大豆浓缩蛋白对大黄鱼生长和肠道微生物菌群的影响

用大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)替代鱼粉饲喂大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea), 以探究其对幼鱼生长、肠道结构及肠道微生物菌群的影响。选取初始体重为(10.50±0.04) g的大黄鱼幼鱼, SPC替代鱼粉的比例分别为0% (SPC0, 对照组)、25% (SPC25)、50% (SPC50)、75% (SPC75)和100% (SPC100), 制作成5种等氮(粗蛋白水平为45%)等脂(粗脂肪水平为10%)的实验饲料, 进行为期56 d的饲养实验。结果表明, 与SPC0(对照组)相比, 幼鱼的存活率、增重率、特定生长率以及饲料系数受各SPC替代鱼粉水平的影响不显著(P>0.05)。肠道组织学显示, 各处理组幼鱼肠道的后肠黏膜厚度、皱襞高度、固有层宽度和杯状细胞个数差异性不显著(P>0.05)。Illumina HiSeq 高通量测序技术分析发现, SPC0 (TC: 对照组)、SPC25 (TB: 生长相对最佳组) 和SPC100 (TW: 生长相对最差组)的Chao1、香农指数(Shannon)、辛普森指数(Simpson)和覆盖率(good coverage)差异不显著(P>0.05); TC、TB和TW组幼鱼肠道细菌在门水平的优势菌群为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes), 类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus)在属水平占绝对优势。根据属水平的菌属差异结果发现幼鱼的生长受细菌微生物的组成的影响: 与TC组相比, TB组微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)、红杆菌属(Rhodobacter)和伦黑墨氏菌属(Rheinheimera)的物种丰度显著降低(P<0.05); 与TC组相比较, TW组红杆菌属(Rhodobacter)的物种丰度显著降低(P<0.05), 乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)的物种丰度显著增加(P<0.05)。综上所述, 大黄鱼幼鱼的生长、肠道结构及肠道优势菌群不会因为鱼粉完全被大豆浓缩蛋白替代而产生负面的影响。     

2种活菌饲料对金鲫幼鱼肠道及水体微生态的影响

研究了2种活菌饲料对金鲫幼鱼肠道及水体菌群结构的影响,并分析了饲料、水体及肠道菌群进化关系。选取270尾规格整齐、体质健壮,平均体质量(8.49±0.26)g的金鲫幼鱼,利用嗜酸乳杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌制备2种活菌饲料,以基础饲料为对照组A,基础饲料添加复合菌液为试验组B,复合菌液发酵基础饲料为试验组C,于室内循环水养殖系统中进行饲养试验。8周的饲养表明,与A组相比,摄食B组饲料的鱼,质量增加率显著提高5.15%(P0.05);摄食C组饲料的鱼,质量增加率显著降低3.44%(P0.05);养殖末期试验组水体中多核杆菌属、微小杆菌属等相对丰度明显增加(P0.05),黄杆菌属等相对丰度明显降低(P0.05),B组水体菌群物种丰度降低,多样性无明显变化,C组水体菌群物种丰度和多样性均明显降低;养殖末期B组试验鱼肠道菌群中气单胞菌属相对丰度明显降低(P0.05),微小杆菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属等相对丰度显著增加(P0.05),菌群多样性变高,物种丰度无明显变化;C组试验鱼肠道菌群中不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属等几乎消失,气单胞菌属、微小杆菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属等占绝对优势地位,菌群结构趋于简化。     

