Concentrations of trace elements in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Meretrix</Emphasis> spp. (Mollusca: Bivalva) along the coasts of Vietnam

The dominant coastal bivalve in Vietnam, hard clams Meretrix spp., collected from the South Key Economic Zone (SKEZ), the Mekong River Delta, and the Central Coastal Zone (CCZ) were analyzed for 21 trace elements. Comparison of the results from the three regions indicated that levels of most of the trace elements, especially As, Mo, Sn, and Pb, were highest in the samples collected from the CCZ, whereas most of the trace elements were found to be present at relatively low levels in samples from the SKEZ. The high concentrations of these trace elements in the CCZ, a sparsely populated region with less human activity than the other two regions, were believed to have originated from industrial waste produced in a shipyard. Although the trace element concentrations in the bivalves were within safe levels for human-consumption criteria reported by the United State Food and Drug Administration and the European Commission, estimation of cancer risk based on As concentration indicates that the hard clams from the CCZ pose a high risk to consumers. Thus, the industrial waste produced in the less densely populated region might increase the health risk to consumers via the contamination of bivalves commonly used as food.     

Trace elements in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anadara</Emphasis> spp. (Mollusca: Bivalva) collected along the coast of Vietnam,with emphasis on regional differences and human health risk assessment

This study measured concentrations of 21 trace elements in whole soft tissue of the blood cockle Anadara spp., which is a common food for local people, collected along the coast of Vietnam. Results showed that concentrations of As, Sr, Mo, Sn, and Pb in cockles collected from Khanh Hoa Province in the Central Coastal Zone (CCZ) had higher values than those from the other regions, while cockles collected from the Mekong River Delta (MRD) showed the highest concentrations of Hg. Regional differences in trace element concentrations of the cockle may be due to differences in human activities, i.e., shipyards in the CCZ and agriculture in the MRD. Trace element concentrations measured in the soft tissues of blood cockles investigated here were within safe levels for human consumption following criteria by the European Commission (EC) and the United States Food and Drug Agency, but several specimens had Cd levels exceeding the EC guidelines of 1 μg/g wet weight. The estimated target hazard quotients for trace elements via consuming bivalves were <1, indicating that the cumulative noncarcinogenic risk was completely insignificant. However, the estimated target cancer risk values by assumed inorganic As concentrations seem to implicate consumption of these cockles as posing potential human health concerns.     

Current status of freshwater prawn culture in Vietnam and the development and transfer of seed production technology

ABSTRACT:   In Vietnam, the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii is becoming an increasingly important targeted species, as its culture, especially in rice fields, is considered to have the potential to raise income among impoverished farmers. The production of M. rosenbergii based on aquaculture reached over 10 000 tons per year in 2002, having increased from about 2500 tons since the 1990s. Until recently, lack of a stable supply of seed had been an important obstacle to the further expansion and development of M. rosenbergii culture, but cumulative research on larval rearing, especially in the 1990s, has led to the development of new seed production technology based on the 'modified stagnant green water system'. Following its dissemination by the efforts of provincial authorities, hatchery operators, and farmers, the freshwater prawn seed production industry developed rapidly in the Mekong Delta with over 90 hatcheries producing 76.5 million postlarvae in 2003. This is considered to have affected the expansion of rice–prawn farming in the Mekong Delta, leading to increased aquacultural production in the region. This paper reviews the current status of freshwater prawn culture in Vietnam and background history, and presents a socioeconomic evaluation of seed production technology implementation.     

