不同种类冷冻保护剂对海带配子体及孢子的毒性评价

为筛选用于海带超低温保存的冷冻保护剂，采用10%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、10%甘油、10%蔗糖、10%乙二醇、10%DMSO+10%甘油、10%DMSO+8%葡萄糖、10%DMSO+10%蔗糖、10%DMSO+10%甘油+8%葡萄糖、10%DMSO+10%山梨醇等9种单一或复合冷冻保护剂，在0～4℃条件下分别对海带配子体和孢子进行处理，对配子体处理30 min、60 min、24 h,对孢子处理15、30、60 min,通过统计配子体细胞的存活率以及孢子萌发成配子体的比例，对不同种类的冷冻保护剂进行毒性评价。结果表明：9种冷冻保护剂均对海带配子体和孢子有一定的毒性作用，并且毒性随着处理时间的延长而增强。10%DMSO对海带配子体细胞的毒性最小，处理60 min后配子体细胞的存活率为100%;其次是10%乙二醇，处理30 min后配子体的存活率为100%;含10%甘油的单一或复合冷冻保护剂对配子体细胞毒性较大，处理后配子体的成活率显著低于DMSO和乙二醇组(P<0.05)。单一冷冻保护剂对海带孢子的毒性显著低于复合冷冻保护剂，除10%甘油组处理30、60 min外，其他单一冷冻保护...     

达氏鲟精巢细胞消化分离和超低温冷冻保存

通过研究两种酶对精巢细胞的消化效果,探究抗冻剂、降温程序、糖类和卵磷脂对达氏鲟(Acipenser dabryanus)精巢细胞冻存效果的影响,获得消化冻存后高存活率的细胞。实验使用0.25%胰蛋白酶和2 mg/m L胶原酶H+500 U/m L中性酶II的组合酶对达氏鲟精巢细胞进行消化,获得不同消化时间内的活细胞数量。另外,还研究了冷冻稀释液中分别添加10%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、乙二醇(EG)、甲醇(MET)作为抗冻剂,采用-1℃/min慢速降温以及直接投入液氮中的快速降温方法冻存,冷冻稀释液采用D-海藻糖或同浓度D-蔗糖,以及添加5%、8%、11%卵磷脂对冻存效果的影响。结果显示:两种消化酶在同一时间消化所得的活细胞数和活细胞率无显著差异,并且都在3 h获得最多活细胞。慢速降温的冻存效果极显著地好于快速降温(P=0.01)。不同抗冻剂的保存效果差异显著,复苏后细胞相对存活率EG(51.70%±5.24%)MET(45.09%±3.15%)DMSO(40.18%±3.90%)。不同糖对达氏鲟精巢细胞冻存效果无显著影响;不同浓度的卵磷脂冻存效果有极显著差异。含8%卵磷脂的冻存液对细胞的冻存效果最好,细胞存活率可达(93.55±2.56)%,培养10 d后细胞数目为0 d时的3.19倍。     

不同蛎壳粉添加比例对花刺参生长的影响

研究了不同饲料组成对花刺参生长的影响。实验采用50%自配饲料+50%蛎壳粉(A)、50%自配饲料+40%蛎壳粉+10%海泥(B)、50%自配饲料+30%蛎壳粉+20%海泥(C)、50%自配饲料+20%蛎壳粉+30%海泥(D)、50%自配饲料+10%蛎壳粉+40%海泥(E)、50%自配饲料+50%海泥(F)和自制配合饲料(G)7种饲料投喂花刺参,进行了为期90天的养殖实验。实验结果显示,B组的特定生长率最高,饲料系数最低;A组和C组次之;D组、E组、F组和G组的投喂效果不理想。研究表明降低饲料中海泥的比例,适当提高蛎壳粉的比例,有利于提高花刺参饲料的适口性,促进花刺参生长。     

