氨负荷对水族箱硝化功能建立过程的影响

水族箱中残饵、粪便分解会造成氨的增加,不同水族箱,其氨负荷存在差异。本文比较分析了不同氨负荷条件下,水族箱硝化功能的建立过程。结果表明,氨负荷分别为0.25 mg/L.d,0.5 mg/L.d和1.0mg/L.d条件下,实验组中氨氮浓度达到峰值的时间分别为16 d2、1 d和32 d,峰值分别为2.63 mg/L、5.37mg/L和23.44 mg/L;亚硝酸盐氮浓度达到峰值的时间分别为26 d、30 d和54 d,峰值分别为1.65 mg/L、7.91 mg/L和35.37 mg/L;硝化功能建立所需的时间分别为45 d4、6 d和65 d。氨负荷较低时(0.25 mg/L.d、0.5 mg/L.d),氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮峰值浓度低,硝化功能建立所需的时间短;氨负荷较高时(1.0 mg/L.d)时,氨氮和亚硝氮峰值浓度高,硝化功能建立的时间明显增加。     

甘蔗渣载体填料在海水曝气生物滤池中的应用

为研究甘蔗渣作为载体填料用于海水曝气生物滤池中的可行性,在海水曝气生物滤池中培养生物膜,并以此为基础构建海水养殖排放水处理系统。通过监测水体总氨氮(TAN)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)等水质指标浓度变化,水体游离细菌与载体附着细菌密度变化,评价甘蔗渣载体生物滤池的降解效果。结果显示,以甘蔗渣为载体的生物滤池挂膜所需时间为26 d,挂膜完成后甘蔗渣附着可培养总菌和芽孢杆菌密度分别为3×108cfu/g和7.8×107cfu/g。在处理养殖水体时,生物滤池中水体氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度分别控制在0.2 mg/L和0.05 mg/L以下,同时,水体中芽孢杆菌数量由3.3×103cfu/L增加至7×104cfu/L,弧菌数量由4.9×103cfu/L下降至3.1×101cfu/L。研究表明,以甘蔗渣为载体的海水曝气生物滤池能快速有效地完成挂膜,并在海水养殖排放水处理中取得较好效果。     

丁香酚对倒刺鲃幼鱼麻醉效果的研究

使用人工繁育的鱼种开展丁香酚对倒刺鲃麻醉效果的试验,结果表明:水温25±0.5℃时,5 mg/L浓度的丁香酚对倒刺鲃鱼种没有麻醉作用,10 mg/L浓度的丁香酚只能起轻度镇静作用;浓度12～30 mg/L时,浓度与麻醉所需时间和复苏所需时间呈负相关关系,丁香酚对倒刺鲃鱼种的理想麻醉浓度约20 mg/L.经30 mg/L的丁香酚深度麻醉,在空气中暴露15 min后,鱼体复苏所需的平均时间为2.6 min,复苏率达100%;将被深度麻醉的鱼种立即转入10 mg/L的丁香酚中继续浸泡10 h后,复苏率和48 h内成活率均为100%.水温23～29℃时,在相同浓度条件下,温度越高,麻醉所需时间越短,复苏所需时间越长.     

不同浓度硫酸新霉素对生物絮团氨氮转化速率及抗生素抗性基因的影响

为探究不同浓度硫酸新霉素对于生物絮团处理氨氮及抗生素抗性基因的影响,本实验对生物絮团水质及絮团指标、水体中抗生素含量和生物絮团中6种抗生素抗性基因的含量进行了检测。结果显示：在氨氮转化的速率上,初次加药连续监测显示未添加组(A组)、0.5 mg/L硫酸新霉素组(B组)、1 mg/L硫酸新霉素组(C组)和3 mg/L硫酸新霉素组(D组)的氨氮去除速率分别为(3.88±0.02) mg TAN/(g TSS·h)、(2.22±0.03) mg TAN/(g TSS·h)、(2.17±0.04) mg TAN/(g TSS·h)和(1.72±0.02) mg TAN/(g TSS·h),氨氮去除速率A组>B组>C组>D组。而间隔一个休药期(500℃·d)的第二次加药连续监测显示4个组的氨氮去除速率分别为(2.99±0.08) mg TAN/(g TSS·h)、(2.98±0.03) mg TAN/(g TSS·h)、(2.97±0.08) mg TAN/(g TSS·h)和(5.10±0.03) mg TAN/(g TSS·h),氨氮去除速率D组>A组>B组&g...     