Current status of farming practices of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Aquaculture of catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage), locally known as “ca tra”, and commonly referred to as striped catfish, river catfish and sutchi catfish, in Vietnam, having recorded a production of 683,000 tonnes in 2007, valued at about 645 million US$ is one of the largest single species based farming system, restricted to a small geographical area, in the world. The product is almost totally exported to over 100 countries as frozen fillets, as an acceptable alternative to white fish. Catfish is farmed mostly in earthen ponds, up to 4 m deep, in nine provinces in the Mekong Delta in South Vietnam. The results of the grow-out system of catfish farming in the Mekong Delta from a survey of 89 farms are presented. The farm size ranged from 0.2 to 30 ha with a mean of 4.09 ha. The frequency distribution of the yield in tonne/ha/crop and tonne/ML/crop corresponded to a normal distribution curve, where 75% of the farms yielded 300 tonnes/ha/crop or more. It was found that the yield per crop was significantly correlated (p < 0.05) to stocking density, pond depth and volume but not to pond surface area. Yields per crop was significantly different (p < 0.05) between upper and lower provinces of the Mekong Delta and water source (river versus channels), amongst others. It was evident that diseases and/or symptoms were observed to occur mostly in accordance with the onset of rains. In this paper the history of the catfish farming in the Mekong Delta is briefly traced, and current harvesting and marketing procedures as well as pertinent social elements of the farming community are dealt with.     

Osmoregulatory and immunological status of the pond-raised striped catfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pangasianodon hypophthalmus</Emphasis> S.) as affected by seasonal runoff and salinity changes in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

In Vietnam, the production of striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus S. reached more than 1.2 millions of tons in 2014 and is mainly gathered in the Mekong Delta (South Vietnam). A survey was carried out during the dry season 2013 (March–April) and rainy season 2014 (July–August) in 12 fish farms of the lower (Tra Vinh Province) and higher (Can Tho Province) Mekong River Delta. This study allowed drawing up current key osmoregulatory and innate immune parameters of striped catfish in aquaculture depending on the geographical location, particularly the proximity to the River Mekong Estuary and the seasonal surface runoff. In the dry season, plasma osmolality was positively correlated with salinity. Gill Na⁺K⁺ ATPase dropped in the rainy season, while kidney Na⁺K⁺ ATPase remained stable. Abundance of immune blood cells, especially thrombocytes and monocytes, tended to increase in farms located in tidal area. Production of reactive oxygen species in the spleen, kidney lysozyme activity and plasma complement activity did not vary whatever the season or the proximity to the estuary. Plasma lysozyme activity was 50-fold higher than in kidney and increased in the rainy season as well as in tidal sites. Kidney complement activity decreased in the dry season, especially in tidal sites. In conclusion, regarding key osmoregulatory and immune factors, striped catfish farms located in the Mekong Delta may be affected by seasonal and regional salinity and runoff fluctuations.     

长江水系3个湖泊中华绒蟹形态及元素“指纹”特征

以江苏省长江水系3个不同湖泊(太湖、石臼湖和固城湖)产中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)群体为研究对象,分别对其进行形态学和元素"指纹"特征的比较研究。基于16个组形态数据的框架测量及相应的逐步判别分析结果表明,虽然太湖、石臼湖和固城湖产中华绒螯蟹3群体之间在形态学上存在一定的差异,且判别准确率分别为70%、90%和80%,但其差异程度尚未达到能够有效区分3个群体的水平。统一使用中华绒螯蟹第三步足作为标准试样,应用电感耦合等离子质谱仪测定了其中21种元素的含量和分布特征,其中Cr、Co、As、Se、Cd、Pb、Tl、Ag、Mo、Ni未检出。与形态判别结果不同的是,3湖泊产中华绒螯蟹第三步足元素含量和分布的总体差异极为显著,太湖、石臼湖和固城湖产中华绒螯蟹的判别准确率分别高达100%、80%和100%。这表明本研究所尝试的中华绒螯蟹第三步足元素"指纹"分析判别方法具有有效区别不同产地中华绒螯蟹的潜力。     

Protective effects of dietary selenium on abalone Haliotis discus hannai against the toxicity of waterborne cadmium

