近岸典型养殖海区潮流垂直结构的数值研究

采用改进的一维水动力模型对我国近岸典型筏式养殖海区的潮流垂直结构进行了数值研究。模型通过增加潮流上边界层来描述养殖活动与潮流垂直分布的关系。数值实验结果表明,高密度养殖对潮流的阻碍作用很强,使得海水表层流速显著减缓;当养殖密度达到临界值后,流速剖面出现变形,流速迅速减小。流速剖面随底应力的变化也会出现同样的变形。潮流流速及其垂直分布情况均受到上层养殖阻力和海底应力的共同作用,呈非线性变化趋势。潮流垂直结构就是对在外海传入潮波的驱动下,海水对上层养殖阻力和海底应力的适应与调整。这为进一步优化养殖设施布放、养殖品种安排等奠定了理论基础。生物生长与吊笼等因素对海水运动的阻力效应是需要进一步考虑的问题。     

三沙湾盐田港海域潮流特征初步分析

本文根据2015年12月在三沙湾盐田港海域获取的5个站位27 h连续定点海流同步观测资料进行准调和分析,计算了5个站位6个主要分潮O_1、K_1、M_2、S_2、M_4、MS_4的北、东分量潮流调和常数,并给出了各测站的各层潮流椭圆要素;同时,对同步观测潮汐特征进行分析。调查结果表明:三沙湾的潮汐和潮流类型属于正规半日潮;在观测海域,浅水分潮在总海流中占的份额很小,M_2分潮流的椭圆率|K|值小于0.2,潮流主要呈N-S向往复式运动,落潮流速大于涨潮流速,最大可能流速介于113～135 cm/s之间,盐田港湾口流速较大,湾顶流速较小,流速总体上由表层至底层逐渐减小,流向较一致;余流流速整体上较小,一般小于8 cm/s,最小约为2 cm/s,层化结构不明显。     

罗源湾氮磷营养盐变化状况分析

罗源湾从20世纪80年代的贫营养转变为目前的富营养化,成为罗源湾海洋环境污染的主要问题,陆源污染物是造成海洋环境影响的主要因素,高密度的海水养殖也对罗源湾海水富营养化产生一定的影响。海水富营养化造成罗源湾海洋生态破坏、海水养殖病害频发,诱发海洋赤潮等一系列环境问题,给罗源湾海洋环境与渔业资源的保护带来巨大的压力,只有通过对陆源性污染物质的总量控制、海洋环境保护的整体规划、海水养殖业的结构调整、才能保证罗源湾海洋经济的可持续发展。     

“124”罗非鱼养殖方案——1年养2批,卖4次鱼

罗非鱼养殖存在两种养殖模式:一是精养模式,追求高密度、高产量的同时,也会带来高风险;二是立体养殖模式,以罗非鱼为主,搭配少量四大家鱼和底层鱼类,水面放养鸭或     

夏季降雨对仿刺参养殖池塘理化参数影响

正为了探明降雨对仿刺参养殖池塘海水理化参数的影响,作者选择辽东湾滨海养殖池塘,连续监测雨前雨后池塘表、中、底层海水温度、盐度、溶解氧(DO)、pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)等理化指标变化情况。结果表明:降雨后池塘海水出现盐度分层现象,表层盐度中层底层;各层海水温度显著降低,出现波动;雨后1h,各层海水DO显著降低,出现短暂缺氧现象。雨后1h各层海水pH显著降低,pH     

莱州湾芙蓉岛西侧人工鱼礁建设对周边海域潮流场和水交换的影响研究#br#

为探究人工鱼礁建设对周边海域潮流场和水交换产生的影响,基于Mike21HD潮流模型,对莱州湾芙蓉岛西侧人工鱼礁建设前后周边海域潮流场和水交换变化情况进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明,相较于鱼礁建设前,涨急时,从平面分布上,鱼礁区东西向流速呈增加趋势,南北向流速呈递减趋势;从垂向分布上,流速变化:底层>中层>表层,底层流速最大增加量8.6cm·s^-1、最大减小量4.3cm·s^-1,增加量大于1cm·s^-1的区域与鱼礁区最远距离为303m,减小量大于1cm·s^-1的区域距鱼礁区最远距离为574m。落急时,平面流速变化趋势与涨急时基本一致;垂向分布上,底层流速最大增加量7.9cm·s^-1,最大减小量3.6cm·s^-1,增加量大于1cm·s^-1的区域与鱼礁区最远距离为271m,减小量大于1cm·s^-1的区域与鱼礁区最远距离为333m。鱼礁建设后周边海域水交换率增加约0.1%。人工鱼礁投放后,只改变了礁区局部海域的水动力环境,对湾内其他海域没有影响。     