丁香酚对鲫鱼麻醉效果的研究

采用丁香酚对鲫鱼(130±10 g)进行了麻醉效果的研究.结果显示:水温28℃下,丁香酚浓度在37～80 mg/L时,鲫鱼都能被理想麻醉,且随着浓度的增加,麻醉时间缩短,但复苏时间延长;丁香酚浓度为40 mg/L,水温在20.6～35℃时,鲫鱼都能被理想麻醉;水温28℃,丁香酚浓度在40 mg/L时,麻醉时间为7 min,复苏率为100%,空气暴露时间15 min,复苏率为100%.丁香酚可以被用作鲫鱼的一种安全有效的麻醉剂.     

天津港口疏浚淤泥悬浮物对海洋动物的急性毒性效应

研究了不同浓度的悬浮物对鲈鱼和梭鱼幼体的毒性效应。实验结果表明:疏浚淤泥悬浮相对其效应明显。21℃和24℃试验水温时,悬浮物对鲈鱼幼苗的急性毒性实验结果分别为:96hLC50为1 711.2mg/L、1 052.8mg/L;安全浓度分别为:171.12、105.28mg/L;悬浮物对梭鱼幼苗的急性毒性实验结果分别为:96h LC50为453.6、168.1mg/L;安全浓度分别为:45.36、16.81mg/L。随温度、悬浮物浓度的升高,毒性效应呈增强趋势。     

丁香酚对日本黄姑鱼麻醉效果的研究

为研究丁香酚对日本黄姑鱼的麻醉效果,用体长95 mm的日本黄姑鱼进行了麻醉试验。结果表明,水温25～26℃时,5 mg/L浓度的丁香酚药液对日本黄姑鱼只能起到轻度镇静作用;浓度在10～50mg/L时,浓度与麻醉所需的时间呈负相关,与复苏时间呈正相关;最理想的麻醉浓度为20～40 mg/L。鱼体在浓度20～30 mg/L的丁香酚药液中药浴15 min,能全部复苏;在浓度40 mg/L下药浴9 min,能全部复苏。采用浓度20～30 mg/L的丁香酚药液对鱼体深度麻醉后,鱼体在空气中暴露9 min后能全部复苏,且复苏时间随着药液浓度的升高而变长。     

pH对海水生物滤器启动阶段构建硝化功能的影响

稳定高效运行的生物滤器是循环水系统养殖过程中至关重要的部分,然而生物滤器在运行过程中会受到诸多环境因子的影响。该文分两部分对进水pH对流化床生物滤器硝化性能的影响进行研究。(1)针对流化床生物滤器挂膜启动阶段进行研究,研究在自然挂膜情况下,不同进水pH(7. 0、7. 5、8. 0、8. 5)对流化床生物滤器启动的影响,结果显示,生物滤器在pH 7. 5时启动时间最短,50 d左右便能够稳定运行,而且在此pH条件下生物滤器对TAN、NO2--N的去除效率最高。(2)生物膜成熟后,针对稳定运行的生物滤器进行试验,研究不同pH(7. 0、7. 5、7. 7、8. 0、8. 5)对生物滤器硝化性能的影响,结果显示,生物滤器在pH 7. 7时,对TAN的去除速率最高,达到(0. 58±0. 02) mg/(L·h)。另外,生物滤器在pH 7. 5时对NO2--N的处理效果最好。试验还发现各处理组皆存在不同程度的NO2--N积累现象,该现象随着pH的升高不断加剧。适宜的进水pH能够缩短生物滤器的挂膜周期并提高其硝化性能。研究结果可以为海水生物滤器的挂膜启动和稳定运行提供理论指导。     

