蛇鮈人工繁殖试验及其仔鱼异速生长模式的研究

2014-2016年在湖北省黄冈市赤东湖渔场对210尾湖泊野生蛇鮈(Saurogobio dabryi Bleeker)进行了人工繁殖试验,并对0~20日龄仔鱼的异速生长模式进行研究。结果显示:注射绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)、促黄体素释放激素类似物(LRH-A_2)和马来酸地欧酮(DOM)可促使成熟的雌性亲鱼产卵。产卵量为38.96万粒,孵出鱼苗13.5万尾,平均催产率、平均受精率、平均孵化率分别为75.0%、64.85%、55.15%。蛇鮈仔鱼的许多关键器官均存在异速生长现象。全长生长分为2个阶段,由慢速生长到快速生长的转折点为10日龄。头长、尾长、吻长均表现为正异速生长,而躯干长、胸鳍长表现为负异速生长。眼径的生长在4日龄时出现拐点,由等速生长转变为负异速生长。     

蛇鮈人工繁殖试验及其仔鱼异速生长模式的研究

2014-2016年在湖北省黄冈市赤东湖渔场对210尾湖泊野生蛇鮈(Saurogobio dabryi Bleeker)进行了人工繁殖试验,并对0~20日龄仔鱼的异速生长模式进行研究。结果显示:注射绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)、促黄体素释放激素类似物(LRH-A_2)和马来酸地欧酮(DOM)可促使成熟的雌性亲鱼产卵。产卵量为38.96万粒,孵出鱼苗13.5万尾,平均催产率、平均受精率、平均孵化率分别为75.0%、64.85%、55.15%。蛇鮈仔鱼的许多关键器官均存在异速生长现象。全长生长分为2个阶段,由慢速生长到快速生长的转折点为10日龄。头长、尾长、吻长均表现为正异速生长,而躯干长、胸鳍长表现为负异速生长。眼径的生长在4日龄时出现拐点,由等速生长转变为负异速生长。     

滆湖鲢和鳙肠道生长格局研究

肠道形态种间差异是动物对食物质量的长期进化响应,本文研究了滆湖鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)鳙(Aristichthysnobilis)肠长(GL)和肠重(GM)两种肠道形态参数的生长格局,并探讨了它们对鲢鳙食性差异的指示作用。结果表明,滆湖鲢、鳙GL相对身体大小(体长BL和体重BM)、GM相对GL、肠道内含物重(GCM)相对BM均呈正异速生长或增加,鲢鳙GM相对BM分别呈等速和负异速生长。相对肠长(RGL)、ZI指数、相对肠道内含物重指数(RGCM)鲢显著大于鳙,GM/GL比值正好相反,相对肠重(RGM)鲢鳙间无显著差异。根据文献对比及RGL与营养级的经验公式,鲢鳙均为偏浮游植物杂食性鱼类,这与鳙为偏浮游动物食性鱼类的普遍认识不太一致,说明国内需要更多的研究以增加RGL对鱼类食性的指示作用。与鳙相比,鲢从更多且质量较低的食物中满足营养和能量需求的主要机制是增加肠道长度而不是分配更多组织给肠道。肠长能而肠重不能识别体型相似的2个近缘物种(鲢鳙)的食性差异。     

条纹锯鮨(Centropristis striata)仔、稚、幼鱼形态发育的异速生长模式

采用实验生态学方法对条纹锯仔、稚、幼鱼形态发育的异速生长模式进行研究。对条纹锯(0–80日龄)的可量性状进行测量并运用统计学方法进行分析。结果表明,0–80日龄条纹锯全长的生长符合Y=4.529-(9.227×10-5)X3+0.015X2-0.189X(R2=0.994),干重增长符合Y=0.002X3-0.151X2+3.257X-18.232(R2=0.993),其变化曲线呈"J"型增长。多数功能器官具有异速生长的特性,与摄食、运动相关的功能器官的生长拐点相对较早,在拐点之前,相对于全长呈正异速生长,拐点之后相对于全长呈负异速生长或等速生长。口裂、吻长、眼径、胸鳍、尾鳍的生长拐点分别为20、44、32、36、19日龄,其他相关器官的生长拐点相对较晚,头长、头高、腹长、体高的生长拐点分别为56、37、44、60日龄,其中头长相对于全长在拐点之前呈负异速生长,拐点之后呈等速生长。条纹锯部分功能器官的优先发育保证了在个体发育过程中的早期摄食能力和对敌害的躲避能力的完善,有效地提高了其生存能力。条纹锯异速生长模型的建立,有助于针对性地为其提供适宜条件,从而获得其最适和最大生长效能,为人工繁育和养殖条纹锯提供理论基础。     