枸杞岛筏式贻贝养殖海域鱼类群聚特征

为探究筏式贻贝养殖生境鱼类资源养护功能，于2020年9－12月对枸杞岛筏式贻贝养殖生境(分表层区和底层区)及周边岩礁生境的鱼类进行了多网目组合刺网采样。应用相对重要性指数IRI、多样性指数并结合等级聚类、非度量多维标度排序(nMDS)分析鱼类组成和群落结构。结果显示，在2种生境中共采集鱼类55 种，隶属于10目34科47属，其中贻贝养殖生境采集到37种(底层和表层分别为29和20种)；岩礁生境共采集到40种。在鱼类组成上，中国花鲈和鲻是贻贝养殖生境表层区的典型优势种，而黄姑鱼和褐菖鲉是贻贝养殖生境底层区的典型优势种；褐菖鲉同时也是岩礁生境的典型优势种。多样性分析表明，贻贝养殖生境的总体鱼类多样性要高于岩礁生境，但尚不显著。多元分析显示，各月份2种生境中的鱼类群落格局均可分为3种类型，虽与养殖表层区、养殖底层区和岩礁区并非严格一致，但各群落间差异依然显著。研究表明，大规模筏式养殖设施的存在吸引了众多中上层鱼类及底层鱼类，也为岩礁生境优势鱼类提供了额外的栖息环境，发挥了近似于浮鱼礁系统的资源养护作用。研究结果可为岛礁海域海洋牧场目标种的选择和人工生境构建模式的应用提供重要参考。     

方形箱网结构减流效果试验

根据降低流速对深水网箱养殖的影响这一需要,依据目前深水网箱的尺寸和渔具模型试验方法,设计并制作一个浮式箱网结构模型,同时进行水槽实验。实验在箱网的尾部设定一系列的断面和测量点,通过三维流速仪测量各点在不同实验流速下的流速,通过分析相关数据,探讨了该箱网减流结构尾部的流速分布和减流效果。实验流速采用了32.23 cm/s、50.19 cm/s、67.79 cm/s,分别相当于实际流速45.58 cm/s、70.79 cm/s、95.67 cm/s。实验测量了减流装置尾部减流区域50 cm到125 cm处的流速分布,相当于实际海域中距离减流装置尾部15 m到37.5 m处的流速分布。实验结果显示,箱网尾部的流速减小区域是在网箱网袋与来流垂直的投影面上,减流百分比在20%～45%左右,而箱网两侧的流速略有增加。从实验结果来看,这一结构能有效减小流速,通过合理的设计和在海域中布设,能够满足深水网箱养殖的减流需要。     

鱼鳖混养浅谈

传统观念认为,鱼鳖互为敌害,不可同池共养。实践证明;只要处理得当,鱼鳖混养(以鱼为主混养鳖)和鳖鱼混养(以鳖为主混养鱼)不仅可行,且有共栖之利。首先,它们共栖可提高水中溶氧和热量,鳖是以肺呼吸为主的动物,其呼吸和摄食不停地在水体中上下运动,从而打破了水体的溶氧分界层,使水体的表层和底层的溶氧和水温得到了交流减少了晴天中午前后水体表层氧气过于饱和而逸走的损失,弥补了水体深层的“氧债””。这样既增加了水中的溶氧,又可增加水中的热量。其次,它们共栖可以促进有机物的分解。鳖生活在水体底层,促使沉积在池底的有机     

桑沟湾春季有色溶解有机物(CDOM)吸收光谱特性及空间分布特征

有色溶解有机物(CDOM)是水生态系统中碳的重要来源,其光学性质可示踪海水中溶解有机物组分的动态信息。利用紫外可见吸收光谱手段,分区域测定了桑沟湾春季水体及表层沉积物间隙水中CDOM的吸收光谱特征,探讨了CDOM的来源组成、空间分布特征、迁移转化过程及其与养殖活动的关系。结果表明,(1)波长为355_的吸收系数(a(355))范围为0.23~9.09 /m,不同水层空间分布差异显著,表层和底层均从近岸区向贝藻区逐渐降低,之后在海带区升高后向外海逐渐降低；海带区从表层向底层先降低后升高,高密度、规模化的海带养殖释放了大量的CDOM,各区域沉积物间隙水a(355)是其表中底之和的1.3~2.5倍,CDOM在沉积物间隙水中富集并逐渐累积。(2)光谱斜率(S_275-295)范围为0.013~0.036,外海区和海带区S_275-295均值显著高于其他各区,海带区和外海区CDOM中海源有机质占主要成分,而近岸区以陆源有机质为主；近岸区CDOM中的腐殖酸类物质含量从表层到底层逐渐降低,沉积物中积累的富里酸类物质含量较高,海带区和外海区呈相反趋势。(3)比紫外吸光度(SUVA₂₅₄)范围为4.60~14.10 L/(mg.m),贝类区、贝藻区和藻类区SUVA₂₅₄均呈现出从表层到底层逐渐增大的趋势,CDOM的芳香性逐渐增强并在沉积物间隙水中达到最大；海带区和外海区沉积物间隙水中的SUVA₂₅₄显著高于其他各区,表明海带区的规模化养殖活动向养殖海区及邻近海域贡献了较多的惰性溶解有机物,暗示着海带养殖活动有较强的碳汇效应并通过海流作用向外海输送。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。