中华鳖５种组织细胞的离体培养实验

采用组织块移植培养技术,对来源于中华鳖(Trionyx sinesis)肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、心脏、皮肤及裙边组织细胞进行了原代培养,细胞均可从组织块中迁出并生长成单层细胞.对原代培养的单层细胞用胰酶-EDTA消化后传代培养,初步建立了可连续传代的中华鳖肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、心脏及皮肤组织细胞系;还对细胞的培养条件、冷冻保藏与复苏、染色体数目等进行了研究,初步确定中华鳖细胞培养的条件为32℃,MEME或R1640培养基,血清浓度为20%(V/V).二甲基亚砜(DMSO)冻存保藏后,细胞复苏生长良好,中华鳖细胞染色体数目为2n=66.     

斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏组织细胞系的建立及其生物学特性

采用组织块移植培养技术,对来源于斑点叉尾(鱼回)(Icttalurus punctatus Rafinesque)肾脏组织的细胞进行原代培养,建立了斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏组织细胞系,定名为CCK,目前已稳定传代培养70多次.斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏组织细胞为成纤维样细胞,最佳培养基为M199,最适培养温度范围为28～32℃,培养基血清体积分数为10%.在此条件下,CCK细胞的倍增时间为38.9～41.0 h.斑点叉尾(鱼回)肾脏细胞的集落形成效率为(74.16±3.54)%,第9代传代细胞的染色体数目为正常二倍体2n=58,第33代传代细胞的染色体众数为60.液氮冷冻保存6个月后复苏的细胞经台盼兰染色检验,(86.69±1.04)%的细胞仍保持活性,细胞复苏后培养生长旺盛.通过对第17代离体培养细胞的28S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增及序列分析与比对,表明该细胞系来源于斑点叉尾(鱼回).[中国水产科学,2009,16(1):75-81]     

青海湖裸鲤肾细胞的原代培养和传代培养

采用组织块移植培养技术,用RPMI 1640培养基对来源于青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)肾组织的细胞进行原代培养。结果显示:培养48 h可见组织块周围有细胞迁出,并形成生长晕;培养一周可形成单层细胞;对原代培养的单层细胞用胰蛋白酶-EDTA消化后,传代培养至第四代。实验初步确立青海湖裸鲤肾细胞培养条件为:培养基RPMI 1640,培养温度为27℃,pH值为7.0~7.5,原代培养血清浓度为20%,传代培养的血清浓度为10%,无需通入CO2。     

罗非鱼肾脏细胞系的建立及其生物学特性

采用组织块移植法,对尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）的肾脏组织细胞进行原代培养,建立了罗非鱼肾脏细胞系,已稳定传代培养50代以上,命名为TiK。罗非鱼肾脏细胞系为纤维样细胞,其最佳培养基为DMEM,最适培养温度为28℃,最适血清浓度为15%。在最适培养条件下,罗非鱼肾脏细胞系的群体倍增时间为45.8 h。细胞经液氮冷冻保存6个月后进行复苏,经台盼蓝染色,约（89.84±3.48）%的细胞具有活性,复苏后细胞生长旺盛。染色体分析显示,第32代罗非鱼肾脏细胞系染色体数目分布在20~66之间,众数为48。使用本实验室分离鉴定的罗非鱼病毒感染罗非鱼肾脏细胞,可产生典型的细胞病变效应,表明罗非鱼肾脏细胞对该病毒敏感。该细胞系的建立为罗非鱼病毒病防控技术研究提供了重要的实验材料。     

斑点叉尾鮰肾脏组织细胞系的建立及其生物学特性

采用组织块移植培养技术,对来源于斑点叉尾鮰（lctalurus punctatus Rafinesque）肾脏组织的细胞进行原代培养,建立了斑点叉尾鮰肾脏组织细胞系,定名为CCK,目前已稳定传代培养70多次。斑点叉尾鮰肾脏组织细胞为成纤维样细胞,最佳培养基为M199,最适培养温度范围为28～32℃,培养基血清体积分数为10％。在此条件下,CCK细胞的倍增时间为38．9～41．0h。斑点叉尾鮰肾脏细胞的集落形成效率为（74．16±3．54）%,第9代传代细胞的染色体数目为正常二倍体2n=58,第33代传代细胞的染色体众数为60。液氮冷冻保存6个月后复苏的细胞经台盼兰染色检验,（86．69±1．04）％的细胞仍保持活性,细胞复苏后培养生长旺盛。通过对第17代离体培养细胞的28S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增及序列分析与比对,表明该细胞系来源于斑点又尾鮰。     