条纹锯(Centropristis striata)仔、稚、幼鱼形态发育的异速生长模式

采用实验生态学方法对条纹锯仔、稚、幼鱼形态发育的异速生长模式进行研究。对条纹锯(0–80日龄)的可量性状进行测量并运用统计学方法进行分析。结果表明,0–80日龄条纹锯全长的生长符合Y=4.529-(9.227×10-5)X3+0.015X2-0.189X(R2=0.994),干重增长符合Y=0.002X3-0.151X2+3.257X-18.232(R2=0.993),其变化曲线呈"J"型增长。多数功能器官具有异速生长的特性,与摄食、运动相关的功能器官的生长拐点相对较早,在拐点之前,相对于全长呈正异速生长,拐点之后相对于全长呈负异速生长或等速生长。口裂、吻长、眼径、胸鳍、尾鳍的生长拐点分别为20、44、32、36、19日龄,其他相关器官的生长拐点相对较晚,头长、头高、腹长、体高的生长拐点分别为56、37、44、60日龄,其中头长相对于全长在拐点之前呈负异速生长,拐点之后呈等速生长。条纹锯部分功能器官的优先发育保证了在个体发育过程中的早期摄食能力和对敌害的躲避能力的完善,有效地提高了其生存能力。条纹锯异速生长模型的建立,有助于针对性地为其提供适宜条件,从而获得其最适和最大生长效能,为人工繁育和养殖条纹锯提供理论基础。     

卵形鲳鲹仔稚鱼异速生长的研究

以传统的理论生物学研究方法,对孵化后卵形鲳鲹1~36日龄仔、稚鱼各器官测量和分析,研究其在早期环境适应上的异速生长及其生态学含义,以期为卵形鲳鲹的人工繁殖、育苗提供参考。试验结果表明,卵形鲳鲹仔、稚鱼的感觉、呼吸、摄食和游泳等器官快速分化,均存在异速生长现象。在头部器官中,吻长、口宽、眼径和头高在仔鱼期均为正异速生长,稚鱼期头高为等速生长,吻长、眼径和口宽为负异速生长。在身体各部位中,仔鱼期头长、体高和尾长为正异速生长,躯干长为负异速生长;稚鱼期各部分皆为等速生长;在游泳器官中,仔鱼期卵形鲳鲹胸鳍长、尾鳍高和臀鳍长为正异速生长,尾鳍长为等速生长,背鳍长为负异速生长;稚鱼期背鳍长和臀鳍长为正异速生长,胸鳍长、尾鳍长和尾鳍高为等速生长。卵形鲳鲹这些关键部位的快速发育,使外源性营养开始后以最小的代谢损耗获得了生存能力的显著提升,对适应复杂的生存压力具有重要的生态学意义。     

三峡库区重要支流8种优势鱼类生长及其资源开发现状评估

根据2015年11月、12月和2016年5月、6月、9月三峡库区36条重要支流渔获物调查信息,基于FiSAT II软件对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、瓦氏拟鲿(Pseudobagrus vachellii)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、蛇鮈(Saurogobio dabryi)、光泽拟鲿(Pseudobagrusnitidus)、?(Hemiculterleucisculus)、银鮈(Squalidusargentatus)和似鳊(Pseudobramasimoni)8种优势鱼类的生长及其资源开发现状进行了评估,旨在了解三峡库区重要支流鱼类资源变动趋势和生长情况,为该区域渔业管理和资源保护提供科学依据。结果显示, 8种鱼类生长指数(b)为2.74～3.11,近似等速生长;生长系数(K)大于0.2,为快速生长型;生长性能指数(φ?)为2.83～5.25;似鳊和鲫的资源开发率小于0.5,其余种类在0.5及以上;鲤、瓦氏拟鲿、蛇鮈、光泽拟鲿、?、银鮈的开捕体长分别控制在289 mm、253 mm、134 mm、102 mm、71 mm及52 mm以上,鱼类资源可得到有效恢复。研究表明,目前三峡库区重要支流鱼类资源开发过度;杂食性和肉食性鱼类生长速度呈加快趋势,而底栖动物食性鱼类呈减小趋势。     

