川陕哲罗鱼、太门哲罗鱼及石川哲罗鱼的生物学比较

哲罗鱼属共有五个种类,其中川陕哲罗鱼(Hucho breeker)、太门哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)、石川哲罗鱼(HuchoishikawaiMori)在我国境内有分布.本文通过全面收集国内外资料,对我国分布的三种哲罗鱼,从形态特征、生物学特性、分布区域等指标进行了生物学的初步比较研究.     

哲罗鱼人工养殖技术

哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)又称哲罗鲑,属鲑形目、鲑科、哲罗鱼属,是我国珍稀名贵冷水性鱼类,为黑龙江名优鱼类"三花五罗"之一。近20年来,由于森林植被破坏、过渡捕捞等因素,仅黑龙江省的乌苏里江和呼玛河水系以及新疆哈纳斯湖生存着很小的繁殖群体,其他水域很难见到。哲罗鱼是个体最大、生长速度最快的鲑科鱼类,性成     

哲罗鱼的繁殖生物学

哲罗鱼是我国北方特有的冷水性鱼类,其肉质细腻、风味独特、营养丰富。由于过去重视不够,哲罗鱼的资源正逐年减少,已经引起了人们的高度重视,正在对其进行深入细致的研究,已经取得了一些初步成果。     

哲罗鱼精子的超微结构

应用透射电镜观察了乌苏里江哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)精子的超微结构.哲罗鱼的精子由头部、中段和尾部组成.头部呈卵圆形,主要结构是细胞核.核前端无顶体,后端有植入窝,核中染色质致密,存在着不规则的网络状间隙.中段包括中心粒复合体和袖套.近端中心粒为9组三联微管结构,与远端中心粒相互垂直.袖套与细胞核后端相连,含有丰富的线粒体和囊泡,部分线粒体彼此融合,形成复合线粒体.尾部细长,主要结构是轴丝,为典型的"9 2"微管结构.尾部的近核段有许多囊泡包围着轴丝,远核段则无此结构.尾部有对称排列的波纹状侧鳍.     

哲罗鱼亲鱼运输试验

哲罗鱼huchotaimen（Palles），属鲑形目、鲑科、鲑亚科、哲罗鲑属。在我国仅分布于黑龙江、嫩江、牡丹江、松花江、乌苏里江及新疆的额尔齐斯河等水系。它肉味鲜美，又是游钓对象．一股个体重seqokg，最大个体达80kg［尼科里斯基．1958），其经济价值很高，享誉国内外。近些年     

哲罗鱼开口饵料试验

试验分别在三个流水槽和一个网箱中进行,每个流水槽放苗500尾哲罗鱼仔鱼,分别投喂水丝蚓粉、鱼粉、三福配合饲料(VITACARE牌智利产);网箱放苗20 523尾,投喂以活体水丝蚓为主,辅喂复合粉(鱼粉+水丝蚓粉+进口饵料)。经过35d的培育,投喂水丝蚓粉的鱼苗平均体重0.275g,平均全长3.36cm,成活率35%;投喂鱼粉的鱼苗平均体重0.371g,平均全长3.82cm,成活率65%;投喂智利进口开口饵料的鱼苗平均体重0.332g,平均全长3.49cm,成活率45%;投喂活体水丝蚓+复合粉的鱼苗平均体重0.603g,平均全长4.22cm,成活率82.8%。结果显示,投喂活体水丝蚓+复合粉是哲罗鱼比较适宜的开口饵料。     

哲罗鱼生物学研究现状及发展前景

哲罗鱼是近年来在国内兴起的一种名贵养殖鱼类，具有较大的经济价值与推广前景。随着社会发展，人类活动加剧，自然环境持续恶化，加上污染及过度捕捞等因素，使哲罗鱼资源遭到了严重的破坏，而哲罗鱼个体大、性成熟晚、个体产卵量小的生物学特性使其群体的恢复能力较差，导致群体数量急剧下降，分布区域迅速缩小，已达到极度濒危的状况。因此，充分了解哲罗鱼的生物学特征、资源及研究现状等，对其种质资源进行保护、资源的恢复与持续利用具有重要意义。文章对哲罗鱼生物学特征、资源现状及养殖研究现状作了概述，同时对其发展前景作了阐述。     