青鱼鳍条组织细胞系的建立及其生物学特性

采用组织块移植培养技术,对来源于青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)的鳍条组织细胞进行原代培养,建立了青鱼鳍条组织细胞系,定名为BC-Fin。青鱼鳍条组织细胞为成纤维样细胞,已稳定传代培养50多代,其最适培养温度为25℃,最佳培养基为L-15,最适血清浓度为15%,在最适培养条件下,青鱼鳍条组织细胞的群体倍增时间为60.6 h。青鱼鳍条组织细胞液氮冷冻保藏6个月后,经台盼蓝染色,约(90.09±4.65)%的细胞具有细胞活性,复苏后的细胞生长旺盛。细胞染色体分析显示,第16代青鱼鳍条组织细胞的染色体数目为正常二倍体(2n=48),第41代细胞染色体众数为46。通过对离体培养细胞的线粒体中的16S rRNA基因进行特异性扩增,获得长度为320 bp的核酸片段,核酸序列比对分析结果表明,其与青鱼16S rRNA基因序列的一致性达98%,表明该细胞来源于青鱼。病毒敏感性试验结果显示,在感染草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)后BC-Fin细胞系可产生典型细胞病变效应,病毒滴度为105.33±0.21TCID50/m L,且PCR检测可检测出细胞培养的草鱼呼肠孤病毒,表明BCFin细胞系对草鱼呼肠孤病毒较敏感。     

大泷六线鱼三种组织细胞的有限传代及其生物学特性分析

采用组织块培养法启动大泷六线鱼鳍、吻端和肾脏3种组织细胞的原代培养,并稳定传代培养30代、31代和35代.结果发现,用透明质酸酶和Ⅱ型胶原酶联合消化鳍和吻端组织后细胞分散效果更好.培养于添加5 ng/mL人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、20 μg/mL硫酸软骨素、40 ng/mL Ⅰ型胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-I)及20％胎牛血清的DMEM/F12培养基(pH 7.2)中的3种组织细胞生长分裂旺盛,均为成纤维样细胞.在此条件下第20代的鳍、吻端、肾脏组织细胞群体倍增时间分别为58.7,50.4和32.9 h.第25代大泷六线鱼3种组织细胞的特征性染色体数目均为48条.细胞经液氮冷冻保存60 d后,解冻复苏并经台盼蓝染色,3种细胞成活率分别达84.59％±1.07％、85.75％±1.03％和87.39％±1.05％.3种细胞现已保存在中国典型培养物保藏中心.3种组织细胞体外培养方法的建立为鱼类疾病防治和病理机制研究奠定了基础.     

野生与养殖中华鳖体内重金属蓄积特征及安全评价

自资江湖南邵阳段采捕体质量500～700 g的野生中华鳖Trionyx sinensis 3只,自湖南省水产原种场取养殖的体质量400～600 g中华鳖3只,测定其肌肉、肝脏、脂肪块和背甲中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb的含量,比较野生与养殖中华鳖体内重金属的富集特征及食用安全性。结果表明:(1)养殖中华鳖各组织对Cu的蓄积表现为肝脏肌肉背甲脂肪块,对Zn的蓄积表现为背甲肝脏肌肉脂肪块,对Cd的蓄积表现为肌肉肝脏背甲脂肪块,对Pb的蓄积表现为背甲肝脏脂肪块肌肉;野生中华鳖各组织对Cu和Zn的蓄积规律与养殖中华鳖相同,对Cd的蓄积表现为肝脏背甲脂肪块肌肉,对Pb的蓄积表现为背甲脂肪块肝脏肌肉;(2)均值污染指数(PI)由大到小排序为背甲(野生)肝脏(野生)背甲(养殖)肝脏(养殖)肌肉(养殖)肌肉(野生)脂肪块(野生)脂肪块(养殖)。综上,资江湖南邵阳段野生中华鳖与养殖中华鳖的肌肉及脂肪中Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量均远低于国家限量标准,食品安全性好。     