黄姑鱼精子的超低温冻存及细胞结构损伤的检测

以HBSS溶液为稀释液,DMSO为抗冻剂,0.25 mL麦细管为冻存管,两步降温法超低温冻存黄姑鱼精子,并用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)技术检测了冻精的DNA损伤,荧光双染色流式细胞仪技术(FCM)检测了冻精的细胞膜性结构损伤。结果表明,DMSO质量分数在5%~20%时,冻精的活力与鲜精相比无显著差异;其中DMSO质量分数在10%时,冻精的激活率、运动时间及寿命分别为85.25%±3.95%、(3.23±0.27) min及(3.83±0.33) min。DMSO质量分数在25%、30%时,冻精的活力显著下降。SCGE检测显示,DMSO质量分数在5%~15%时、冻精的DNA损伤与鲜精相比差异不显著,DMSO质量分数为20%、25%、30%时,冻精的DNA损伤明显加重,冻精的DNA损伤与抗冻剂DMSO的质量分数成正相关。FCM检测显示,DMSO质量分数在5%~20%时,冻精中线粒体及细胞膜结构保持完整性的精子比例与鲜精相比无显著差异,DMSO质量分数在25%、30%时,冻精中的线粒体及细胞膜结构保持完整性的精子比例明显下降。分析认为,较高质量分数的DMSO是引起冻精活力下降,DNA、线粒体及细胞膜结构损伤加重的主要原因。     

冷藏保护剂对坛紫菜幼苗冷藏效果的影响

对采用不同冷藏保护剂保护的坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)幼苗,经不同冷藏时间后的存活与生长发育情况进行研究,探讨影响冷藏效果的一些相关因素。结果显示:(1)在常温下,不同浓度梯度的胞内保护剂(甘油、DMSO)比胞外保护剂(葡萄糖、蔗糖)对坛紫菜幼苗成活的影响大,幼苗分别在20%DMSO和35%甘油中培养48 h,其成活率为15%和0%;(2)从单一冷藏保护剂的作用来看,甘油的冷冻保护效果优于DMSO,幼苗在20%-25%甘油保护剂作用下冷藏30 d,成活率为100%,冷藏90 d的成活率为25%-35%;葡萄糖和蔗糖作为单一的冷藏保护剂,冷藏15 d后幼苗全部死亡;(3)甘油 DMSO两种胞内保护剂混合冷藏30 d,成活率为85%;(4)甘油 DMSO 葡萄糖不同浓度组合的冷藏效果较好,冷藏180 d后仍达到95%以上的成活率;(5)盐度和藻体细胞壁的厚度与冷藏效果有关。当盐度为25时,冷藏藻体的细胞成活率高于其他盐度实验组;藻体细胞壁的厚薄对保存效果有影响,同一品系的藻体,细胞壁厚的比细胞壁薄的细胞更耐低温,成活率较高;(6)同株藻体不同部位冷藏30 d后成活率存在差异。     

草鱼肝细胞脂变模型的建立及脂代谢基因表达分析

为了筛选草鱼肝细胞脂肪变性的最佳诱导剂及浓度,并初步分析脂肪乳剂(lipid emulsions,LE)引起草鱼肝细胞脂肪变性的作用机理,以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)正常肝细胞为研究对象,建立草鱼脂肪变性肝细胞模型,以含10%胎牛血清的基础培养液为对照组,处理组为含20%脂肪乳剂0.5~2 m L/L和含20%、50%胎牛血清的诱导培养液,孵育草鱼肝细胞48 h后,定量分析肝细胞内的甘油三酯(TG)含量,观察脂滴积聚情况及肝细胞超微结构的变化,检测细胞培养上清中谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)的活性,q RT-PCR技术检测脂代谢关键基因(PPAR?、PPAR?、SREBP-1c、LPL、Lep和UCP2)的转录水平变化,蛋白质印迹技术检测PPAR?、SREBP-1c的蛋白水平变化。结果发现,含1~2 m L/L LE的诱导液组和含20%、50%FBS的诱导液组与对照组相比TG含量均显著上升(P0.05),且20%FBS和各浓度LE诱导组的转氨酶活性与对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05),表明含1~2 m L/L LE的诱导液和含20%FBS的诱导液均可建立草鱼营养性脂肪肝细胞模型。在肝细胞脂变模型中,PPARγ和LPL等脂代谢基因的表达量显著升高(P0.05),而Lep基因表达量显著降低(P0.05),PPARγ和SREBP-1c的蛋白水平升高。结论认为:采用1~2 m L/L LE和20%的FBS均可以在短时间内建立草鱼肝细胞脂肪变性模型,含1 m L/L LE的诱导液诱导效果最佳;肝细胞内脂质的蓄积可能与脂肪代谢关键基因PPARγ、SREBP-1c、LPL及Lep等密切相关。     