投喂鲍内脏多糖对罗非鱼肠道菌群结构的影响

利用PCR-DGGE和Illumina测序技术研究了罗非鱼(Oreochromisniloticus)肠道菌群结构及饲喂鲍内脏多糖后罗非鱼肠道菌群的动态变化。在罗非鱼肠道中检测到13个门的细菌,其中梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria,77.84%)为优势菌门,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes, 8.59%)、衣原体门(Chlamydiae, 6.18%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 5.84%)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria, 1.20%)为次优势菌门,还检测到Saccharibacteria等8个菌门和一些未知类群。在属的水平上,优势菌属为鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium)、Neochlamydia、邻单胞菌属(Plesiomonas)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter),分别占77.84%、5.796%、2.64%和1.13%,还有一个紫单胞菌科(Porphyromonadaceae)的未知属,占8.29%。此外还有分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)等6个菌属和一些未知属。投喂添加鲍多糖的饲料对罗非鱼肠道微生物的构成造成了明显影响,饲喂鲍多糖的处理组和饲喂普通饲料的对照组样品分别聚为两大类。投喂添加鲍多糖饲料后,放线菌门、Saccharibacteria、疣微菌门和TM6_Dependentiae的丰度显著下调;在属的水平上,邻单胞菌属、鲸杆菌属的丰度上调;Neochlamydia、不动杆菌属、分枝杆菌属、Alsobacter、Aquicella、假单胞菌属、气单胞菌属、Alpinimonas等属的丰度下调。其中分枝杆菌属、Alsobacter、Aquicella和邻单胞菌属的丰度与对照差异显著(P0.05)。在种水平上,一些潜在致病菌,如鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobabacterbaumannii)、龟分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriumabscessus)、Aeromonas sharmana、耐酪酸冢村菌(Tsukamurella tyrosinosolvens)、铜绿色假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)等的丰度下调,其中龟分枝杆菌和耐酪酸冢村菌与对照差异显著(P0.05),而鲸杆菌属等有益菌的丰度上调。本研究从肠道微生物的角度来研究鲍内脏多糖对宿主的影响,为海洋生物活性物质的功效评价提供了新思路,也为鲍内脏活性物质的开发利用、益生元的研制等奠定理论基础。     

饲料中添加酶解鸡浆对大口黑鲈肝脏抗氧化能力、肠道物理屏障和肠道菌群的影响

为评价酶解鸡浆在大口黑鲈健康养殖方面的功效,用3.5%的鱼溶浆（SW）和酶解鸡浆（EC）分别等量替代基础饲料中的鱼粉,配制成3种等脂（EE 11.3%）实验饲料,在室内循环系统饲喂初始体重为（9.25± 0.13）g的大口黑鲈8周。结果显示,各处理组大口黑鲈增重率（WGR）、特定生长率（SGR）和摄食率（FR）均无显著差异。EC组肝脏总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量以及抗炎细胞因子（TGF-β）和促炎细胞因子（IL-8）基因表达量指标显著优于对照组（基础饲料）和SW组。同其他处理相比,添加酶解鸡浆后,肠道紧密连接蛋白（occludin、zo-1 和claudin-1）基因相对表达量显著上调,而血清中二胺氧化酶（DAO）活性、D-乳酸（D-Lac）和脂多糖（LPS）含量显著降低。同时观察到酶解鸡浆会影响大口黑鲈肠道菌群的丰度（OTUs和Chao1）,在属水平上增加潜在益生菌芽孢杆菌丰度,降低部分潜在有害菌如志贺氏菌属、不动杆菌属、和弧菌属和支原体的丰度。进一步表型预测发现,添加酶解鸡浆显著降低革兰氏阴性菌比例,增加革兰氏阳性菌比例。由此可见,饲料中添加酶解鸡浆不会影响大口黑鲈的生长,还增强肝脏的抗氧化能力和肠道物理屏障,改善肠道菌群。酶解鸡浆可作为大口黑鲈饲料的优质蛋白源。     

达氏鳇和施氏鲟生长差异群体肠道菌群特征

同塘生长差异常常导致鲟养殖产量受损, 而肠道菌群是影响鱼类生长性能的关键因素之一。为揭示肠道菌群与鲟科鱼类个体生长差异之间的关系, 本研究对同批次繁育、同条件养殖的生长速率差异大于体重 50%的达氏鳇 (Huso dauricus)和施氏鲟(Acipenser schrencki)群体进行了肠道菌群特征研究。结果表明, 达氏鳇和施氏鲟肠道菌群多样性和组成在种属间及生长差异群体间均具有明显差异。其中, 生长快速达氏鳇群体(LH)肠道优势菌属为鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas, 67.0%), 生长慢速达氏鳇群体(SH)肠道优势菌属为鞘氨醇单胞菌属(29.5%)和狭义梭菌属 1 (Clostridium sensu stricto 1, 54.2%); 而生长快速施氏鲟群体(LA)肠道优势菌属为鞘氨醇单胞菌属(33.5%)和鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium, 38.1%), 生长中速施氏鲟群体(MA)肠道优势菌属为鞘氨醇单胞菌属(42.6%)、狭义梭菌属 1 (14.3%)和鲸杆菌属(33.0%)。鞘氨醇单胞菌属和梭菌科(Clostridiaceae)细菌是不同生长速率鲟肠道中的主要差异类群。综上可知, 鲟科鱼类肠道菌群的多样性和组成具有种属差异性和群体差异性, 鞘氨醇单胞菌属和梭菌科细菌可能是影响鲟科鱼类生长速率的关键细菌类群。     