This study was conducted to investigate protective effects of dietary selenium (Se) on abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino against the toxicity of cadmium (Cd). A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted with abalone (initial weight: 3.17 ± 0.01 g), which were exposed to 0.34 mg/L of waterborne Cd. During a feeding trial, abalone were fed graded levels of Se at 0.10 (controls), 1.31, and 4.20 mg/kg diet respectively. Results showed that there was no significant difference in specific growth rate and survival rate of abalone among the three treatments. Compared with the controls, dietary Se significantly decreased Cd concentrations in serum, muscle, mantle, gill, mantle, and hepatopancreas of abalone. Besides, compared with the controls, dietary Se significantly increased metallothionein concentration in the hepatopancreas of abalone. Additionally, compared with the controls, dietary Se significantly decreased concentrations of malondiadehyde and protein carbonyl in hepatopancreas of abalone. Meanwhile, compared with the controls, dietary Se significantly increased activities of glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase, and thioredoxin peroxidase, and concentration of glutathione in the hepatopancreas of abalone. Based on the data above, in abalone, dietary Se showed protective effects against waterborne Cd.     

滨海型盐碱水域杂交青虾“太湖1号”肌肉营养成分分析

为研究杂交青虾"太湖1号"在滨海型盐碱水域养殖条件下的营养特点,采用常规生化成分测定法测定了该杂交青虾肌肉中的营养成分,并与野生青虾的肌肉营养成分进行比较。结果显示:杂交青虾肌肉(鲜重)中蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、水分的含量分别为16.774%、0.927%、1.173%、81.367%;肌肉中共检测出18种氨基酸(总量为85.680%,干重),其中8种必需氨基酸占31.024%;肌肉中含12种脂肪酸,其中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)与二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量较高,两者含量之和为1.247%,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量为1.753%;矿物元素种类丰富,常量元素中,钾含量最高(12.420 mg/g),微量元素中,锌含量最高(59.673μg/g)。研究发现,杂交青虾"太湖1号"蛋白含量显著低于野生青虾(P0.05),脂肪、EPA+DHA含量极显著高于野生青虾(P0.01),氨基酸总量、非必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量与野生青虾无显著差异(P0.05),必需氨基酸总量显著低于野生青虾(P0.05),但两者氨基酸结构均符合FAO/WHO的标准要求。研究表明:滨海型盐碱水域养殖条件下的杂交青虾"太湖1号"氨基酸组成平衡,微量元素丰富,具有较高的营养价值。     

外源Fe~(3+)诱导罗氏沼虾铁蛋白mRNA的表达

探讨铁蛋白ferritin基因在罗氏沼虾中的组织表达分布及外源Fe3+对ferritin mRNA表达的影响。通过RT-PCR表明,ferritin mRNA在罗氏沼虾精巢、卵巢、肌肉、心脏、中肠腺和血淋巴中均有表达;荧光定量PCR结果证实了ferritin mRNA在中肠腺中表达量最高,其次是精巢。对罗氏沼虾进行FeCl3溶液肌肉注射后,荧光定量PCR结果表明,肌肉中ferritin mRNA表达量在注射后3 h增加了61倍,高水平的表达一直维持到8 h,随后在12 h表达量急剧地下降;卵巢中ferritin mRNA表达量在3 h有近4倍显著增加,在注射后48 h内一直维持在较高水平;心脏ferritin mRNA表达量在24 h后增加了8倍,48 h后表达量开始下降;在血淋巴、中肠腺和精巢注射前后均未发现有显著性差异(P>0.05)。以上实验结果表明,外源Fe3+可以诱导罗氏沼虾铁蛋白mRNA的表达。     

Current status & prospects of farming the giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man 1879) in Thailand

Thailand was second only to P.R.China in annual production of giant river prawn. This article briefly describes the seed production of giant river prawn technology in Thailand and notes that broodstock management has paid scant attention to genetic issues. There are, however, ongoing selective breeding programmes on giant river prawn aimed to improve growth and disease resistance. In the conventional culture technology, postlarvae are stocked at a high density and prawns are harvested partially. The cropping period is long and the practice has led to disease outbreaks and deteriorated pond bottoms that result in frequent detection of antibiotic residue. The improved culture technology involves manual sexing of the prawns at 3 months and restocking only the male prawns into new ponds at low density. The technique gives higher yield and reduces incidence of disease and thus the need for prophylactics. The constraints to giant river prawn culture business in Thailand include low yield and a limited export market. The article describes three ways to expand and sustain the business of giant river prawn farming in the country: development of more genetically improved strains; culture of all‐male stock, and new culture techniques.     