尖吻鲈仔、稚鱼异速生长研究

以16日龄尖吻鲈(Lates calarifer)为仔、稚鱼发育的区分节点,采用Auto CAD 2014软件对尖吻鲈(孵化后1~36 d)关键器官进行测量和分析。研究发现,在尖吻鲈仔、稚鱼的感觉、呼吸、摄食和游泳等重要器官分化的过程中,均表现出异速生长现象。头部器官中,吻长、口宽在仔、稚鱼期表现出生长速率不同的正异速生长;眼径在仔鱼期为等速生长,稚鱼期转化为负异速生长;仔鱼期的头高为正异速生长,稚鱼期转为负异速生长。在躯干部分器官中,头长在仔、稚鱼阶段均为快速生长,体高及躯干长为等速生长。游泳器官中,仔鱼期,尖吻鲈胸鳍保持等速生长,稚鱼期转为正异速生长;尾鳍在仔鱼期为负异速生长,稚鱼期转化为等速生长,而稚鱼期起始分化的背鳍、臀鳍、腹鳍为快速生长。     

祟明东滩团结沙鱼类群落多样性与生长特性

研究了长江口祟明东滩团结沙5~8月间的鱼类多样性和生长特性。初步调查表明,祟明东滩团结沙共有鱼类9目19种,以鲤形目最多,鲻形目次之。这些鱼类分为4个主要生态类型,包括河口性鱼类4种、近海鱼类3种、江海洄游型鱼类4种和淡水鱼类8种。鱼类群落多样性较低,以个体数为单位计算的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H′为2.790,Simpson优势度指数λ为0.198,Pielou种类均匀度指数J′为0.657。主要优势鱼类为窄体舌鳎、刀鲚、长蛇鮈、鲻、鲫、中国花鲈和中华鲟等7种,个体都较小。这7种鱼中窄体舌鳎、刀鲚、长蛇鮈、鲻、鲫和中华鲟呈等速生长,而中国花鲈为异速生长,肥满度最大的是鲫,最小的是刀鲚。5~8月间每个月渔获物的种类与数量组成有一定差异。为了更好地保护长江口祟明东滩的鱼类资源,应加强长江口渔业生态环境的综合治理,加大增殖和保护鱼类资源的力度,充分发挥长江口中华鲟自然保护区的保护功能。     

嘉陵江不同江段蛇的形态差异比较

为探讨嘉陵江不同江段蛇鮈群体的形态表型特征及其差异性，本研究对采至嘉陵江上游、中游和下游共120尾样本进行了传统形态测量和地标点几何形态学测量分析。形态分析结果表明：嘉陵江不同江段蛇鮈群体间形态表型存在的显著差异。差异主要集中于头部、鳍和尾柄；其中上游群体的蛇鮈最为纤长（叉长、胸腹距、躯干距最大），眼间距、背鳍基长、头高和口角须长也最长；中游群体的胸鳍、腹鳍、尾鳍最长，尾柄也最为粗壮（尾柄宽，尾柄高最大），头长、体宽、胸鳍前距最大；下游群体的肛臀距和头宽最大。但主成分分析结果显示：无法有效将不同江段蛇鮈群体区分。性状差异性分析结果表明，不同江段蛇鮈群体形态表型差异均属于种内差异。这些表型差异可能是蛇鮈对嘉陵江不同江段环境（如流速、水温、饵料类型）多样性的适应性表现。     

Use of probiotics Bacillus coagulans,Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Lactobacillus acidophilus as growth promoters in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fingerlings

The present research evaluated the effects of three probiotics on the growth performance and intestinal digestive enzyme activity in fingerlings of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Three treatments (T‐1, T‐2 and T‐3) were fed with diets containing different viable bacteria with a final concentration 10⁶ CFU g^?1 feed (Bacillus coagulans, Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Lactobacillus acidophilus, respectively) and the control was fed with basal diet without probiotics. All the diets supplemented with probiotics resulted in better (P < 0.05) final weight, daily weight gain and relative gain rate than control but no significant differences were observed among the treatment groups. The highest protease activity was observed in T‐1. However, T‐2 and T‐3 showed no difference (P > 0.05) in protease and cellulase activities compared with the control. The protease activity was higher in the foreintestine than in the hindintestine (P < 0.05), and the reverse was observed in cellulase activity. As for amylase activity, there was no difference between foreintestine and hindintestine. In conclusion, the three selected probiotics increased the growth performance of grass carp fingerlings. Furthermore, different digestive enzyme activity was observed in different intestine segment.     