育肥饲料中虾青素含量对雄性中华绒螯蟹肠道和鳃部可培养优势细菌数量和组成的影响

在育肥饲料中添加虾青素会影响中华绒螫蟹肠道及鳃内的可培养优势菌群以及机体的免疫力,本实验旨在探讨饲料中虾青素含量及养殖水体对其肠道和鳃部菌群的影响。采用不同虾青素含量的饲料(0.00、26.60、41.62、81.37和75.35 mg/kg,分别对应饲料1#~5#)对雄性中华绒螫蟹进行育肥70 d后,利用基础培养基和选择性培养基对其肠道、鳃及养殖水体中的细菌进行传统分离和纯化,所得菌株进行16S rRNA测序,再进行同源性分析后做系统进化树。结果发现,在分离获得的106株细菌(登录号:KU570293~KU570368,KU570370,KU570372~KU570383,KU601302~KU6013 16,KU720553)中,92株为优势菌株,其中,肠道、鳃部和水体各29、32和31株。肠道中的可培养优势细菌属于柠檬酸杆菌属、假单胞菌属和气单胞菌属;而鳃中可培养优势细菌属于柠檬酸杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属和气单胞菌属;养殖水体中可培养优势细菌属于芽孢杆菌属、气单胞菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属、假单胞菌属和黄杆菌属。饲料2#组肠道中可培养细菌总数最高(1.06×10~8cfu/g);饲料5#肠道中的潜在致病菌数量最低,但其可培养细菌总数显著高于其他饲料组;饲料3#组肠道和鳃中潜在致病菌数量相对较高。研究表明,饲料中添加不同含量的虾青素能够显著影响雄性中华绒螫蟹肠道和鳃中的菌群构成,但对水体中可培养细菌数量无显著影响。本研究首次对投喂不同含量虾青素饲料的育肥期雄性中华绒螫蟹肠道、鳃及养殖水体可培养的优势细菌数量和组成进行分析,探究了饲料中虾青素含量以及养殖水体与蟹肠道内可培养细菌之间的联系,为中华绒螫蟹营养免疫和菌群调控提供了理论基础。     

玉米蛋白粉对大黄鱼生长、肠道组织结构及肠道菌群的影响

为了探讨玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)生长、肠道组织结构及肠道微生物菌群的影响,进行了为期8周的生长实验。以初始体重为(10.49±0.03)g的大黄鱼幼鱼为研究对象,用玉米蛋白粉分别替代基础饲料(含40%鱼粉)中0%(FM,对照组)、15%(CGM15)、30%(CGM30)、45%(CGM45)、60%(CGM60)、75%(CGM75)的鱼粉,配制6种等氮(粗蛋白含量45%)等脂(粗脂肪含量10%)的实验饲料。56 d投喂实验结束后,各处理组幼鱼的存活率与特定生长率以及饲料系数等指标均无显差异(P0.05)。从肠道组织学发现,各处理组与对照组(FM)的幼鱼肠道组织结构肠黏膜、皱襞高度、杯状细胞个数均无显著差异性(P0.05),但CGM60组的幼鱼部分肠黏膜上皮细胞被破坏,上皮细胞排列紊乱,纹状缘出现缺刻,肠绒毛部分出现脱落或破损;CGM75组的幼鱼肠道的皱襞高度变短,皱襞密度降低,皱襞个数减少。选取FM、CGM15(生长相对较好)和CGM75(生长相对较差)三组运用Illumina-Mi Seq高通量测序技术分析幼鱼肠道菌群的物种丰富度指数(chao1)、香农指数(Shannon)、辛普森指数(Simpson)和覆盖率(good coverage)均无显著差异(P0.05);基于门水平,FM、CGM15和CGM75组的幼鱼肠道细菌中优势菌群为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)。而在属水平,类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、嗜碱菌属(Alkaliphilus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)为其优势菌群。分析属水平差异菌属发现,与FM组相比较,CGM15和CGM75组均显著增加了链球菌属(Streptococcus)的物种丰度(P0.05);与FM组相比,CGM15组显著降低了德沃斯氏菌(Devosia)和纤维弧菌属(Cellvibrio)的物种丰度(P0.05);与FM组相比,CGM75组显著增加了葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)的物种丰度(P0.05)。综上所述,玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉达45%时对大黄鱼幼鱼的生长、肠道组织结构及肠道优势菌群均影响不大。     