棘头梅童鱼精子超低温冷冻保存研究

为保护和利用棘头梅童鱼种质资源,以常用无机盐及葡萄糖配制的5种溶液(依次编号A、B、C、D、E)作为稀释液,不同体积分数的DMSO作为抗冻剂,采用2 mL冻存管和两步降温的方式,对棘头梅童鱼精子的超低温冷冻保存技术进行了研究,并利用人工养殖黄姑鱼的成熟卵子对冻存3年的棘头梅童鱼冷冻精子的授精能力进行检验。结果表明,以E溶液为稀释液、10%DMSO为抗冻剂、两步降温方式冷冻保存的棘头梅童鱼精子在37℃水浴解冻后复活率较高,为(76.67±10.41)%^82.33±4.62%;以上述方法冻存3年的棘头梅童鱼冷冻精子与人工养殖黄姑鱼的成熟卵子杂交,受精率达到(20.26±4.12)%。     

人工养殖长江鲟后备亲本血液生化指标研究

为探究人工养殖环境条件下长江鲟(Acipenser dabryanus)的生理状况,采集了8尾(雌、雄各4尾)长江鲟后备亲本的血液,检测了血清激素、血清抗氧化指标、血清免疫力指标、血清离子和血清能量代谢酶等22项血清生化指标,分析其变异水平,并对比评估了雌、雄个体之间血清生化指标的差异。结果显示,皮质醇等6项指标的变异系数<20%,生长激素等9项指标的变异系数在20%～50%,促甲状腺素等4项指标的变异系数在50%～100%;另外,睾酮、泌乳素、甲状腺素等3项指标检测出其浓度范围,其中睾酮浓度最小值小于0.03 ng/mL,最大值大于15.00 ng/mL,泌乳素浓度小于1.00μIU/mL,甲状腺素浓度最小值0.01 nmol/L,最大值10.65 nmol/L;雌、雄个体血清K⁺浓度存在显著差异(P<0.05),其他指标则差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,人工养殖长江鲟不同个体间大部分血液生化指标变异较大,可考虑将K⁺作为养殖长江鲟性别判定的指标。     

中华鳖５种组织细胞的离体培养实验

采用组织块移植培养技术,对来源于中华鳖(Trionyx sinesis)肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、心脏、皮肤及裙边组织细胞进行了原代培养,细胞均可从组织块中迁出并生长成单层细胞.对原代培养的单层细胞用胰酶-EDTA消化后传代培养,初步建立了可连续传代的中华鳖肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、心脏及皮肤组织细胞系;还对细胞的培养条件、冷冻保藏与复苏、染色体数目等进行了研究,初步确定中华鳖细胞培养的条件为32℃,MEME或R1640培养基,血清浓度为20%(V/V).二甲基亚砜(DMSO)冻存保藏后,细胞复苏生长良好,中华鳖细胞染色体数目为2n=66.     