方斑东风螺的耗氧率及饲养水中溶氧变化的初步研究

为对方斑东风螺养殖生产提供参考依据,试验测定了饥饿和饱食状态下方斑东风螺幼螺在不同水温(25℃、28℃、30℃)时的耗氧率,测定了幼螺摄食后水中溶解氧浓度的变化。结果表明,饱食后幼螺的生理代谢活动加强,耗氧率增加;随着水温的升高,耗氧率也增加。幼螺摄食后水中的溶解氧浓度随着时间的延长不断下降。试验观察发现,在方斑东风螺养殖的正常水温范围内(25℃~30℃),DO高于3mg/L时,幼螺生活正常;DO在2.40mg/L~2.35mg/L时,幼螺表现为缺氧状态;DO在1.5~1.0mg/L时,幼螺表现为严重缺氧状态。     

不同流向对曝气生物滤池处理对对虾养殖污水效果的影响

采用上流式和下流式曝气生物滤池处理凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖污水,连续进行30 d,分析出水水质,并观察系统运行情况和装置污染状况。研究了养殖污水中化学需氧量、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮、无机氮及活性磷酸盐6项指标的去除效果。实验结果表明:从养殖污水主要污染物指标的去除效果和稳定性上看,上流式优于下流式曝气生物滤池。在系统进水化学需氧量质量浓度为7.62～8.20 mg/L、氨氮质量浓度为0.62～0.65 mg/L、硝酸盐氮质量浓度为0.54～0.59 mg/L、亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度为0.23～0.27 mg/L、无机氮质量浓度为1.40～1.47 mg/L、活性磷酸盐质量浓度为0.24～0.29 mg/L,水温为25℃～30℃时,上流式曝气生物滤池对养殖污水中6项指标的去除率分别为:45.2%、88.9%、58.5%、78.8%、75.3%和25.1%。可见,对氨氮的去除效果最佳,亚硝酸盐氮和无机氮次之,化学需氧量和硝酸盐氮的去除效果较差,活性磷酸盐去除率最低。     

三株异养硝化–好氧反硝化细菌对圆斑星鲽养殖水质的净化效果

为了考察3株异养硝化–好氧反硝化细菌对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegates)养殖废水的净化效果,选择初始体重为(98±6)g的圆斑星鲽240尾,随机分为8组。分别接种花津滩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus hwajinpoensis)SLWX_2、嗜碱盐单胞菌(Halomonas alkaliphila)X_3和麦氏交替单胞菌(Alteromonas macleodii)SLNX2的不同组合。测定了不同组合中各项无机氮及有机物的变化情况。结果显示,在实验过程中,对照组氨氮、亚硝酸氮、硝酸氮、总氮和化学需氧量的浓度均呈持续上升趋势,分别从0.21 mg/L升至15.94mg/L,0.08 mg/L升至5.68 mg/L,1.10 mg/L升至7.05 mg/L,1.74 mg/L升至38.86 mg/L,1.19 mg/L升至22.87 mg/L。而加菌组的各指标浓度一直低于对照组,其中,SLWX_2+X_3+SLNX2组合对圆斑星鲽养殖废水净化效果最佳,氨氮、亚硝酸氮、硝酸氮、总氮、化学需氧量的浓度分别低于对照组68.55%、48.36%、58.38%、40.02%和27.47%,SLWX_2+X_3组合的净化效果次之。此外,第21天时,对照组出现大量死鱼现象,各实验组中仅有少量死鱼。研究表明,添加的异养硝化–好氧反硝化细菌可在不添加碳源的情况下实现脱氮功能,有效维护养殖水质,并且对圆斑星鲽无毒害及致病作用。     

