不同饵料投喂模式对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长和生理生化的影响

为研究池塘养殖过程中不同饵料投喂模式对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹生长和生理生化的影响, 实验以中华绒螯蟹幼蟹为研究对象, 比较了喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)组(Diet1 组)、配合饲料组(Diet2 组)以及两者 1 1 ∶ 混合组(Diet3 组) 3 种饵料投喂模式下幼蟹生长、消化酶、抗氧化酶及免疫酶活性的变化。每个处理组设置 3 个重复, 实验周期为 120 d。结果表明: (1)养殖结束时, Diet2 组幼蟹的终末体重、增重率、特定生长率和肝胰腺指数均显著高于 Diet1 和 Diet3 组; (2) Diet2 和 Diet3 组幼蟹肝胰腺和躯体的粗脂肪含量显著高于 Diet1 组, 而灰分含量呈相反趋势; (3)幼蟹肝胰腺 α-淀粉酶活性在 Diet3 组最高(P<0.05), 而脂肪酶活性在 Diet2 组最高 (P<0.05); (4) Diet1 组幼蟹血清过氧化氢酶活性最高, 而 Diet2 组和 Diet3 组总抗氧化能力和丙二醛含量均显著高于 Diet1 组; (5) Diet1 组幼蟹肝胰腺过氧化氢酶酶活性最高, Diet2 组雌蟹超氧化歧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力活性最高 (P<0.05), Diet3 组雄蟹总抗氧化能力活性最高(P<0.05); (6) Diet2 组和 Diet3 组幼蟹血清中酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著高于 Diet1 组, 而在雌雄蟹肝胰腺中, 三组间酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活力不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。 因此, 在中华绒螯蟹池塘养殖模式下, 在合理的种植水花生的基础上投喂配合饲料有利于幼蟹生长、消化和脂肪积累, 以及增强幼蟹抗氧化和免疫能力。本研究可为配合饲料投喂模式的推广以及将水花生作为植食性饵料添加到中华绒螯蟹幼蟹配合饲料中的开发提供科学参考与理论基础。     

复合蛋白源替代鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长性能、生理代谢和生化组成的影响

文章研究了复合蛋白源替代饲料中不同水平(0%、16.67%、33.33%、50%和66.67%,分别记为饲料1~#～5~#)的鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹成活、生长、生理代谢和生化组成的影响。结果显示:1)随着鱼粉替代水平增加,幼蟹终末体质量、增重率、特定生长率和肝胰腺指数均呈先升后降的趋势,2~#组最高(P0.05);2)肝胰腺中的谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活力和丙二醛含量均为4~#组最高,而超氧化物歧化酶活力在1~#组最高(P0.05);血清中的谷丙转氨酶活力在5~#组最高,甘油三酯含量和超氧化物歧化酶活力则以4~#组最高,而丙二醛含量在2~#组最高(P0.05);3) 1~#组躯体的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均显著高于其他组,而总碳水化合物含量在2~#组最高(P0.05)。躯体半胱氨酸含量在4~#组最高,而其他氨基酸与总氨基酸含量均在2~#组最高(P0.05)。结果表明,饲料中过高的鱼粉替代水平(33%～67%)会降低中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长性能和躯体营养物质的积累,对生理代谢产生不良影响,建议中华绒螯蟹幼蟹饲料中复合蛋白源替代鱼粉的比例为16.67%。     

饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对拟穴青蟹幼蟹生长性能、消化酶活性和体成分的影响

为探讨饲料中添加不同含量枯草芽孢杆菌对拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)幼蟹生长、消化酶活性及体成分的影响,以初始体质量为(25.74±0.51)mg的拟穴青蟹Ⅰ期仔蟹为试验对象,在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.1%和0.5%的枯草芽孢杆菌制成3种试验饲料,饲喂幼蟹3周。试验结果:添加枯草芽孢杆菌的组,拟穴青蟹幼蟹的终末平均体质量、体质量增长率、特定生长率和蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但两个不同添加量试验组间的差异不显著(P>0.05);添加枯草芽孢杆菌显著增强了幼蟹蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活性(P<0.05),对幼蟹的水分、粗蛋白和灰分含量均没有显著影响(P>0.05);添加0.5%枯草芽孢杆菌的试验组,幼蟹的脂肪含量显著高于其它试验组(P<0.05)。结果表明,在本试验条件下,饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对拟穴青蟹幼蟹的生长有显著促进作用,对蛋白酶活性、淀粉酶活性和体粗脂肪含量也有显著影响,添加0.1%～0.5%的枯草芽孢杆菌对拟穴青蟹幼蟹有较好的促生长效果。     