中华鳖5种组织细胞的离体培养实验

采用组织块移植培养技术,对来源于中华鳖(Trionyx sinesis)肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、心脏、皮肤及裙边组织细胞进行了原代培养,细胞均可从组织块中迁出并生长成单层细胞。对原代培养的单层细胞用胰酶-EDTA消化后传代培养,初步建立了可连续传代的中华鳖肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、心脏及皮肤组织细胞系;还对细胞的培养条件、冷冻保藏与复苏、染色体数目等进行了研究,初步确定中华鳖细胞培养的条件为32℃,MEME或R1640培养基,血清浓度为20%(V/V)。二甲基亚砜(DMSO)冻存保藏后,细胞复苏生长良好,中华鳖细胞染色体数目为2n=66。     

3种饵料金藻的超低温保存研究↑（*）

用两步冷冻法研究绿色巴夫藻（Ｐａｖｌｏｖａｖｉｒｉｄｉｓ）、湛江等鞭金藻（Ｉｓｏｃｈｒｙｓｉｓｚｈａｎｊｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）、球等鞭金藻（Ｉ．ｇａｌｂａｎａ３０１１）的超低温保存（液氮,－１９６℃）,探讨了影响存活率的内、外因素。结果表明,降温速率０．７℃／ｍｉｎ,预冻温度－４０℃,预冻时间３０ｍｉｎ时可获得较高的存活率。１５％ＤＭＳＯ或１５％ＤＭＳＯ＋１０％蔗糖是良好的抗冻保护剂。某些藻类在生长静止期或在低于最适温度下培养时可显著提高其存活率。通过控制内、外条件,３种金藻的存活率都可达到３０％以上,比以往的报道有显著提高。     

Cryopreservation diluents for spermatozoa of Sakhalin taimen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hucho perryi</Emphasis>

To develop a suitable cryopreservation diluent for spermatozoa of the endangered Sakhalin taimen Hucho perryi, all possible combinations of cryoprotectants (glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], methanol) and extenders (fetal bovine serum [FBS], 300 mM glucose solution [GS], artificial seminal plasma for masu salmon) were examined by observing sperm motility 10 s after thawing. Spermatozoa cryopreserved with diluents such as mixtures of 10% glycerol plus 90% FBS, 10% DMSO plus 90% FBS, and 10% methanol plus 90% GS showed the highest motility. The maximal post-thaw motility was observed at 10% among all concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) of these three cryoprotectants. No significant difference among three diluents was observed in motility at 10 s. Mixtures of 10% glycerol plus 90% FBS, 10% DMSO plus 90% FBS, and 10% methanol plus 90% GS are suitable cryopreservation diluents for Sakhalin taimen spermatozoa.     

史氏鲟精子超低温冷冻保存研究

比较了史氏鲟精子在3种不同配比浓度稀释液的保存效果。试验结果表明,配方Ⅲ作为稀释液,8%甲醇作为抗冻剂,二步法超低温(-196℃)冷冻保存,5h后取出,38℃水浴解冻取得最好的冻后激活率,解冻后激活率为(52.3±3.5)%。解冻精子分别采用井水和激活液D(10mmol/L Tris+10mmol/L NaCl+25mmol/L Glu,pH 8.0)激活,进行人工授精。结果显示配方Ⅲ冻精采用激活液D激活授精获得最高受精率为68.56%,最高孵化率为52.91%。本次试验表明,1～2mmol/L范围内,低浓度K+比高浓度K+对史氏鲟精子保存有利;52～82mosmol/kg范围内,高渗稀释液有利于史氏鲟精子的保存;且激活授精方法是影响冻精受精率和孵化率的关键因素之一。     

Factors Affecting Cryopreservation Efficiency and Enzyme Activity in Northern Pike,Esox lucius,Sperm

Abstract

Two freezing techniques (straws and pellets), three cryo-protectants (DMSO, glycerol, and DMA) in four concentrations, and several extenders were tested to determine their suitability for cryopreservation of northern pike, Esox iucius, sperm. Activity of aspar-tate aminotransferase (AspAT) and acid phosphatase (AcP) in cryo-preserved milt was determined. Fertilization ability of cryopreserved milt was affected by the freezing technique, by type and concentration of cryoprotectant, as well as by the kind of extender used. These factors also influenced AspAT and AcP activity assayed in cryopreserved sperm. Extender containing 0.6 M sucrose + 15% DMSO + 10% egg yolk was most suitable for cryopreservation of pike sperm in pellet form (90.5% of eyed eggs, as compared to control group, which was 89.1%).     