罗氏沼虾肌肉白浊病发病池和未发病池水质状况比较

对罗氏沼虾肌肉白浊病发病与未发病育苗池以及发病与未发病大棚培育土池 ,进行了 pH值、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、化学耗氧量和可溶性磷酸盐检测 ,结果显示 ,发病池与未发病池之间这些水质因子均无显著差异 (P(0 .0 5 )。对罗氏沼虾苗有较大毒性的非离子态氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮含量都在安全浓度范围内 :淡化前 ,发病育苗池中两者的平均值分别为 0 .173mg/L、0 .0 83mg/L ,未发病育苗池中分别为 0 .2 0 1mg/L、0 .10 3mg/L ;淡化后 ,发病育苗池中两者的平均值分别为 0 .0 33mg/L、0 .0 4 0mg/L ,未发病育苗池中分别为 0 .0 2 7mg/L、0 .0 39mg/L ;在发病大棚培育土池中 ,两者的平均值分别为 0 .114mg/L、0 .0 6 1mg/L ,在未发病大棚培育土池中分别为 0 .112mg/L、0 .0 76mg/L。检测结果表明 :罗氏沼虾肌肉白浊病与所测的这些水质因子无关。     

生物强化移动床生物膜反应器处理水产养殖循环水初步研究

利用自制的硝化细菌菌剂促进移动床生物膜反应器(Moving bed biofilm reactor,MBBR)的挂膜启动,分析不同载体氨氮负荷、碳氮比条件下反应器运行状况,并进一步进行了实验室模拟循环水养殖草金鱼实验。结果显示,利用自制硝化菌剂能够完成整个移动床反应器的启动过程,在接种15 d后使循环出水氨氮稳定在1 mg/L以下。单位体积载体氨氮负荷实验表明,MBBR能够在100 mg TAN/(L填料·d)条件下,使出水满足一般水产养殖水质要求(氨氮0.5 mg/L,亚硝氮0.1 mg/L)。进水碳氮比在1以内时MBBR能够稳定高效运行。在实验室模拟循环水养殖过程中,经菌剂强化的MBBR能维持循环出水氨氮低于0.5 mg/L,亚硝氮低于0.05 mg/L。     

Performance of plastic biofilter media with different configuration in a water recirculation system for the culture of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Three kinds of locally available plastic biofilter media with different configurations (plastic rolls, PVC pipes and scrub pads) were evaluated for their efficiency in organic waste removal from the effluents of an intensive recirculating tilapia culture system. A set of three types of solid-removing filters consisting of screened sedimentation; upflow sand as well as plastic bead filtration accomplished the mechanical filtration. Values of critical metabolic wastes like total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) (0.92 ppm) and nitrite-nitrogen (NO₂-N) (0.22 ppm) were found to be well within the acceptable limits, while other water quality parameters in the culture water were also maintained within the normal range by the filtration system. Removal rates of 3.46 g TAN/m³ per day and 0.77 g NO₂-N/m³ per day, as well as TAN and NO₂-N removal efficiencies of 29.37 and 27.3% respectively, were established to be the best for the plastic-roll biofilter medium as compared to PVC-pipe and scrub-pad media. Percent removal of TAN and NO₂-N per pass of the biofilter (25.49 and 26.3% respectively) and the specific TAN and NO₂-N removal rates (43 and 9.6 mg/m² per day) of plastic rolls were also found to be superior to the other two biofilter media. Pieces of PVC pipes as biofilter medium is recommended to be used in the biofilters in view of their cheaper cost.     

Performance of sequencing microbead biofilters in a recirculating aquaculture system