药浴对仿刺参幼参肠道菌群的影响

为探究抗生素药浴对仿刺参幼参肠道菌群的影响，在刺参工厂化保苗期倒池时设置普通组和药浴组(普通组幼参为倒池未药浴正常培养，药浴组幼参用质量浓度0.1 g/L的氟苯尼考药浴15 min),分别于倒池后24、48、72 h,取2组仿刺参肠道样品进行16S rDNA高通量测序分析。试验结果显示，普通组幼参与倒池前的幼参肠道菌群结构基本一致，药浴组幼参肠道菌群结构变化较大，细菌多样性在24 h最高，随后逐渐降低。普通幼参优势菌门变形菌门相对丰度达98%以上，药浴后24、48、72 h,幼参肠道变形菌门相对丰度分别为90.51%、92.99%、96.63%,放线菌门、浮霉菌门、拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、疣微菌门、厚壁菌门相对丰度有所提高，并新出现达达菌门、德潘菌门和芽单胞菌门。普通组幼参肠道中优势菌属新草螺菌属占比达95%以上；药浴后24 h幼参肠道中新草螺菌属相对丰度降低至2.46%,叶杆菌属、Candidatus Competibacter、鞘氨醇单胞菌属等成为新的优势菌属，药浴后48、72 h幼参肠道中新草螺菌属相对丰度逐渐升至36.7%、69.9%,其他菌属相对丰度逐渐降低，肠道菌群结...     

饲用枯草芽孢杆菌HGcc-1对鲤肠肝健康、血清补体及肠道菌群的影响

为了研究枯草芽孢杆菌HGcc-1对鲤肠肝健康、血清补体和肠道菌群的影响,实验选择体质量为(13.10±0.39) g健康鲤,随机分为HGcc-1添加组和对照组,养殖20周后测定生长指标,用试剂盒检测了鲤血清内毒素(LPS)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总补体和溶菌酶,并对肠道菌群进行了16S rRNA测序,同时将添加组和对照组的肠道菌群转接至无菌斑马鱼,然后检测无菌斑马鱼体内毒素结合蛋白(LBP)、ALT、AST的水平和C3、C4基因表达量;最后还检测了HGcc-1直接作用于无菌斑马鱼时,无菌斑马鱼的ALT、AST的水平和C3、C4基因表达量。结果显示,HGcc-1对鲤的增重率无显著影响;与对照组相比,饲料中添加HGcc-1显著降低鲤血清内毒素、ALT和AST水平;同时HGcc-1添加组血清总补体水平显著升高。在门水平上,HGcc-1添加组中梭杆菌门丰度比对照组增加了47.1%;变形菌门丰度比对照组减少了70.7%;在属水平上,HGcc-1添加组中鲸杆菌属(的丰度比对照组增加了47.1%;柠檬酸杆菌属和气单胞菌属(的丰度比对照组分别减少了56.6%和70.9%。利用无菌斑马鱼模型进一步发现,HGcc-1添加组鲤肠道菌群显著降低了无菌斑马鱼LBP含量和AST水平,显著上调了无菌斑马鱼补体C3和C4基因表达;与此同时,HGcc-1与无菌斑马鱼直接互作也降低了鱼体ALT和AST水平。研究表明,饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌HGcc-1能够改善鲤肠肝健康、血清补体以及肠道菌群稳态。本研究为枯草芽孢杆菌HGcc-1的下一步应用奠定了理论基础。     