Cryopreservation of summer flounder,Paralichthys dentatus L., sperm

The summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus L., is a high‐value species and considerable research has been conducted to determine practices conducive for its culture. As milt can be limited in this species, experiments were conducted to develop a practical sperm cryopreservation protocol for hatchery use. Two dilution ratios (1:2 and 1:4; sperm:extender), 2 diluents (saline and sucrose‐based), 2 cryoprotectants (10% DMSO and 12% glycerol) and 3 freezing rates (?5, ?10 and ?15°C min^?1) were evaluated using differential staining to assess post‐thaw sperm survival. Seven combinations of the factors examined reduced post‐thaw viability by less than 30%. The average viability of sperm from fresh, pooled flounder milt (67.2 ± 2.9%) was not different from that of thawed milt diluted 1:4 with sucrose diluent (10% DMSO) frozen at ?5°C min^?1 (38.4 ± 7.7%) and fertilization and hatch success were not different in trials using fresh or thawed, cryopreserved sperm. From these experiments a practical sperm cryopreservation method was developed, but further refinement of the freezing protocol is necessary to optimize results.     

Cryopreservation of silver barb Puntius gonionotus (Bleeker) spermatozoa: effect of extender composition,cryoprotective agents and freezing rate on their postthawing fertilization ability

The effects of extender composition, cryoprotectant concentration and freezing and thawing on the fertilization efficiency of cryopreserved spermatozoa of Puntius gonionotus were evaluated. Computer‐aided motility analysis of semen was conducted to check the suitability of spermatozoa for cryopreservation after mixing with different extenders and cryoprotective agents (CPAs). Extender‐4 with an osmolality 260 mOsmol kg⁻¹and pH 7.6 was used for the cryopreservation study. Among the CPAs, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) was least toxic and more than 60% fertilization was achieved when used at 1.4 M at 0 °C for 10 and 30 min, whereas the toxicity of all CPAs to spermatozoa was evident when tested at 30 °C. Semen frozen at −16 °C min⁻¹ with 1.4 M DMSO showed 70% fertilization, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than other freezing rates. Samples thawed at 35 °C water showed a fertilization rate comparable with that of fresh semen. Computer‐assisted semen analysis of fresh and frozen semen after thawing showed variations in different types of motility in spermatozoa and in their class. There was no significant difference in motility before or after cryopreservation; however, significant differences could be observed in the average path velocity (VAP), straight line velocity (VSL) and curve linear velocity (VCL). Semen of silver barb could be cryopreserved with extender‐4 by addition of 1.4 M DMSO to a final cryopreservation medium (MED 2) cooled at a rate of −16 °C min⁻¹, stored in liquid nitrogen (−196 °C) and utilized after thawing at 35±2 °C.     

Effect of cryoprotectants, extenders and freezing rates on the fertilization rate of frozen striped catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage), sperm