饲料不同钙磷比对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹生长性能、矿物质沉积和能量代谢的影响

为研究饲料中不同钙磷比对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹生长性能、血清生化、矿物质沉积和能量代谢的影响,配制5种等氮等脂(46%粗蛋白和7%粗脂肪)钙磷比分别为1.00∶2.00、1.00∶1.50、1.00∶1.00、1.00∶0.75和1.00∶0.50的实验饲料。选择初始体质量为(12.82±0.37) g的梭子蟹150只,随机分成5组(每组3个重复,每个重复10只),进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果显示,钙磷比为1.00∶1.00和1.00∶0.75的饲料,其特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FER)显著高于其他组。钙磷比为1.00∶0.50饲料组幼蟹血淋巴的谷草转氨酶(GOT)显著高于其他组,碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性随着饲料钙磷比的增加呈上升的趋势。幼蟹肝胰腺、肌肉和甲壳中的磷含量随着钙磷比的升高呈下降的趋势,且钙磷比1.00∶2.00组幼蟹磷含量显著高于1.00∶0.50组。钙磷比1.00∶1.50和1.00∶1.00组幼蟹肝胰腺ATP含量显著高于其他饲料组。幼蟹肝胰腺己糖激酶(HK)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)的活性随饲料钙磷比的升高呈先升高后下降的趋势,当钙磷比为1时,梭子蟹肝胰腺的HK和SDH酶活性最高。此外,钙磷比1.00∶1.00组显著上调了梭子蟹肝胰腺电子传递链相关基因(nd1、sdhc、cytb和coxⅡ)的表达水平,当钙磷比为1.00∶0.75时,显著上调了幼蟹肝胰腺线粒体能量代谢相关基因(ATPase6、sirt3和nrf1)的表达量。研究表明,本实验条件下,以增重率为评价指标,通过回归模型得到梭子蟹最适钙磷比为1.06～1.26,在此范围内能促进三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的生长、维持组织的最适磷沉积以及很好地促进能量的产生。     

中草药对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长及免疫力的影响

将体质量为0.3～0.5 g的蜕壳间期中华绒螯蟹幼蟹饲养在室内循环水系统28 cm×21 cm×17.5 cm独立塑料盒中,盒子底部放置瓦片作为隐蔽物,投喂每千克基础饲料中添加0、1.0、2.0 g由甘草、人参、绞股蓝、银杏叶配伍的复方中草药的饲料,研究复方中草药对幼蟹成活、生长、抗氧化及免疫力的影响。试验结果显示,饲料中添加复方中草药对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹成活率无显著影响(P0.05),但显著提高了其质量增加率和特定生长率,缩短了蜕皮间隔(P0.05)。饲料中添加复方中草药显著提高了雄体血清中的酸性磷酸酶活性以及肝胰腺中总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,显著降低了肝胰腺中丙二醛的含量(P0.05);饲料中添加中草药显著提高了雌体血清中酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶及肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶的活力。综上,饲料中添加复方中草药显著提高了幼蟹的生长性能、抗氧化及免疫能力,幼蟹饲料中复方中草药的适宜添加水平约为1.0 g/kg。     