哲罗鱼稚鱼氨基酸的需要量

采用高生物价的酪蛋白、明胶为蛋白源的蛋白饲料(PD)和无蛋白饲料(FPD)饲养哲罗鱼稚鱼(6.8～7.3g),通过在实验开始和结束时测定鱼体氨基酸的组成,研究氨基酸的增重需要和维持需要,并计算哲罗鱼必需氨基酸的需求量。试验在室内玻璃钢水族箱中进行,分两个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复25尾鱼。试验期间水温23～25℃,溶氧为6.4～7.5mg/L,试验共进行28d。试验结果表明,与FPD组相比,PD组鱼成活率、饲料系数、增重率、粗脂肪的含量均显著升高(P<0.05),而FPD组的水分含量显著增加(P<0.05)。PD组和FPD组鱼体粗蛋白的末含量与初始值相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。鱼体必需氨基酸的维持量(除色氨酸外)均占鱼体必需氨基酸的增加量和维持量之和的20%～30%,色氨酸占54.52%,所以在估计鱼体必需氨基酸的需要量时,鱼体必需氨基酸的维持量是不能忽略的。哲罗鱼各种EAA需求量[g/(100g鱼体重)/d]为苏氨酸(Thr)0.040,缬氨酸(Va1)0.041,蛋氨酸(Met)0.027,异亮氨酸(I1e)0.034,亮氨酸(Leu)0.067,苯丙氨酸(Phe)0.035,赖氨酸(Lys)0...     

哲罗鱼亲鱼的运输试验

采取低温、充氧、防撞伤等措施运输哲罗鱼亲鱼，历经22h运输成活率68．2％。为开发利用这一名贵冷水性鱼类提供了技术与经验。     

哲罗鱼人工繁殖技术要点

采捕乌苏里江野生哲罗鱼，在池塘养殖条件下，人工培育至性成熟，使用人工合成催产药物进行繁殖试验。结果表明：人工繁殖是行之有效的。同时，对操作过程中遇到的技术要点进行概括和总结，为哲罗鱼苗种的批量生产奠定了基础。     

黄颡鱼不同组织矿物元素的分布及含量

为了探究鱼类不同组织中矿物元素的含量，实验以养殖黄颡鱼为对象，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了黄颡鱼18个组织(心脏、肝脏、脑、脾脏、肾脏、肌肉、脂肪、前肠、中后肠、眼睛、鳃、尾鳍、鱼鳔、骨骼、胃、皮肤、血液、全鱼)中7种矿物元素(Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn和Se)的含量与分布。结果显示，Ca在骨骼、鳃、尾鳍和肌肉中占比较高，在尾鳍和骨骼中含量最高，在脂肪组织中含量最低；Mg在骨骼和肌肉中占比较高，在骨骼和尾鳍中含量最高，在眼睛中含量最低；Zn在骨骼、肌肉、皮肤和眼睛中占比较高，在眼睛中含量最高，在脂肪组织中含量最低；Fe在骨骼、血液和肌肉中占比较高，在血液中含量最高，在脂肪组织中含量最低；Cu在骨骼、肌肉和肝脏中占比较高，在肾脏和肝脏中含量较高，而在脂肪和眼睛中含量最低；Mn在骨骼和肌肉中占比较高，在骨骼和尾鳍中含量较高，在眼睛和脂肪中含量较低；Se在肌肉、骨骼、皮肤和肝脏中占比较高，在脾脏、肝脏、肾脏和前肠中含量较高，在肌肉和脂肪中含量较低。研究表明，黄颡鱼体内含有丰富的矿物元素(Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn、Se)，而且在不同组织中具有不同的分布特征。研究采用ICP...     

应用PCR-DGGE和Q-PCR分析不同体重斑点叉尾 皮肤、鳃和胃肠道菌群结构

采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)和荧光定量-聚合酶链式反应(Q-PCR)技术分析高体重(high weight,HW)和低体重(low weight,LW)斑点叉尾(鮰)(Ietalurus punetaus)皮肤、鳃和胃肠道菌群多样性,为斑点叉尾(鮰)微生态研究及筛选斑点叉尾(鮰)源益生菌提供理论依据.结果显示,斑点叉尾(鮰)菌群丰富度由低到高依次为鳃、皮肤、前肠、后肠和胃.肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)和气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)是皮肤的优势菌群;肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)和肠球菌属(Enterococeus)是水体、鳃和胃的优势菌群;肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroidetes)、气单胞菌属Aeromonas)和酵母菌属(Saccharomyces)是肠道的优势菌群.HW斑点叉尾(鮰)鳃菌群的香农多样性指数、均匀度和丰富度及前肠菌群的丰富度显著高于LW斑点叉尾(鮰)(P＜0.05).皮肤的黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium),胃的肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae),前肠的拟杆菌属(Bacteroidetes)和双歧杆菌属(Bfidobacterium及后肠的拟杆菌属(Bacteroidetes)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)和酵母菌属(Saccharo-myces)的拷贝数分别是101 97、107.69、106.19、103.83、106.13、103.92和104 26,均显著高于LW斑点叉尾(鮰)(P＜0.05).结果表明,斑点叉尾(鮰)皮肤、鳃、胃肠道均形成独特的菌群结构,LW和HW斑点叉尾(鮰)菌群结构存在明显差异,HW斑点叉尾(鮰)菌群多样性增加.     