尼罗罗非鱼肠道及养殖环境中菌群结构与链球菌病的相关性

为研究尼罗罗非鱼肠道和池塘养殖环境中菌群结构变化与链球菌病暴发的相关性,实验采用16S r DNA高通量测序方法对比分析发病和健康池塘水体、底泥和尼罗罗非鱼肠道菌群的结构特征。结果显示,底泥中微生物多样性最高,水体和肠道中微生物多样性次之;肠道菌群与水体中菌群的相似性较高,而与底泥中菌群相似性较低;发病组的尼罗罗非鱼肠道和池塘底泥中微生物的多样性均低于健康组,而发病组池塘水体中微生物多样性高于健康组。OTU聚类分析发现,发病与健康尼罗罗非鱼肠道微生物差异极显著,大部分健康尼罗罗非鱼肠道微生物样品单独聚为一支。菌群结构组成分析结果表明,虽然发病组和健康组水体或底泥中优势菌群结构组成的差异较小,但在非优势菌群中存在一定差异,发病组水体中变形菌门和梭杆菌门的比例显著高于健康组水体,疣微菌门和浮霉菌门的丰度显著低于健康组水体;发病组池塘底泥中厌氧粘细菌属、甲烷丝菌属和枝芽孢菌属等具有降解有机质和生态修复功能,菌群的丰度显著低于健康组底泥,而具有致病能力的曼氏杆菌属丰度却显著高于健康组底泥。发病组尼罗罗非鱼肠道菌群中链球菌属、分枝杆菌属和曼氏杆菌属等致病菌群的丰度显著高于健康组尼罗罗非鱼肠道,而乳球菌属、鲸杆菌属和红球菌属等益生菌的丰度显著低于健康尼罗罗非鱼肠道。无乳链球菌普遍存在于发病和健康养殖环境,以及尼罗罗非鱼肠道中,无乳链球菌的丰度在发病和健康养殖环境之间无显著差异,但其在发病尼罗罗非鱼肠道中的丰度要显著高于健康组。研究表明,尼罗罗非鱼链球菌病发病池塘水体和底泥中有益菌丰度降低和致病菌丰度的升高反映其养殖环境出现恶化,尼罗罗非鱼链球菌病的暴发与肠道微生态平衡破坏后无乳链球菌丰度增加密切相关,但肠道中无乳链球菌丰度的剧增与养殖水体和底泥中该病原菌的丰度水平之间并无直接关联。     

饥饿及恢复喂食对花鲈肠道菌群多样性的影响

为了研究饥饿及恢复摄食对花鲈肠道壁及内容物微生物菌群的影响,实验运用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术分析了花鲈经2周饥饿,恢复喂食1周和恢复喂食2周后肠道壁及其内容物菌群特征及多样性的变化。结果显示:饥饿会导致花鲈肠道壁细菌群落发生明显变化,引起差异的主要细菌为T-RFs 496、437、450、155 bp等所代表菌;经2周饥饿,肠壁T-RF 496 bp大肠杆菌(Escherichia)相对丰度从实验开始的43.11%±3.95%(C0肠壁组)下降为21.25%±9.97%(S2R0肠壁组),细菌多样性指数H′、E′和1/D均增大;恢复喂食2周后,肠道壁菌群结构逐渐恢复,T-RF 496 bp大肠杆菌的相对丰度逐渐上升到55.49%±8.37%(S2R2组),3个多样性指数均减小至原有水平;花鲈肠道壁和内容物的菌群有较大不同,但是两者的主要细菌类群都是变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),其中,γ-变形菌纲是花鲈肠道的最主要细菌群。本研究为进一步阐述消化道微生物功能奠定了基础,也为海水鱼类肠道菌群研究提供基础数据。     

Modulation of growth performances,survival, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microbiota in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae using short chain fructooligosaccharide

This study investigates the effects of inclusion of low levels of dietary short chain fructooligosacchairde (sc‐FOS) on physiological response and intestinal microbiota of carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae. After acclimation, fish (550 ± 20 mg) were allocated into nine tanks (40 fish per tank) and triplicate groups were fed a control diet (0%) or diets containing 0.5% and 1% sc‐FOS for 7 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the growth performance parameters (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR) and condition factor (CF), survival rate as well as digestive enzyme activities (amylase, lipase and protease), total viable counts of heterotrophic aerobic bacteria (TVC) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) level in intestinal microbiota were measured. Our results revealed no significant (P > 0.05) effects of sc‐FOS on growth performance and TVC when compared with the control group. However, administration of low levels of dietary sc‐FOS significantly increased digestive enzyme activities (lipase and amylase) and LAB levels (P < 0.05). Also, survival rate was significantly elevated in sc‐FOS fed carp. These results revealed that administration of low levels of sc‐FOS can be considered as a beneficial dietary supplement for larval stage of common carp.     