The effects of dietary lipid sources and lecithin on the production of giant freshwater prawn <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrobrachium rosenbergii</Emphasis> larvae in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam

The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is cultured widely in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam but it is often difficult or expensive for hatchery operators to purchase commercial diets used as a feeding supplement to Artemia nauplii. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of lipid sources and lecithin on the growth and survival rate of M. rosenbergii larvae were examined in order to develop suitable hand-prepared larval diets for seed production of M. rosenbergii in this area. Six egg custard diets consisting of various ratios of lipid (originating from soybean oil and squid oil) and lecithin were used for rearing Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae. Treatments in which larvae were fed diets containing squid oil exhibited the highest body length and survival rates (7.14–7.43 mm and 51.1–68.1%, respectively), and differed significantly from other treatments (P<0.05). Use of dietary soybean oil yielded the lowest body length and survival rates (6.29–6.75 mm and 22.0–48.7%), respectively). The supplementation of dietary lecithin did not increase final body weight but did improve larval survival rates. The n-3 HUFA content of prawns fed dietary squid oil was higher than those of animals provided with other diets. These results indicated that the most appropriate diet for rearing M. rosenbergii larvae is the diet containing 3% squid oil and 1.5% lecithin.     

Movements of immature hatchery-reared Mekong giant catfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pangasianodon gigas</Emphasis> released in the Mekong River,measured using acoustic telemetry

Twenty-eight immature hatchery-reared Mekong giant catfish Pangasianodon gigas tagged with acoustic transmitters were released in the Mekong River, Thailand from 2002 to 2004. Twenty-four and four fish were tagged with normal transmitters and pressure-sensitive transmitters, respectively. Five to seven automated monitoring receivers were used for monitoring the post-release movements. The tagged catfish could be detected for up to 97 days, the first detection taking place at the release point, where the fish remained for several days. Sixteen tagged fish (57%) were not detected at any later point. These fish may have passed along the opposite (Laos) side of the river without notice because the width of the river was larger than the detection range of the transmitter. The remaining 12 tagged fish (43%) could be detected by the receivers installed, excluding the release point receiver. Of these 12 tagged fish, six showed long-distance (30–80 km) upstream movements and one long-distance (50 km) downstream movement. These seven fish (25%) were detected only during the daytime, suggesting that the Mekong giant catfish is diurnal.     

脊尾白虾甘露糖结合凝集素(MBL)基因在抗镉胁迫中的生物学功能分析

为研究Cd2+胁迫下脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)甘露糖集合凝集素(MBL)在肝胰腺中表达量的变化特征，本研究利用重金属镉(Cd2+)对脊尾白虾进行96 h急性毒性实验。实验共设置5组Cd2+浓度胁迫(0、0.01、0.0175、0.021和0.0278 mmol/L)，分别在Cd2+胁迫后0、3、6、12、24、48、72和96 h共8个时间点取样。实时荧光定量结果显示，高浓度Cd2+(0.0175、0.021和0.0278 mmol/L)胁迫下，脊尾白虾MBL基因的表达量先呈上升趋势，在72 h达到峰值后随后下降，但各时间点表达量均与对照组存在显著性差异(P<0.01)；Cd2+浓度为0.01 mmol/L时，脊尾白虾MBL基因的表达量整体呈下降趋势。进一步采用RNA技术干扰该基因表达后，发现Cd2+胁迫后的脊尾白虾个体死亡率显著增加。本研究表明，脊尾白虾MBL在应答Cd2+胁迫过程中可对机体起到一定的保护作用。     