Biological filtration, or biofiltration, is the key technology in recirculating aquaculture systems. Sequencing microbead biofilters, in which the media maintains a continuous up-and-down movement, are based on traditional microbead filters but offer superior filtration properties. The performance characteristics of a sequencing microbead biofilter installed in a recirculating aquaculture system for rearing Barcoo perch at 29 ± 1 °C were examined. The total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN) concentrations and the nitrite-nitrogen concentrations during a 52-day culture period were maintained blow 1.6 mg/L and 0.9 mg/L. In order to ensure efficient biofiltration, the optimal actual application of hydraulic retention time was determined to be approximately 3–5 min. The water flow produced by the reciprocating motion of the media served to wash away suspended solids, ensuring the occurrence of optimal nitrification processes. Additionally, the reciprocating motion of the media enhanced ammonia treatment efficiency significantly by improving the transport of nutrients and nitrification activity. Compared to a static situation the ammonia removal rate increased by 27% based on the application of up-and-down reciprocating movement. The biofilm on the microbead forms as a compact, complex, and homogeneous structure, consisting of numerous microscopic thin sheets. Additionally, a multitude of pores, interstitial voids, and vertical channels were widely observed to convey obviously advantageous properties in support of fluid passage, thus enhancing mass transfer and ultimately contributing to biofiltration effectiveness. The optimum biofilm thickness for providing efficient biofiltration was determined to be approximately 70 μm for this filter.     

Heterotrophic denitrification of aquaculture effluent using fluidized sand biofilters

The ability to consistently and cost-effectively reduce nitrate-nitrogen loads in effluent from recirculating aquaculture systems would enhance the industry's environmental stewardship and allow improved facility proximity to large markets in sensitive watersheds. Heterotrophic denitrification technologies specifically employing organic carbon found in aquaculture system waste offer a unique synergy for treatment of land-based, closed-containment production outflows. For space-efficient fluidized sand biofilters to be used as such denitrification reactors, system parameters (e.g., influent dissolved oxygen and carbon to nitrogen ratios, C:N) must be evaluated to most effectively use an endogenous carbon source. The objectives of this work were to quantify nitrate removal under a range of C:Ns and to explore the biofilter bacterial community using three replicated fluidized sand biofilters (height 3.9 m, diameter 0.31 m; fluidized sand volume plus biofilm volume of 0.206 m³) operated at a hydraulic retention time of 15 min and a hydraulic loading rate of 188 L/min m² at The Conservation Fund Freshwater Institute in Shepherdstown, West Virginia, USA. Nitrate reduction was consistently observed during the biofilter study period (26.9 ± 0.9% removal efficiency; 402 ± 14 g NO₃-N/(m³ biofilter d)) although nitrite-N and total ammonium nitrogen concentrations slightly increased (11 and 13% increases, respectively). Nitrate removal efficiency was correlated with carbonaceous oxygen demand to nitrate ratios (R² > 0.70). Nitrate removal rates during the study period were moderately negatively correlated with influent dissolved oxygen concentration indicating it may be possible the biofilter hydraulic retention time was too short to provide optimized nitrate removal. It is reasonable to assume that the efficiency of nitrate removal across the fluidized sand biofilters could be substantially increased, as long as organic carbon was not limiting, by increasing biofilter bed depths (to 6–10 m), and thus hydraulic retention time. These findings provide a low-cost yet effective technology to remove nitrate-nitrogen from effluent waters of land-based closed-containment aquaculture systems.     

循环海水养殖系统硝化滤器中氨氧化微生物分析

研究循环水养殖硝化滤器载体上附着生物膜的微生物群落结构可以为提高其处理速率和效率,并为特异性工程菌构建提供依据。采用改良的AFLP方法分析了循环水养殖硝化滤器载体上附着的氨氧化细菌16S rRNA基因和氨单加氧酶amoA基因片段及其系统发育情况。结果表明:分析16S rRNA基因得到的序列片段比分析amoA基因片段得到了更多信息,准确度较高,可作为分析循环水养殖硝化滤器氨氧化菌群组成的有效方法。克隆测序所得序列与网上公布数据比对,可见存在于循环水养殖硝化滤器载体上的氨氧化细菌与Nitrosomonas cryotolerans、Nitrosomonas oligotropha、Nitrosospira tenuis、Nitrosomonas marina相似度达100%,与Nitrosomonas aestuarii相似度为87%。大部分属于亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas),仅少数序列属于亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)。采用16S rRNA基因和amoA片段分析方法得到的附着于封闭循环海水养殖硝化滤器载体上的氨氧化细菌主要为变形菌(Proteobacteria)的β-亚类的亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)和少量的亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)氨氧化细菌,以及一定数量的γ-亚类氨氧化细菌。     