低鱼粉饲料中添加牛磺酸对黄鳝生长、消化率及肠道酶活性的影响

该研究对体质量为(25.03±0.02) g的健康黄鳝(Monopterus albus)进行了10周的养殖实验,探究了低鱼粉饲料中添加牛磺酸对黄鳝生长、消化率及肠道酶活性的影响。实验设置了高鱼粉组(42%, FM)、低鱼粉组(22%,T_0)以及在低鱼粉饲料中分别添加0.2%(T_(0.2))和0.5%(T_(0.5))牛磺酸的4个处理组,每组5个重复。结果显示,与FM组相比,T_0组黄鳝的增重率、蛋白质效率、干物质消化率和蛋白质消化率显著下降(P0.05),饲料系数显著上升(P0.05)。添加适量牛磺酸可显著提高黄鳝的增重率、蛋白质效率和干物质消化率,降低饲料系数(P0.05),但T_(0.5)组黄鳝的增重率、蛋白质效率和饲料系数与T_0组相比无显著性差异(P0.05)。此外,T_0组肠道肌酸激酶(CK)、钠钾ATP酶(Na~+-K~+-ATPase)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、胰蛋白酶(TRYP)和脂肪酶活性显著低于FM组(P0.05),T_(0.2)组的上述肠道酶活性均显著升高(P0.05),T_(0.5)组肠道Na~+-K~+-ATPase、AKP、TRYP和脂肪酶(LPS)活性虽高于T_0组,但无显著性差异(P0.05)。综上,低鱼粉饲料中添加0.2%牛磺酸可提高黄鳝的生长,改善肠道消化吸收功能,但添加过量牛磺酸(0.5%)效果不明显。     

磷脂和HUFA对中华绒鳌蟹幼蟹存活、生长、蜕壳及生化组成的影响

实验用中华绒鳌蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹初始体质量为1.8 g左右.饲料A添加6%鱼肝油和4%大豆卵鳞脂(饲料含4.53%磷脂和1.08%HUFA),饲料B添加10%的猪油(饲料含0.39%磷脂和0.18%HUFA);实验蟹单个体饲养(可防止蜕壳期间蟹相互残杀而获得饲料外的营养源),雌蟹(F)、雄蟹(Lul)各60个,实验周期120 d.结果表明:两组饲料条件下,幼蟹的存活率、增重率、特定生长率、平均蜕壳次数、蜕壳间隔时间及肝胰腺指数均无显著差异(P>0.05).但无论是雌蟹还是雄蟹,A组幼蟹肝胰腺和肌肉的总脂含量显著低于B组(P<0.05),并且A组蟹肝胰腺和肌肉中磷脂、多不饱和脂肪酸和高度不饱和脂肪酸的含量显著高于B组(P<0.05).这表明,在中华绒鳌蟹幼蟹饲料中添加4.53%磷脂和1.08%HUFA对其存活、生长、蜕壳无显著影响,但可使其肝胰腺和肌肉中的总脂含量降低,而磷脂、多不饱和脂肪酸和高度不饱和脂肪酸的含量升高.本研究结果旨在为中华绒鳌蟹幼蟹的营养学研究提供理论依据,同时也为生产上幼蟹饲料的开发提供参考.     

复方中草药对中华绒螯蟹生长、非特异性免疫和抗病力的影响

在水温23.5~28.5℃下,将体质量(6.76±0.1)g的中华绒螯蟹随机分为6组,置于24个100cm×50cm×50cm的玻璃缸中,每组4个平行,每个平行30只中华绒螯蟹,投喂含有0(对照组)、0.1%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%复方中草药的饲料60d。试验结果表明,除0.1%组与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)外,其他各试验组中华绒螯蟹的质量增加率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。1.0%组中华绒螯蟹血细胞吞噬率和吞噬指数最高(P0.05);血清和肝胰脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶的活性最高,与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。血清中酸性磷酸酶活性,除0.1%和2.0%组(P0.05)外,其他各处理组酸性磷酸酶活性显著升高(P0.05)。0.5%、1.0%和1.5%组中华绒螯蟹的碱性磷酸酶活性与对照组差异显著(P0.05),其他各组与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。血清和肝胰脏组织中溶菌酶活性均随饲料复方中草药添加量的增加先升后降,显著高于对照组(P0.05)。肝胰脏中丙二醛的含量随着复方中草药添加量的增加而显著下降。除0.1%组外,其他组的中华绒螯蟹死亡率显著降低(P0.05),免疫保护率显著性升高(P0.05)。在基础饲料中添加1.0%的复方中草药,中华绒螯蟹生长、非特异性免疫及抗病力较强。     