饲料中添加大豆皂甙对大菱鲆幼鱼生长和肠道健康的影响

为研究大豆皂甙对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、消化酶活性、肠道组织结构完整性和肠道菌群结构的影响，在以鱼粉为蛋白源的基础饲料中分别添加0%和0.3%的大豆皂甙，配制成鱼粉组和大豆皂甙组2种等氮等脂的实验饲料来投喂体质量为(4.63±0.01) g的大菱鲆进行12周的摄食生长实验。结果显示，饲料中添加0.3%的大豆皂甙对大菱鲆的生长性能没有产生显著影响，但显著降低了胃蛋白酶及肠淀粉酶活性；2组实验中大菱鲆肠道组织形态无明显差异，但大豆皂甙组肠道紧密连接蛋白的基因表达量显著降低。肠道菌群分析结果显示，大菱鲆肠道中相对丰度最高的门和属分别为变形菌门和盐单胞菌属。LEfSe和MetaStat分析显示，饲料中添加大豆皂甙后显著提高了大菱鲆肠道内优势菌(变形菌门及希瓦氏菌属)，皂甙水解相关的肠道微生物(鞘脂单胞菌属、普氏菌属、栖瘤胃普雷沃菌以及普通拟杆菌)及潜在致病菌(莫氏杆菌属和发光杆菌属)的相对丰度，同时显著降低了Caenimonas、Niastella和条件致病菌罗尔斯通菌属的相对丰度。研究表明，0.3%大豆皂甙抑制了大菱鲆消化酶活性及肠道紧密连接蛋白的基因表达，且引起了大菱鲆肠道菌群结构的显著改变。因此，大豆皂甙对鱼类肠道健康尤其是肠道菌群的影响不容忽视，值得进一步研究。     

高脂饲料中胆汁酸水平对齐口裂腹鱼肠道组织结构及脂肪代谢酶活性的影响

为探索高脂饲料中添加胆汁酸对齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼肠道组织结构及几种脂肪代谢酶活性的影响,以360尾初始体质量为(12.74±0.14)g的健康齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼为实验对象,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾实验鱼,分别投喂添加了0、75、150和300mg/kg胆汁酸的4种实验饲料,养殖时间为70 d。结果显示,胆汁酸浓度从0增大到75 mg/kg时,齐口裂腹鱼前肠和中肠管壁厚度及肠绒毛高度显著升高,前肠皱襞宽度显著降低。而当胆汁酸浓度再进一步增大时,实验鱼前肠和中肠管壁厚度及肠绒毛高度则升高不明显,其皱襞宽度也降低不显著。未添加胆汁酸的实验组中齐口裂腹鱼前肠和中肠纹状缘畸形或脱落现象严重,随着胆汁酸添加量的增加,逐渐减少至消失。齐口裂腹鱼肠道中脂肪酶(LPS)及肝胰脏中脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)、肝酯酶(HL)和总酯酶(TL)活性均随胆汁酸添加量的增加而呈先升高后趋于稳定的变化趋势。且LPS、LPL活性均在胆汁酸添加量为300 mg/kg时最强(分别为2881.17 U/g和14.43 U/mg prot);HL、TL活性则在胆汁酸添加量为150 mg/kg时活性最强(分别为43.70和58.03 U/mg prot)。但LPS、LPL、HL和TL活性在150与300mg/kg组均无显著差异。研究表明,在饲料中添加75~150 mg/kg的外源胆汁酸能提高齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼脂肪代谢酶的活性,促进对饲料脂肪的代谢和利用,还能改善齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼肠道结构,保护肠道健康。     

Response of a Juvenile Cyprinid,Lake Minnow <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eupallasella perenurus</Emphasis> (Pallas), to Different Diets

Three commercial starters (Carp Starter, Uni Starter and Perla Plus) and one non-commercial, with frozen Chironomidae larvae as a reference diet, were evaluated for the intensive rearing of juvenile lake minnow Eupallasella perenurus, a cyprinid fish that is critically endangered in Poland. The growth, condition, survival, body deformities, and chemical body composition were studied. The 90-day laboratory experiment was performed at 22 °C with fish that were initially 24.6 mm (mean total lenth (TL)) and 0.11 g (mean body weight (BW)). Satisfactory fish growth was attained with all of the diets; however, the largest (p ≤ 0.05) final size (48.5 mm TL, 1.55 g BW) and the lowest condition coefficient (K = 1.34) were noted in fish fed the non-commercial starter. The final survival rates were very high (97.5–100%). Skeletal deformities (in 74 to 92% fish) were recorded exclusively in fish fed commercial starters. All commercial starters resulted in considerably higher lipid content and lower ash content than did the non-commercial starter and the reference diet. This suggests that both these factors might be responsible for body deformities. The present results proved that only the non-commercial starter is suitable for juvenile E. perenurus rearing under controlled condition, and that none of the commercial starters can be recommended.     