Aquatic food security: insights into challenges and solutions from an analysis of interactions between fisheries,aquaculture, food safety,human health,fish and human welfare,economy and environment

Fisheries and aquaculture production, imports, exports and equitability of distribution determine the supply of aquatic food to people. Aquatic food security is achieved when a food supply is sufficient, safe, sustainable, shockproof and sound: sufficient, to meet needs and preferences of people; safe, to provide nutritional benefit while posing minimal health risks; sustainable, to provide food now and for future generations; shock‐proof, to provide resilience to shocks in production systems and supply chains; and sound, to meet legal and ethical standards for welfare of animals, people and environment. Here, we present an integrated assessment of these elements of the aquatic food system in the United Kingdom, a system linked to dynamic global networks of producers, processors and markets. Our assessment addresses sufficiency of supply from aquaculture, fisheries and trade; safety of supply given biological, chemical and radiation hazards; social, economic and environmental sustainability of production systems and supply chains; system resilience to social, economic and environmental shocks; welfare of fish, people and environment; and the authenticity of food. Conventionally, these aspects of the food system are not assessed collectively, so information supporting our assessment is widely dispersed. Our assessment reveals trade‐offs and challenges in the food system that are easily overlooked in sectoral analyses of fisheries, aquaculture, health, medicine, human and fish welfare, safety and environment. We highlight potential benefits of an integrated, systematic and ongoing process to assess security of the aquatic food system and to predict impacts of social, economic and environmental change on food supply and demand.     

Evaluation of Bioelectric Impedance to Predict Carcass Yield, Carcass Composition, and Fillet Composition in Farm-Raised Catfish

Abstract.— Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) was evaluated as a method for predicting carcass yield, fat, and moisture in live channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (N = 20), and fat and moisture in fillets from channel catfish ( N = 20) and channel catfish female × blue catfish male, I. furcatus , hybrids ( N = 20). Fish were cultured in ponds, fed a commercial catfish diet (28% protein), and harvested at market weight (450 g-900 g, ∼19 months post-hatch). Live channel catfish were tranquilized, weighed, and sexed. Resistance and reactance were measured with a four-terminal impedance analyzer. Fish were then deheaded, eviscerated, weighed, and carcass yield was calculated. Fillets from channel catfish and channel catfish × blue catfish hybrids were measured for weight, resistance, and reactance. Carcasses and fillets were ground and fat and moisture were determined by chemical analysis. Regression models including total weight, resistance, and reactance as independent variables explained 71%, 75%, and 65% of the variation in carcass yield, fat, and moisture, respectively, in live fish. Regression models with fillet weight, resistance, and reactance as independent variables explained 62% and 41% of the variation in fillet fat and moisture, respectively, in channel catfish, and 53% and 58% of the variation in fillet fat and moisture, respectively, in channel catfish × blue catfish hybrids. Models including resistance and reactance explained significantly more variation in the traits measured than did models containing only whole weight as an independent variable. Improvements in prediction accuracy will be needed to make BIA a useful tool for predicting carcass yield, carcass composition, and fillet composition in farm-raised catfish.     

中国产细纹狮子鱼的骨学和肌肉学研究

本研究解剖了中国产细纹狮子鱼(Liparis tanakae)标本,并详细描述了该物种的骨骼系统、骨骼肌系统及相关神经,包括围眶骨、脑颅、颌骨、悬器和鳃盖骨、舌弓、鳃弓、肩带、腰带、中轴骨架和奇鳍支鳍骨、尾部骨架的10个部分骨骼,以及颊肌、脑颅与悬器-鳃盖骨间肌肉、头部腹面肌肉、鳃弓肌肉、胸鳍肌肉、腹鳍肌肉、奇鳍相关肌...     

pH、温度和盐度对单环刺螠消化酶和溶菌酶活力的影响

采用L25(56)正交试验法测定了不同pH(6、7、8、9、10)、温度(10、15、20、25、30℃)和盐度(15、20、25、30、35)对体质量为(71.2±8.5)g的单环刺螠肠蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力的影响,以及不同盐度对单环刺螠血液溶菌酶活力的影响。试验结果表明,单环刺螠肠消化酶活力的最适环境条件分别为,蛋白酶:pH 8、温度30℃、盐度35;淀粉酶:pH 9、温度25℃、盐度25;纤维素酶:pH6、温度30℃、盐度35;脂肪酶:pH 6、温度25℃、盐度30。盐度15和20两组单环刺螠血液溶菌酶活力均先降后升再降,而盐度30和35两组则先升后降。至处理第4d,各试验组溶菌酶活力依次为:盐度3025352015,盐度15和20两组溶菌酶活力显著低于盐度较高试验组(P0.05)。盐度25~35、pH 6~9为单环刺螠适宜的环境条件,高温(25~30℃)下其消化酶活力较高,而低盐度(15~20)下其消化酶活力和免疫能力明显降低。     