The effects of four cryoprotectants (methanol, MeOH; dimethyl sulphoxide, DMSO; dimethyl acetamide, DMA; and ethylene glycol, EG), three extenders (calcium‐free Hanks' balanced salt solution, C‐F HBSS, Hanks' balanced salt solution, HBSS and sodium chloride, NaCl) and two different freezing procedures (one‐ and two‐step) on the cryopreservation of striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage)) sperm were investigated. Sperm were frozen using a controlled‐rate freezer in 250 μL straws and stored for 2 weeks in a liquid nitrogen (LN₂) container. They were then airthawed at room temperature, and fertilization, motility and viability were assessed. The highest fertilization rate of 41% (81% of control) was achieved with the combination of 12% DMSO and 0.9% NaCl using a one‐step freezing procedure (10°C min^?1). Also, DMA resulted in a higher fertilization rate (30% or 51% of the control) than MeOH (18% or 38% of the control) or EG (8% or 12% of the control). In addition, the three extenders used did not affect fertilization rates after cryopreservation with each cryoprotectant. There were no significant differences among the three cryoprotectant concentrations and between the one‐ and two‐step freezing procedures. However, fertilization rates of cryopreserved sperm were significantly lower than the controls (P<0.05). The results of this study indicate that high fertilization rates of striped catfish eggs can be achieved using cryopreserved sperm when frozen at 10°C min^?1 in DMSO or DMA with either 0.9% NaCl or C‐F HBSS.     

Sperm cryopreservation of the noble Scallop Chlamys nobilis by a programmable freezing method: Effect of cryoprotectant

A study on Chlamys nobilis sperm cryopreservation by a programmable freezing method was conducted under laboratory condition. Four cryoprotectant agents (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], methanol [MET], propanediol[PG] and ethylene glycol [EG]) and four concentrations (5%, 10%, 20% and 30%) were evaluated for their ability to retain sperm motility, movement characteristics and fertility. Results showed that cryopreserved sperm total motility produced by DMSO and MET at 5%, 10% and 20% were higher than other cryoprotectant treatment groups (CPA groups), as well as rapid sperm percentage. The curvilinear (VCL) and straight line (VSL) velocity produced by DMSO at 5% significantly higher than other CPA groups (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were found for average path (VAP) velocity. The lateral head displacement (ALH) in all CPA groups was similar and without significant difference (p > 0.05), as well as the beat‐cross frequency (BCF). A significant higher fertilization rate was produced in DMSO than that in MET at same concentration (p < 0.05), and no significant differences were found for differing concentrations of the same cryoprotectant (p > 0.05). Overall, 5%‐20% DMSO was more suitable for Chlamys nobilis sperm programmable cryopreservation when the calcium‐free Hanks’ balanced salt solution was used as the extender, and 10°C/min from 0°C to ?80°C was used as freezing rate. The findings presented in this study will benefit conservation programs for Chlamys nobilis.     

Cryopreservation of male and female gonial cells by vitrification in the critically endangered cyprinid honmoroko <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gnathopogon caerulescens</Emphasis>

We investigated the feasibility of cryopreservation of spermatogonia and oogonia in the critically endangered cyprinid honmoroko Gnathopogon caerulescens using slow-cooling (freezing) and rapid-cooling (vitrification) methods. Initially, we examined the testicular cell toxicities and glass-forming properties of the five cryoprotectants: ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol (GC), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), propylene glycol (PG), and 1,3-butylene glycol (BG), and we determined cryoprotectant concentrations that are suitable for freezing and vitrification solutions, respectively. Subsequently, we prepared the freezing solutions of EG, GC, DMSO, PG, and BG at 3, 2, 3, 2, and 2 M and vitrification solutions at 7, 6, 5, 5, and 4 M, respectively. Following the cryopreservation of the testicular cells mainly containing early-stage spermatogenic cells (e.g., spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes), cells were cultured for 7 days and immunochemically stained against germ cell marker protein Vasa. Areas occupied by Vasa-positive cells indicated that vitrification led to better survival of germ cells than the freezing method, and the best result was obtained with 5 M PG, about 50% recovery of germ cells following vitrification. In the case of ovarian cells containing oogonia and stage I, II, and IIIa oocytes, vitrification with 5 M DMSO resulted the best survival of oogonia, with equivalent cell numbers to those cultured without vitrification. The present data suggest that male and female gonial cells of the endangered species G. caerulescens can be efficiently cryopreserved using suitable cryoprotectants for spermatogonia and oogonia, respectively.