Early development and allometric growth in hatchery‐reared Eurasian perch,Perca fluviatilis L.

The morphological development and allometric growth patterns of Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis L., a highly valued commercial species, were studied under intensive rearing conditions from hatching up to 50 DPH (Days Post Hatch). Based on the external morphology, four different phases during early development of Eurasian perch were identified: pre‐flexion larva 0–20 DPH (5.70–10.16 mm TL); flexion larva 22–30 DPH (11.09–15.14 mm TL) and post‐flexion larva/juvenile 32–50 DPH (18.00–24.75 mm TL). The results indicate that growth period when final replacement of all temporary (larval) structures and most important changes in the shape of P. fluviatilis occurred (between 13.95 and 24.06 mm TL, during flexion and post‐flexion phase) can be considered as a transitional period between the larva and juvenile. All body segments, except trunk length and tail length showed fast growth (positive allometry) throughout the entire studied period or up to the respective inflexion point with a common tendency to isometry. In addition, the specific behaviours (e.g. pelagic way of life) of Eurasian perch larvae resulted in some characteristic allometric growth patterns in the posterior region, different from the majority of other teleosts. The results are discussed with respect to the ontogeny of the functional morphology under both ecological and aquaculture considerations.     

Evaluation of Larval Growth and Survival in Mexican Mojarra,Cichlasoma urophthalmus,and Bay Snook,Petenia splendida,Under Different Initial Stocking Densities

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the initial stocking density in larvae of Bay snook, Petenia splendida, and Mexican mojarra, Cichlasoma urophthalmus, using a recirculation system. Five initial stocking densities (0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 20 larvae/L) were evaluated by triplicate for 45 d. Weight and total length (TL) were measured every 15 d, and fish production was calculated for each density. The larvae stocked at the lowest densities (0.5 and 1 larvae/L) presented the highest growth for both species: C. urophthalmus (0.78 g and 45‐mm TL, and 0.76 g and 45‐mm TL, respectively) and P. splendida (0.80 g and 52‐mm TL, and 0.79 g and 49‐mm TL, respectively). However, lowest fish production was recorded (35 and 69 fish per tank, respectively, for C. urophthalmus and 34 and 70 fish per tank, respectively, for P. splendida) compared with those at densities of 5, 10, and 20 larvae/L (336, 584, and 604 fish per tank, respectively, for C. urophthalmus and 341, 679, and 912 fish per tank, respectively, for P. splendida). The polynomial model for biomass production related to the stocking density shows that the optimum stocking densities for C. urophthalmus and P. splendida are 12 and 14 larvae/L, respectively.     

Age and growth of the largemouth perch Percichthys colhuapiensis in the Negro river, Argentine Patagonia

Largemouth perch (Percichthys colhuapiensis) represents one of the most economically important fish species in the Argentine Patagonia. However, little research has been done on the age and growth and population dynamics of this fish, though both studies are essential to properly deal with fisheries forecasts and management. As a contribution to elaborating management programmes for P. colhuapiensis, we evaluated the age and growth of this species in the Negro river via scale and whole otolith reading methods. The sample consisted of 579 specimens ranging in total length (TL) from 90 to 475 mm, captured seasonally from December 1994 to December 1995. The formation of scale annuli (end of winter) and the hyaline zone on otoliths (winter) of adult fish coincided with the beginning of the spawning season (end of winter-beginning of spring). The maximum estimated age was 11 years, which indicates that this is a relatively long-lived species. Otoliths were useful for ageing specimens 1–5 years-old, but above this age whole otoliths yielded lower age estimates than scales. Isometric growth of weight with length was found for total population, juveniles, and separate sexes (p > 0.25 in all cases). No significant differences between the length–weight relationships of sexes were observed (p > 0.10). Length at first maturity was significantly higher for males (TL₅₀ = 271 mm TL; r = 0.88) than for females (TL₅₀ = 243 mm TL; r = 0.96) (p < 0.01). Largemouth perch exhibited a consistent pattern of increase in length with age, with a period of fast growth during the first 5 years, and a slow-growing phase during the rest of his life. The growth parameters based on scale data were L∞: 462.1 mm, k = 0.23 and t₀ = −0.94 for total population, L∞: 402.3 mm, k = 0.33 and t₀ = −0.67 for males, and L∞: 548.4 mm, k = 0.15 and t₀ = −1.59 for females, whereas those based on otolith reading were L∞: 537.4 mm, k = 0.17 and t₀ = −1.0 for total population, L∞: 497.6 mm, k = 0.21 and t₀ = −0.79 for males, and L∞: 582.0 mm, k = 0.14 and t₀ = −1.53 for females. Scales are concluded to be the best structure to age P. colhuapiensis because they rendered L∞ values closer to the maximum TL observed, high precision, easiness of collection, low processing time, and the possibility of performing non-destructive monitoring studies.     