水解单宁对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和肠道微生物的影响

为分析水解单宁对凡纳滨对虾生长及其肠道微生物菌群结构的影响,以基础饲料为空白组,在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%、0.2%和0.3%的水解单宁作为实验组,进行为期60 d的养殖实验后,统计生长性能,并取其肠道内容物提取DNA,用Illumina MiSeq测序平台进行16S rDNA基因V3～V4区高通量测序,检测对虾肠道内菌群结构及变化情况。结果表明:(1) 3个水解单宁添加组的增重率、特定生长率和肥满度与对照组相比均显著升高(P0.05),肝体比均显著降低(P0.05)。(2)4组样品中共获得206192条优化序列,操作分类单元(OUT)总数达542个。对照组凡纳滨对虾肠道微生物以变形菌门和蓝细菌门为主,其次是放线菌门和拟杆菌门;试验组肠道主要菌群为变形菌门、软壁菌门。试验组与对照组相比,蓝细菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门的比例降低,变形菌门、软壁菌门和厚壁菌门比例增加。(3)Rank-Abundance曲线和多样性指数结果可见,实验组的物种丰度和均匀度大体上均高于对照组。PCoA分析发现, 0.1%和0.3%添加组的微生物群落较为接近,而与0.2%添加组差别较大,结合生长性能指标可知,饲料中水解单宁的最适添加量为0.1%。以上研究表明,饲料添加水解单宁可显著改变对虾肠道的微生物组成,提高对虾生长速度,影响凡纳滨对虾的生长性能。     

Effects of dietary Radix Rehmanniae Preparata polysaccharides on the digestive enzymes,morphology, microbial communities and mucosal barrier function of the intestine of Luciobarbus capito

In this study, we assessed the effects of Radix Rehmanniae Preparata polysaccharides (RRPP) on the digestive enzymes, morphology, microbial communities and mucosal barrier function of the intestine of Luciobarbus capito. Fish were fed different amounts of RRPP (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4%) for 60 days. The results revealed that intestinal amylase and trypsin activities significantly increased after the 0.2% RRPP treatment (p < .05). Increases in intestinal fold height, wall thickness and fold density were observed in Luciobarbus capito fed an RRPP‐supplemented diet, and the best effect was observed in the proximal intestine. Sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA V4 region showed that dietary RRPP reduced intestinal microbial community richness and species diversity. Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia were the dominant bacterial phyla in the intestine of Luciobarbus capito. Dietary RRPP affected the overall microbial community and increased the abundance of the genus Cetobacterium. Moreover, RRPP significantly upregulated the expression of occludin, zonula occludens (ZO)‐1 and claudin‐c in the intestine (p < .05). In summary, supplementing the diet of Luciobarbus capito with RRPP can improve digestive enzymes activities and intestinal morphology, modulate the microbial composition and enhance intestinal mucosal barrier function.     

Influence of different dietary carbohydrate sources on the growth and intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei at low salinity

Because of the increasing market potential of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and limited availability of coastal areas for production, culture of L. vannamei at low salinity is a growing trend throughout the world. Dietary manipulation could improve the growth performance of L. vannamei at low salinity. This study reared L. vannamei with glucose, sucrose and corn starch as dietary carbohydrate sources, respectively, at a low salinity. The results indicated that the sucrose and glucose feeding groups showed better growth performance. An Illumina‐based sequencing method was used to examine the intestinal bacterial composition and the results indicated that Proteobacteria were the most prevalent members, but abundance of Actinobacteria decreased while Firmicutes increased in the corn starch‐fed group. Furthermore, bacteria related to complex carbohydrate degradation were in lower abundance, whereas the abundance of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria increased in corn starch‐fed group than the other two groups, suggesting that the diet imposes selective pressure on the intestinal microbiota. Complex carbohydrates were not the ideal energy sources for L. vannamei at low salinity because the host has higher energy demand in the stressful conditions while the complex carbohydrate degradation efficiency of the gut microbiota in L. vannamei is limited.     