患鳠锥体虫病大鳍鳠的血液学和组织学观察

采用血液学和组织学研究了鳠锥体虫病对大鳍鳠(Mystus macropterus)外周血及部分组织器官(鳃、肝脏、肾脏、头肾及脾脏)造成的病理变化。结果显示:在感染的的早期和中期,有虫组的红细胞(RBC)数量和血红蛋白含量(Hb)均有所下降,白细胞(WBC)数目增多,但在感染末期个体三者均显著下降,并且白细胞血式发生改变。各项血清指标显示有虫组的肝脏、肾脏出现一定程度的损伤,感染末期个体损伤较严重。组织切片观察显示,鳠锥体虫病能使大鳍鳠的血液、肝脏、肾脏、头肾和脾脏均发生不同程度的病理变化,主要表现为局部鳃丝断裂、出血;肾脏、头肾和脾脏出现不同程度充血,肝细胞呈水样变性,感染末期个体的肾脏、肝脏等出现细胞空泡化。     

刀鲚染色体核型及不同组织中的LDH同工酶

为筛选出刀鲚种质生化遗传标记,并从细胞遗传与生化遗传层面丰富刀鲚(Coilia nasus)的种质资源研究内容,本研究以刀鲚鳃丝细胞为材料,进行短期离体培养制备染色体标本,并采用PAGE电泳法对刀鲚的心脏、肝脏、肾脏、眼、肌肉、鳃6种组织进行乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)检测,比较不同组织及不同群体间LDH同工酶的差异.结果表明...     

大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)内脏白点病的组织病理和超微病理分析

利用组织切片及超薄切片电镜技术对患内脏白点病大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)的肝脏、脾脏和肾脏3种组织进行病理学分析,探讨该病的致病机理.结果显示,大黄鱼的临床症状为体表无明显病症,脾、肾、肝等内脏有大量白色结节;组织病理显示,肝、肾和脾是感染损伤的主要靶器官,出现组织变性坏死,空泡化严重,炎性细胞浸润;病变组织均出现病理性结节.超微病理显示,病鱼肝、肾、脾细胞超微结构受损严重,尤以线粒体和细胞核损伤明显.线粒体肿胀,嵴断裂消失,空泡化;细胞核核膜破裂,染色质浓缩边集;肾脏和脾脏均发现大量菌聚集成团的病原.研究表明,大黄鱼内脏白点病的组织细胞病理变化特征显示了病原菌的入侵和危害,造成鱼体生理代谢紊乱,免疫力和抵抗力下降,鱼体终因无法维持正常的生命活动而导致死亡.     

患诺卡氏菌病的大黄鱼几种主要组织的酶活力变化分析

以酶学分析方法,测定患诺卡氏菌病的大黄鱼几种主要组织的酶活力变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,患病大黄鱼淀粉酶活力在心、脾中无明显变化,在肾、肝和鳃中均有极显著下降(P<0.01);溶菌酶活力在心、肾、肝、鳃中极显著升高(P<0.01),而在脾脏中极显著下降(P<0.01);碱性磷酸酶活力在心、脾、肝、鳃中明显升高,在肾脏中极显著下降(P<0.01);酸性磷酸酶活力在心、脾中较高,肾、肝中偏低,鳃中无明显变化;谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力在肾脏中均极显著升高,肝脏中均极显著降低(P<0.01),而在心、脾、鳃组织中均无明显变化(P>0.05);丙二醛在肾脏和肝脏中含量均有升高,在心、脾、鳃中无明显变化;超氧化物歧化酶活力在肝和鳃中极显著下降(P<0.01),在心、脾、肾中无明显变化;过氧化氢酶活力在心和肾中显著降低,在脾脏中极显著升高(P<0.01),而在肝脏和鳃中无明显变化。由此可见,大黄鱼对诺卡氏菌侵染有明显的应激反应,且病原菌对病鱼器官有不同程度的损伤。     

淋巴囊肿病毒27.8 ku受体蛋白在牙鲆组织中的分布

应用抗牙鲆淋巴囊肿病毒(lymphocystis disease virus,LCDV)受体蛋白(27.8 ku)的单克隆抗体(2G11和3D9)定位LCDV受体蛋白在牙鲆组织中的分布。通过对牙鲆外周血、白细胞、鳃、胃、肠、表皮、肝脏、头肾、体肾、脾、性腺、脑、心脏等进行LCDV受体蛋白的间接免疫荧光与免疫组织化学定位观察,发现在牙鲆外周血白细胞的细胞膜、鳃上皮细胞、表皮、胃黏膜上皮细胞顶端、肠上皮细胞、肝细胞、脾表层结缔组织细胞及头肾后端的肾小管上皮细胞内均有较强的阳性信号,表明这些部位分布有LCDV的27.8 ku受体蛋白,但在体肾、性腺、脑、心脏及外周血红细胞中未观察到阳性信号。推测LCDV通过与鳃、表皮及消化道上皮的受体结合进入牙鲆体内,通过与外周血白细胞上的受体结合侵染白细胞而进入血液循环,进而感染肝脏、脾脏、头肾等器官。     

Tissue tropism of nervous necrosis virus (NNV) in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., after intraperitoneal challenge with a virus isolate from diseased Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.)

Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua , averaging 100 g, were experimentally challenged by intraperitoneal injection of nervous necrosis virus (NNV) originating from Atlantic halibut. Cod tissues, including blood, gill, pectoral fin, barbel, ventricle, atrium, spleen, liver, lateral line (including muscle tissue), eye (retina) and brain, were sampled at day 25 and 130 and investigated by real-time RT-PCR for the presence of NNV. Relative quantifications at day 130 were calculated using the 2^−ΔΔCt method. Immunosuppression by injection of prednisolone-acetate was introduced for a 30-day period, and tissue sampled at day 180 and relative quantification estimated. No mortality or clinical signs of disease were observed in the challenged group. The challenge resulted in detection of NNV in blood, spleen, kidney, liver, heart atrium and heart ventricle at day 25, and by the end of the experiment NNV showed a clear increase in brain and retina, suggesting these to be the primary tissues for viral replication. There was no increase in the relative amount of NNV in blood, atrium, ventricle, spleen, liver and kidney. Corticosteroid implants resulted in a weak increase in virus RNA in spleen, kidney, liver and brain. These findings suggest that Atlantic cod is susceptible to infection with NNV from halibut. The observed tissue tropism patterns suggest an initial viraemic phase, followed by neurotrophy. Head-kidney is the best tissue identified for possible NNV detection by non-lethal biopsy, but detection was not possible in all injected fish.     

Tissue distribution and cellular uptake of Aeromonas salmonicida lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in some marine fish species

Τhe uptake and distribution of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), isolated from Aeromonas salmonicida, was investigated in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L., and Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L. LPS was radiolabelled by bromine oxidation and subsequent sodium borotritide reduction (³H-LPS), and fluorescence-labelled by introducing a fluorescein isothiocyanate derivative (FITC-LPS). After intravenous and intraperitoneal injections in cod, high amounts of radioactive LPS (³H-LPS) were present in heart, spleen and kidney throughout the experimental period (1–168 h). After peroral administration, a high amount of ³H-LPS was observed in intestinal tissues, whereas internal organs and tissues contained considerably lower amounts. Following intravenous administration of ³H-LPS in turbot, high contents of radioactivity were revealed in spleen, liver and kidney, whereas the content in heart was lower than in blood at the sampling times (1–24 h). The same pattern was observed after intraperitoneal administration. The spleen and liver contained high amounts of radioactivity when the turbots were intubated perorally with ³H-LPS. The spleen, kidney and heart were the main scavenging organs following intravenous administration of ³H-LPS in Atlantic halibut. A minor amount of radioactivity was present in the liver. The same pattern emerged after intraperitoneal injection in halibut. As observed for turbot, the spleen was the main accumulation site for ³H-LPS following peroral administration. Fluorescence microscopy of sections of organs and tissues from cod, intravenously and intraperitoneally injected with FITC-LPS, revealed that endocardial cells of both atrium and ventricle contained large amounts of the fluorochrome, whereas in turbot and halibut only atrial endothelial cells accumulated the substance. In all species, macrophages in kidney and spleen contained FITC-LPS and in the spleen the fluorochrome was trapped in the ellipsoidal walls. At later time points (e.g. 48 h) in the turbot spleen, FITC-LPS was located in cells adjacent to the ellipsoidal walls. Halibut endothelial cells that were located in the connective tissue of the intestine and gills also contained FITC-LPS. After peroral administration to the different fish species, specific fluorescence was found only in intestinal epithelial cells of halibut and in cells located in the lamina propria. Fluorescence was not detected in internal organs such as the kidney, spleen and liver after peroral administration of FITC-LPS. Gel chromatographic analysis of plasma samples from cod, turbot and halibut after intravenous and intraperitoneal injections showed that high molecular weight radioactivity was present. A minor amount of radioactivity that corresponded to low molecular weight substances was also observed. In conclusion, there is a high degree of variation with respect to the site of accumulation and some variation in the type of cells involved in the uptake of purified LPS in cod, turbot and halibut.     