Beneficial effects of dietary exogenous protease on the growth,intestinal health and immunity of GIFT (Oreochromis niloticus) fed plant‐based diets

This study investigated the effects of dietary exogenous protease on the growth performance, intestinal health, immune parameters and disease resistance of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). Five test diets with commercial protease at the levels of 0, 1.38, 2.76, 5.52 and 11.04 U/g (named PE0, PE1, PE2, PE5 and PE11, respectively) were administered to triplicate tanks with 30 fish for 60 days, and then, the fish were challenged with Streptococcus agalactiae for 14 days. The results indicated that weight gain increased as exogenous protease increased from 0 to 5.52 U protease/g diet and then decreased significantly (p < .05) with a further increase in exogenous protease supplementation (p < .05). The height of the villi in the proximal intestine and distal intestine, the width of the villi in three segments of the intestine, and the thickness of the muscle layer in the proximal intestine and mid‐intestine (p < .05) were increased in the fish fed the PE5 diet. Immune and antioxidant indices (except malondialdehyde), and survival after challenged with S. agalactiae were higher in fish fed PE5 diets than in those fed other diets (p < .05). In conclusion, 5.52 U/g protease supplementation in a plant‐based diet could promote the growth performance, intestinal physical barrier function, innate immunity and S. agalactiae resistance of GIFT.     

长薄鳅幼鱼消化道指数和消化酶活性研究

测定了长薄鳅(Leptobotia elongate Bleeker)幼鱼(8.0～110.1 g)的消化道指数和不同体重组(10 g、30 g、50 g)幼鱼的胃、肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠的淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性。结果:(1)长薄鳅幼鱼肝指数平均为(1.400±0.004)%,比肠长平均为(0.418±0.080),体重与体长呈幂函数相关,相关式为:W=0.019L2.818 1(R2=0.948,P<0.01,n=43);鱼体肥满度在30 g组中最高。(2)各部位消化酶活性均以蛋白酶>脂肪酶>淀粉酶;各体重组淀粉酶活性在肝胰脏中最高(P<0.05);蛋白酶活性在胃和中肠中较高;脂肪酶活性沿消化道从前至后升高;(3)各部位淀粉酶活性在各体重组间变化不大,胃蛋白酶、肠段胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性随体重增加而下降。本研究认为长薄鳅幼鱼为杂食、偏肉食性,其消化酶活性存在组织特异性,体重30 g左右是其营养需求转变或者生长发育的重要时期。     

Gonadal Development and Differentiation in Cultured Juvenile Winter Flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus

Winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, is currently being evaluated as a stock enhancement candidate in New Hampshire, USA; however, little is known about the gonadal development or the sex ratio of cultured juveniles. To determine the size at gonadal differentiation, 327 cultured fish ranging from <20 to 110 mm total length (TL), in 10‐mm‐TL size classes, were examined histologically. Gonads had differentiated into testes and ovaries in fish ≥41 mm TL (98%), whereas the majority of fish (81%) smaller than 40 mm TL possessed undifferentiated gonads. A total of 313 cultured fish >40 mm TL were analyzed for sex ratio. In 2003, 67 females and 164 males were identified, yielding a sex ratio that was significantly skewed toward male (χ²= 40.7, df = 1, P < 0.001). This trend held true when cultured fish were sorted by age and length, with the exception of those fish 61–70 mm TL. This aberration probably was because of a small sample size in this length category. However, in both the 2004 and the 2005 cultured populations, flounder sex did not deviate from a 1:1 ratio (2004 χ²= 0.12, df = 1, P= 0.724 and 2005 χ²= 0.02, df = 1, P= 0.881). The 2003 data suggest that environmental or genetic factors may affect winter flounder sex determination; rearing manipulation studies in the hatchery are needed to confirm this hypothesis.