豆粕对乌鳢肠道菌群组成及微生物氨基酸代谢酶活性的影响

为研究豆粕替代鱼粉对乌鳢生长、肠道菌群组成和微生物相关氨基酸代谢酶活性的影响,分别用豆粕替代0、25%、50%和75%的鱼粉配制4组等氮等能的饲料饲喂初始体质量为(8.65±0.25)g的幼鱼(分别命名为G1、G2、G3和G4组),养殖实验在室内纤维玻璃钢桶中进行,实验周期为21 d。结果显示,各组间幼鱼成活率无显著性差异;G4组乌鳢幼鱼的生长性能显著低于G1和G2组,而G3组幼鱼生长性能与其余3组差异不显著。厚壁菌门在G1和G2组乌鳢肠道中的比例显著高于G3组,且在G4组中的比例最低;变形菌门在G1和G2组中的比例显著低于G3和G4组;G4组中乳球菌属、杆菌属、假单胞菌属、链球菌属、芽孢杆菌属和不动杆菌属的比例显著低于其余3组。另外,G4组幼鱼肠道微生物谷丙转氨酶、腺苷脱氨酶活性显著高于其余3组,而G1组乳酸脱氢酶的活性最高。研究表明,豆粕替代鱼粉除了对乌鳢幼鱼的生长产生影响外,也显著影响了肠道微生物组成及微生物相关氨基酸代谢酶的活性,本研究结果对于从微生态角度进一步理解豆粕在乌鳢配合饲料中的应用提供了理论依据和参考。     

Effects of polysaccharide from fermented wheat bran on growth performance,muscle composition,digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microbiota in juvenile common carp

The present study evaluated the effect of dietary polysaccharide from fermented wheat bran on growth performance, muscle composition, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microbiota of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Four diets supplemented with 0 (D0), 1.0 (D1), 2.0 (D2) and 4.0 (D3) g/kg fermented wheat bran polysaccharide (FWBP) were prepared. Fish were randomly assigned into four groups, each group having four replicates (30 fish/replicate) and fed with experimental diets for 8 weeks. Compared with the D0 group, the D3 group had higher final body weight and weight gain (p < .05). The amylase activity in the intestine and hepatopancreas of D1 and D2 groups and pepsin and trypsin activities in the hepatopancreas of D2 and D3 groups were significantly higher than D0 group. Significantly increased muscle protein and lipid content while reduced moisture content was observed in D1 group; additionally, D3 group had significantly lower muscle lipid content. The population of Bifidobacterium spp. in the intestine digesta of D1 and D2 groups was significantly increased, whereas lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Escherichia coli were unaffected. Collectively, dietary FWBP supplementation could enhance digestive enzyme activities and Bifidobacterium population and change the muscle composition and improve growth performance of common carp.     

Effects of fishmeal replacement with cottonseed protein concentrate on growth,digestive proteinase,intestinal morphology and microflora in pearl gentian grouper (♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂Epinephelus lanceolatu)

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) as fishmeal (FM) replacement on growth, digestive proteinase, intestinal morphology and microflora in pearl gentian grouper (♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂Epinephelus lanceolatu). FM of 0% (FM), 12.00% (R12), 24.00% (R24), 36.00% (R36), 48.00% (R48) and 60.00% (R60) was replaced with CPC, to prepare six diets and feed groupers. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were highest in the R24 group, and the lowest feed coefficient rate (FCR) was observed in this group compared with the other groups (p < .05). Pepsin activity of the R12 group and chymotrypsin activity of the R36 group reached significant maximum (p < .05). With increasing CPC replacement, the plica height and width and the lamina propria thickness of intestine decreased significantly (p < .05). 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing suggested dominant intestinal microflora of grouper subjected to different treatments was similar. At the phylum level, the abundance of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria was high, while Photobacterium, Pseudoxanthomonas, Romboutsia, Akkermansia, Vibrio and Bifidobacterium were the dominant taxa at the genus level. The abundance of probiotics (Bifidobacterium) decreased, whereas the abundance of opportunistic pathogen (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Vibrio) increased. These results suggested that CPC replacement affected growth, digestive proteinase activity, intestinal morphology and microflora structure in grouper. Under the conditions of this experiment, the fishmeal replacement with CPC (24% level) yielded the most satisfactory results, providing reference for sustainable aquaculture.