oil) of I. galbana biomass in fish diet improves fish growth performance, lipid deposition and enhances total n-3 fatty acids, DHA, and EPA contents in neutral and polar lipids (PLs) of fish muscle and liver of T. ovatus. The results disclosed in this study suggest that I. galbana microalgae represents a potential high-quality substitute for fish-based ingredients in aquaculture feeds, which can be a promising sustainable solution to resolve the depleting fish oil resource in a cost-effective manner.     

Effect of partial fish meal replacement by soybean meal on the growth performance and biochemical indices of juvenile Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis>

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of partial fish meal (FM) replacement by dietary soybean meal (SBM) on the growth and protein and lipid metabolism of the juvenile Japanese flounder. Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (Diets 1–4) were formulated containing 47% protein and 9% lipid with different SBM inclusion (Diet 1, 11%; Diet 2, 16%; Diet 3, 24%; and Diet 4, 41%). The fish were fed to satiation twice daily for a feeding period of 56 days. The weight gain rate (WGR) and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed Diet 4 were significantly lower than those fed Diets 1, 2, and 3, and feed conversion ratio in the group fed Diet 4 was significantly higher than that in the groups fed Diets 1, 2, and 3. Hepatosomatic indices showed the similar trend as WGR, and the value (1.75%) for Diet 1 was significantly lower than that (1.96–2.2%) for other diets. There were no differences in whole body moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and ash content among all treatments. With increasing dietary SBM level, serum triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHO), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations increased, whereas the serum total protein (TP) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations decreased. Compared with Diet 1, the serum TG, CHO, and LDL-C concentrations of fish fed Diet 4 significantly increased by 78, 37, and 36%, respectively, while the TP and HDL-C concentrations decreased by 14 and 33%, respectively. No significant differences in condition factor, blood urea nitrogen concentration, and alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities were observed among the dietary treatments. These results indicated that dietary SBM inclusion above 24% could adversely affect the growth and protein and lipid metabolism of Japanese flounder.     

硝化细菌浓度及滤料对养殖水中氨氮处理效果的影响

分别研究了不同硝化细菌浓度(0、20、60、120 mL/100 L)和不同微生物滤料(珊瑚石、锅炉煤渣、牡蛎壳)对养殖水中氨氮处理效果的影响。结果显示,添加硝化细菌后,水体中的氨氮浓度呈现下降趋势,在8～12 h出现极低值后,开始上升,但上升速度较慢;随着水体中硝化细菌添加量的增加,水体中的氨氮浓度下降速度加快;水体中亚硝酸氮浓度呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并在4～6 h出现极高值,然后迅速下降,且硝化细菌添加量越高,下降速度越快。硝化细菌对以珊瑚石和锅炉煤渣为滤料的养殖水体中氨氮和亚硝酸氮的处理效果显著优于牡蛎壳,但珊瑚石和锅炉煤渣之间无显著差异。综合试验结果,应急水质处理时,硝化细菌菌剂的添加量以一次60 mL/100 L(或以活菌计数为1.2×109个/100 L)、间隔24 h添加1次为宜;经过脱硫筛选之后的锅炉煤渣可以作为循环水养殖用滤料。     

Effects of dietary fish oil substitution with mixed vegetable oils on growth and fillet fatty acid composition of juvenile Caspian great sturgeon (Huso huso)

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of fish oil replacement with dietary vegetable oils on growth performance, chemical composition and fatty acids profiles in fillets of farmed Caspian great sturgeon juveniles Huso huso (26.97 ± 0.49 g). Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated, containing 10 % of added oil. The diet with 100 % kilka fish oil (Caspian tyulka, Clupeonella caspia) was the control. Fish oil was substituted by 50 % of vegetable oils consisting of an equal share of sunflower and soybean oils (diet A), sunflower and canola oils (diet B) and soybean and canola oils (diet C). In diet D, 100 % of fish oil was replaced with vegetable oil (1:1:1 ratio of sunflower oil, soybean oil and canola oil). Significant differences (P > 0.05) were not detected during 60 days feeding trial in final body weight, weight gain, condition factor, specific growth rate, feed conversion rate, protein efficiency ratio and the chemical composition of fillet (crude protein, crude lipid, moisture and ash). Generally, the fatty acids composition of fish fillets was reflective of the dietary lipid sources. These results indicate the feasibility of substituting fish oils with the mixture of vegetable oils in diets of juvenile H. huso without negative influence on growth providing optimum ratios of n-3/n-6 and n-3/18:1n-9 is met in the diet.     

不同脂肪源饲料对台湾泥鳅生长、肌肉脂肪酸组成和质构的影响

为研究不同脂肪源饲料对台湾泥鳅(Paramisgumus dabryanus ssp)生长、肌肉脂肪酸组成和质构的影响,实验取体重均值为(2.30±0.05)g的台湾泥鳅750尾分5组,每组3个重复,每个水箱50尾,分别投喂含有6%鱼油(FO)、大豆油(SO)、花生油(PO)、玉米油(CO)或棕榈油(PaO)的等氮等能饲料,饲养7周,测定生长性能、体成分、脂肪酸组成及质构。结果显示:不同脂肪源饲料对台湾泥鳅的成活率影响不显著,鱼油组和棕榈油组特定生长率高、饲料系数低,显著优于其他三组,棕榈油组粗脂肪含量显著高于其他四组;饲料中鱼油可以提高台湾泥鳅鱼体中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFA)、二十碳五烯酸(DHA)与二十二碳六烯酸(EPA)的相对含量。不同脂肪源饲料对于台湾泥鳅硬度、胶着性影响不显著,对弹性与咀嚼性有一定的影响,其中棕榈油组中弹性和咀嚼性较高。研究表明,鱼油和棕榈油可以作为台湾泥鳅饲料的脂肪源,鱼油有利于提高鱼体中n-3 PUFA含量,棕榈油有助于提高鱼体肌肉的弹性;大豆油、花生油和玉米油对其生长性能不如前两者。