不同脂肪源饲料对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长、消化酶活力和脂肪酸组成的影响

选用初始体重为(2.15±0.10)g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)雄性幼蟹,随机分为5组(每组12只幼蟹),饲喂100%鱼油组(简称F1组)、100%豆油组(F2组)、100%亚麻油组(F3组)、50%鱼油+50%豆油组(F4组)、50%鱼油+50%亚麻油组(F5组)不同脂肪源配制的5种等氮等能饲料。实验蟹单个体养殖,实验周期为112 d。结果表明,F5组体重、增重率和特定生长率都显著高于其他饲料组(P0.05),各组的蜕壳间隔和肝胰腺指数没有显著差异(P0.05)。肝胰腺组织消化酶活力测定结果表明,F1组幼蟹肝胰腺的类胰蛋白酶活力显著高于其他各组(P0.05);F3组的胃蛋白酶活力显著高于其他各组(P0.05);F1组、F2组和F4组的脂肪酶活力显著高于其他两组(P0.05);各组的淀粉酶活力差异不显著(P0.05)。脂肪酸测定结果表明,肝胰腺和肌肉中的亚油酸(LOA)(C18:2n-6)、亚麻酸(LNA)(C18:3n-3)、EPA(C20:5n-3)和DHA(C22:6n-3)等主要脂肪酸含量与饲料脂肪酸组成呈正相关关系,F1组的高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)含量显著高于其余各组(P0.05),F2组的LOA含量显著高于其余各组(P0.05),F3组的LNA含量显著高于其余各组(P0.05)。本研究结果表明,以50%的豆油或亚麻油替代鱼油能促进中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的生长,但可能使幼蟹的成活率降低。以豆油或亚麻油替代鱼油会影响幼蟹胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活力和肝胰腺、肌肉脂肪酸组成。     

饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹生长性能、体成分和消化酶活性的影响

用蛋白质水平分别为31.45%,36.37%,41.55%,46.13%,51.72%和56.86%的6种等能饲料,对初始体重为(11.86?0.11)mg的拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)幼蟹进行为期3周的养殖实验,考察饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹生长性能、体成分以及消化酶活性的影响,以期获得拟穴青蟹幼蟹饲料蛋白质的适宜添加量。结果表明,饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹的成活率影响不显著(P0.05);幼蟹的增重率和特定生长率随饲料蛋白质水平的提高先显著升高(P0.05)后稍有下降,最大值出现在蛋白质水平为51.72%的实验组;随着饲料蛋白质水平的提高,幼蟹粗蛋白质含量显著升高(P0.05)后趋于稳定,粗脂肪含量显著降低(P0.05),灰分含量先显著升高(P0.05)后显著降低(P0.05),水分含量则没有显著变化(P0.05);随着饲料蛋白质水平的提高,幼蟹蛋白酶活性显著升高(P0.05),淀粉酶活性显著降低(P0.05),各组脂肪酶活性也有显著差异(P0.05),但没有明显的变化规律。本研究条件下,饲料蛋白质水平在41.55%~56.86%,拟穴青蟹幼蟹均表现出较好的生长率,增重率和蛋白质水平的回归分析表明,幼蟹饲料蛋白质适宜水平为49.03%。     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Effect of Lead on Survival,Osmoregulation, and Histological Changes of the Gills of the White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone, 1931

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of lead for different life stages of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and to determine the effect of its sublethal concentrations on osmoregulatory capacity (OC) as well as the possible histological alteration in the gills of juvenile shrimp. The 24‐, 48‐, and 96‐h LC₅₀ values for lead to L. vannamei increased progressively with increasing life stage, from nauplii < zoeae < mysis < postlarvae < juvenile. After 15‐d exposure to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, the OC values of exposed shrimp were reduced by 39, 73, and 157%, respectively compared to control animals. Compared to controls, the lead concentrations in gill tissues increased significantly by 127,500, 137,500, and 141,000% in shrimps exposed to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, respectively. After lead exposure, hemocytic congestion in efferent vessels and multiple hyperplasia were observed in gill filaments, resulting in narrowed hemolymphatic lacuna. The histopathological effects increased with increasing Pb concentration.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Effect of Temperature on Growth,Energy Budget,and Physiological Performance of Green,White, and Purple Color Morphs of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