Modern technologies and integrated observing systems are “instrumental” to fisheries oceanography: A brief history of ocean data collection

Interdisciplinary data fuel fisheries oceanography research and the ecosystem-based approaches to management and sustainable development it informs. Underlying this is a distributed ocean observing framework that is integrated, interoperable, interactive, and accessible. In recognition of the 30th anniversary of Fisheries Oceanography the journal, this paper reviews the evolution of observing instruments and platforms used in contemporary fisheries oceanography the science. Illustrated with personal anecdotes, past efforts to create or adopt observing technologies, and examples of their use in research, this highlights the spectrum of instruments, systems, and programs used to survey and monitor ocean ecosystems. Modern ocean observing systems are complex and varied, reflecting the range and diversity of data required by fisheries oceanographers. These systems require a large and ongoing investment and an interdisciplinary community of scientists, engineers, and technicians to design, build, install, operate, and maintain them. Common themes emerge from a review of past successful instrument R&D and deployments. It is a highly collaborative, integrative, and iterative process. Most systems are the result of vision, planning, and perseverance, backed by careful calibration and intercomparison. Long-term support is essential; public–private partnerships that leverage funding, technology, and infrastructure are critical. Sustaining long time series for monitoring population and ecosystem change and to support fisheries oceanography research is a priority. Future areas of focus include continuously innovating and updating technologies, implementing a backbone of core observations, and maintaining a nimble infrastructure and R&D capacity to seize new opportunities and address emerging challenges.     

Influence of recooking on volatile and non-volatile compounds found in silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Volatile and non-volatile compounds, which contribute to flavor in raw fish, were compared in raw, cooked and recooked silver carp. In total, 20, 34 and 34 volatile compounds, including aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons and heterocyclic compounds, were identified in raw, cooked and recooked samples, respectively. Cooking the samples resulted in a significant increase in volatile compounds and the formation of new aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons and heterocyclic compounds. In addition, the content of free amino acids (FAA) decreased dramatically, and the amount of nucleotides and small peptides significantly changed. With recooking of the samples, the levels of most of the volatile compounds decreased significantly, and there was a substantial change in nucleotides and small peptides. However, the effect of recooking on FAA was not observable.     

美国疏浚物有益利用概述

从研究与教育、用途与工艺、体制与环保和资金来源等角度,介绍了美国疏浚物有益利用及其管理现状。美国的疏浚和疏浚物管理,不仅在工程层面享有技术指导,还在体制层面遵循相应的规范和享受一定的便利,呈现全面、联系和综合的特色。在“工程顺应自然”倡议指导下,美国的疏浚工程旨在保障和提升通航能力的同时,依托疏浚物有益利用进行生态保护、改善或修复,进而实现环境、社会和经济的可持续综合效益。可借鉴美国的相关技术、管理与指导理念,结合国内研究进展与相关经验,依托与水工程生态学等生态环保领域的积极合作,完善我国的疏浚与疏浚物管理体系与“工法自然”方法。     

Bioaccumulation and distribution of trace elements in tissues of giant river prawn <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrobrachium rosenbergii</Emphasis> (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from South Vietnam

ABSTRACT:   Accumulation profiles of 22 trace elements in abdominal muscle, abdominal exoskeleton and the hepatopancreas of the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii were analyzed. The giant river prawn is an indigenous freshwater species from South Vietnam, and is cultured commercially and fished in the wild. Samples were collected from Ho Chi Minh City and the surrounding area (SKEZ, South Key Economic Zone), and from the Mekong River Delta between 2003 and 2005. Highest accumulations of essential (Cu, Se and Mo) and toxic (As, Ag, Cd and Hg) elements were observed in hepatopancreatic tissue, except for Mn, Sr, Sn, Ba and V in the exoskeleton and Rb and Cs in muscle tissue. Spatial differences showed concentrations of Cs and Pb in muscle and Sr in exoskeletons from the SKEZ were higher than those from the Mekong River Delta. The opposite trend was observed for Cr, Se and Sb in muscle, Mo, Sb and Tl in exoskeleton, and Se, Hg, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl and Bi in the hepatopancreas. These differences in trace element concentrations in prawns likely reflect differences in industrialization and human activities between the two regions of South Vietnam.