饲料溶菌酶添加水平对氨氮应激下吉富罗非鱼血清生化指标、抗菌性能和肝脏抗氧化能力的影响

为研究氨氮应激下溶菌酶对吉富罗非鱼血清生化指标、抗菌性能及肝脏抗氧化能力的影响,用6种不同溶菌酶添加水平(0、18、36、54、72和90 mg/kg)的饲料(分别记为L0、L18、L36、L54、L72和L90)饲喂初始均重为(11.35±0.08)g的罗非鱼60 d,之后应用氯化铵进行24 h氨氮应激实验。结果显示:1应激后,各组鱼的血清生化指标在组间存在较大差异(P0.05),不同溶菌酶添加水平下的鱼体对氨氮应激产生了不同的响应机制。L54组鱼主要通过激发免疫系统并调节蛋白质代谢来抵抗氨氮浓度突变;L72和L90组鱼主要通过调节高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白、胆固醇和甘油三酯之间的动态变化来缓解氨氮对机体的应激。2血清抗菌实验表明,L54和L72组鱼对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和嗜水气单胞菌的抑制能力最大,且显著高于对照组(P0.05);L36~L90组对溶藻弧菌的抑制作用显著高于对照组和L18组(P0.05);各溶菌酶添加组的鱼对枯草芽孢杆菌具有不同程度的保护作用。3应激后肝脏的超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性随溶菌酶添加水平的增加总体呈现先升后降的变化趋势,L54组显著高于对照组(P0.05);各添加组丙二醛含量均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明,54和72mg/kg溶菌酶添加水平对氨氮应激下吉富罗非鱼的血清生化指标、抗菌活性和肝脏抗氧化指标产生了最积极有效的调控,能够增强鱼体的抗应激能力。     

11种常用渔药对淡水硝化细菌硝化作用的影响

在硝化作用稳定的试验系统中加人常用剂量的戊二醛0.5mg/L(全水体质量浓度,下同)、高锰酸钾3mg/L、聚维酮碘2mg/L、生石灰20mg/L,溴氯海因1 mg/L、漂白粉2mg/L、敌百虫1mg/L、指环净0.6mg/L、CuSO_4 0.5mg/L+FeSO_4 0.2mg/L合剂、氟苯尼考6mg/L和土霉素20...     

Using a macroalgae Ulva pertusa biofilter in a recirculating system for production of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

A simple indoor recirculating system for production of juvenile sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) was operated on a commercial scale for 90 days during winter. The system consists of three 70 m³ sea cucumber rearing tanks and one biofilter tank where macroalgae (Ulva pertusa) was used as a biofilter in order to reduce water requirements. Effluent from the sea cucumber tanks drained into the macroalgae biofilter tank and were then returned to the sea cucumber tanks by a discontinuous-flow recirculation system. Survival and growth rates in the sea cucumber culture tanks were similar to those in the control tank (with one water exchange per day). The survival rate averaged about 87%. The average body weight increased from 3.5 ± 0.3 g to 8.1 ± 0.8 g and total sea cucumber biomass production over the experimental period was 745 g m⁻² after initial stocking densities of 375 g m⁻². The growth rate of U. pertusa was 3.3% day⁻¹. U. pertusa was efficient in removing toxic ammonia and in maintaining the water quality within acceptable levels for sea cucumber culture; there were only small daily variations of temperature, pH and DO. The U. pertusa tank removed 68% of the TAN (total ammonia-nitrogen) and 26% of the orthophosphate from the sea cucumber culture effluent; the macroalgae biofilter removed ammonia at an average rate of 0.459 g N m⁻² day⁻¹. It would be efficient to use the U. pertusa biofilter in a recirculating system for production of A. japonicus juveniles in winter.