As an intertidal species, Apostichopus japonicus is subject to diel and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Color variation is a distinct characteristic of A. japonicus, and a new color morph, purple A. japonicus, was recently found on the coast of Rushan, Weihai City. This study was conducted to compare the performance of green, white, and purple color morphs of A. japonicus at different water temperatures to help improving aquaculture technology and management. In this study, green, white, and purple color morphs of juvenile A. japonicus (1.5 ± 0.1 g) were cultured at 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 C for 60 d, according to the suitable temperature range for sea cucumber growth. Temperature was shown to have a significant effect on growth, energy budget, and physiology of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Specific growth rates, feed conversion efficiencies, and the proportion of energy allocated to growth of all three color morphs were optimal at 18 C. Activities of the enzymes related with oxidative stress, immune response, and digestion were determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and trypsin activities generally reached a maximum in all three color morphs at 18 C. The purple color morph of A. japonicus was higher in growth rate, food conversion efficiency, and proportion of energy allocated to growth than green and white color morphs at 18 and 22 C, consistent with its higher trypsin and SOD activity, indicating the mutual effect of growth and physiology. At 18, 22, and 26 C, the green color morph had the highest level of lysozyme activity and purple color morph had the lowest, indicating possible infection by external pathogens of green color morph, which might be caused by high temperature. These results suggested that the optimum temperature for culture of the three color morphs was approximately 18 C, the purple had a better adaption to high temperature, and the green and white color morphs may be more susceptible to thermal stress than the purple color morph.     

Effect of temperature,volume of ova batches,and addition of a diluent,an antibiotic,oxygen and a protein inhibitor on short-term storage capacities of turbot,Psetta maxima,ova

The effect of different parameters on short-term storage capacity of turbot ova was assessed over a 45-h period after ova collection for fertilization rates and over a 9-h period after ova collection for hatching rates. Increasing the volume of ova sampling from 0.5 to 2.5 mL, as well as adding an antibiotic–antimicotic solution or oxygen did not significantly change the storage capacity of ova. Regarding the hatching rates, a higher storage ability was recorded at 8 and 13 °C, compared to 3 °C. The mean composition of the ovarian fluid was determined (n = 57 spawns). Use of a diluent mimicking the ovarian fluid significantly decreased the storage ability as assessed by the fertilization rates but did not modify the hatching rates. Diluting ova in an artificial ovarian fluid deprived of calcium significantly decreased the fertilization and hatching rates during the storage period. Furthermore, addition or not of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Sigma T 9003) to the artificial ovarian fluid deprived of calcium did not significantly change the results. Storage capacity of control batches of ova was low: at 13 °C, without any diluent and when ova were fertilized 3 h after stripping, the hatching rate was lowered to 62.4 ± 29.4 % (mean ± SD) of the initial value.     

Recruitment strategy of swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus, in Hiuchi-Nada, Japan

The recruitment strategy of swimming crabs, Portunus trituberculatus, was investigated by field observations and numerical experiments in Hiuchi-Nada, Japan. Calculated dispersal patterns of zoeal and megalopal stages in a three-dimensional numerical model reproduce observed patterns accurately. The temporal change of vertical migration patterns between the 1st and 2nd zoeas and the 3rd and 4th zoeas plays an important role in the process of recruitment of P. trituberculatus from spawning ground to nursery ground.     

Effects of Dietary Savory and Myrtle Essential Oils on Growth,Survival, Nutritional Indices,Serum Biochemistry,and Hematology of Farmed Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,Fry

The effects of diets containing different levels of essential oils from savory Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad and myrtle Myrtus communis L and an immunity complement were investigated on growth, survival, nutritional indices, serum biochemistry, and hematology of farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fry (n = 4500; 5 ± 2 g). The essential oils were dosed as 300 and 500 mg/kg diet. After 60 d, the fish fed 300 mg/kg of the essential oils showed the highest counts of white blood cells (P < 0.05). The same treatment revealed the greatest levels of hematocrit, total protein, and albumin, but glucose and cholesterol values significantly decreased compared with the control (P < 0.05). Feeding fish with 300 mg/kg of the essential oils led to highest records of specific growth rate and survival rate but the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR), and those fed with immunity complement attained the lowest values of growth parameters. The fry fed with immunity complement and 300 mg/kg of myrtle essential oil achieved the highest and lowest FCR values, respectively. The results indicate that dietary supplementation of 300 mg/kg of the above essential oils exert positive impacts on the growth performance, feeding efficiency, and hematological factors in O. mykiss.