紫红笛鲷血细胞发生研究

将体质量510~620 g的紫红笛鲷用间氨基苯甲酸乙酯甲磺酸盐麻醉后解剖,取出头肾、体肾、肝脏、脾脏,用干净的刀片居中横切、纵切,印片和涂片用Wright-Giemsa染液染色10 min,观察头肾、体肾、脾脏、肝脏4个组织印片以及外周血涂片。试验结果显示,头肾、体肾、脾脏是其造血器官。头肾能发育生成各类型血细胞,体肾能生成红细胞、淋巴细胞、粒细胞和单核细胞,脾脏能生成淋巴细胞。肝脏中未发现幼稚型血细胞。红细胞发育经过原红细胞、早幼红细胞、中幼红细胞、晚幼红细胞和红细胞5个阶段;原粒细胞发育至早幼粒细胞后,分化为嗜碱性中幼粒细胞、嗜酸性中幼粒细胞和中性中幼粒细胞,最后发育成嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和中性粒细胞;淋巴细胞和单核细胞发育经过原始、幼稚和成熟3个阶段。血细胞在发育过程中,胞体逐渐变小,细胞核逐渐变小,染色质由疏松到致密;粒细胞中,颗粒由少到多。     

军曹鱼淋巴囊肿的病理学研究

应用病理组织学和电镜方法,对患疑似淋巴囊肿病的军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)的各器官进行观察.结果表明,患病军曹鱼的皮肤囊肿组织由一些淋巴囊肿细胞集合体组成,这些囊肿细胞排列紧密,直径为10～150 μm,细胞呈圆形、锥形不规则状;细胞外有一层厚的囊膜;细胞质内散布有大量的嗜碱性包涵体,且多数集中在细胞的边缘部分;电镜观察到囊肿细胞质中有大量二十面体的病毒粒子,病毒颗粒直径220 nm.据此确认该病为病毒性淋巴囊肿病.其他器官主要组织病理学变化有:在心脏、肝脏、脾脏和头肾中也存在囊肿细胞,心肌纤维水肿;肾间质淋巴细胞增生,巨噬中心出现,肾小管上皮细胞变性和坏死;脾淋巴细胞增生,脾髓质出血;肝脂肪变性;鳃上皮肿胀.根据观察结果可以认为,该病毒不仅损伤鱼的皮肤,致使病鱼外观异样而严重影响其商品价值,而且对鱼的内脏和免疫器官也造成严重的致命损伤.     

患“裂头病”黄颡鱼内脏组织中LDH的变化

使用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,分析了健康黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)与患病个体的肝脏、脾脏、心脏、肾脏、脑组织中的乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的变化。结果显示,患病个体组织中的LDH谱带与健康个体有明显差异,主要表现为谱带染色变浅、谱带缺失;但在心脏中,除了缺失谱带外,还增加了1条LDH0带。     

Histopathological studies of bacterial haemorrhagic ascites of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel)

A histopathological study was carried out on ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, with bacterial haemorrhagic ascites. The fish were obtained from culture ponds in Wakayama Prefecture in 2003. The causative agent was identified as Pseudomonas plecoglossicida by a slide agglutination test using anti-P. plecoglossicida FPC941 serum. Histopathological studies revealed lesions in spleen, kidney, liver, intestine, heart and gills. Lesions in the spleen and haematopoietic tissue were prominent and invaded by P. plecoglossicida. Necrotic lesions accompanied by haemorrhage, fibrin deposition and oedema occurred in the splenic pulp and sheathed tissue, and in the kidney. The liver also had necrotic lesions and abscess formations. However, the intestine, heart and gills were only slightly invaded by P. plecoglossicida. No lesions or bacteria were observed in the brain.     

卵形鲳鲹不同组织同工酶表达的差异

运用聚丙烯酰胺垂直梯度凝胶电泳法对卵形鲳鲹（Trachinotusovatus）6组织（肌肉、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脑、脾脏）的5种同工酶（EST、LDH、MDH、ME和AST）进行了初步研究，并对5种同工酶的同工酶位点及其酶谱表型进行了分析。结果表明，卵形鲳够的5种同工酶系统具有不同程度的组织特异性。EST由2个基因位点编码，Est-1在这6种组织中都存在，Est-2只存在于肝脏和。肾脏中；LDH由3个基因位点编码，共检测到3条谱带，Ldh-2只存在于肾脏中；MDH由2个基因位点编码，Mdh-1表达为MDH1和MDH22条酶带，Mdh-2表达为MDH31条酶带，在肝脏中的活性最强；ME由1个基因位点编码，只检测到1条酶带，肝脏的含量丰富；AST由2个基因位点编码，只在肝脏和肾脏中检测到，共检测到3条谱带。