中华绒螯蟹外骨骼矿化期肝胰腺脂代谢与钙离子的相关性

外骨骼矿化不仅是甲壳动物蜕壳过程中的关键环节,而且还关系到甲壳动物蜕壳后的成活和生产效益。虽然已经知道外骨骼矿化期虾蟹类体内钙离子及营养物质发生了变化,但外骨骼矿化期虾蟹类脂代谢特点及与钙离子的关系还未知。因此,本研究以中华绒螯蟹为研究对象,选择蜕壳前期(Premolt stage, D期)和蜕壳后期(Postmolt stage, A-B期)实验蟹各6只,比较两个时期不同组织离子和营养物质变化情况,并进一步通过转录组学分析肝胰腺中营养物质代谢特点。结果表明,蜕壳后期肝胰腺和血淋巴钙离子含量显著降低(P < 0.05),而蜕壳后期附肢肌肉中钙离子的含量则显著升高(P < 0.05),蜕壳后期肝胰腺中钙磷比极显著降低(P < 0.001),附肢肌肉钙磷比与之呈相反的趋势。与蜕壳前期相比,蜕壳后期肝胰腺蛋白质和葡萄糖含量均无显著变化(P > 0.05),而肝胰腺中甘油三酯含量则极显著降低(P < 0.001),肝胰腺甘油三酯和钙离子呈极显著的相关性(P < 0.001)。通过转录组学分析,发现肝胰腺脂代谢相关差异基因113个,89个为上调基因,24个为下调基因。这些差异基因主要富集在类固醇激素合成、甘油酯代谢、脂肪酸分解代谢、甘油磷脂代谢和亚油酸代谢。综上可知,中华绒螯蟹外骨骼矿化过程中,肝胰腺中储存的钙离子被运送至肌肉组织用于新表皮的矿化,该过程和肝胰腺甘油三酯相关;甘油三酯可能被分解为外骨骼矿化提供了能量或者物质基础,以及参与类固醇类激素的合成作用于外骨骼的矿化。     

复方中草药对青虾肌肉和肝胰脏中几种非特异性免疫因子的影响

以青虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)为试验对象,研究了复方中草药对其肌肉和肝胰脏中几种非特异性免疫因子的影响。结果显示:投喂添加复方中草药的饲料60 d后,与对照组相比,青虾肌肉和肝胰脏中溶菌活性、抗菌活性、酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性变化不明显(P>0.05)。肌肉中的血凝活性敏感度低以至无法测出,肝胰脏中的血凝活性试验饲料组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。肌肉和肝胰脏中的酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),说明复方中草药对增强青虾免疫活性具有一定的作用。     

Evidence of rapid transfer and bioaccumulation of Microcystin‐LR poses potential risk to freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Microcystins accumulate in aquatic organisms and can be transferred to higher trophic levels, eventually affecting vector animals and consumers. We examined three levels of an aquatic food chain (Microcystis aeruginosa, Daphnia magna and Macrobrachium rosenbergii) to identify the transfer efficiency and risk of microcystin on prawns. Samples were analysed using ultra performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (MS)/MS and microcystin‐LR (MC‐LR) distributions in prawn tissues were studied. The results showed that prawns accumulate MC‐LR both directly from M. aeruginosa and indirectly through D. magna which was pre‐exposed to M. aeruginosa. MC‐LR was detected in the gills, digestive tracts and hepatopancreas of the prawns 2 h after exposure. MC‐LR accumulated in prawns to 0.49 ± 0.04 μg g^?1 dry weight in hepatopancreas within 24 h, while it was not detected in muscle samples, and rarely appeared in blood samples in such a short period. Although MC‐LR was not detected in muscle, the head including hepatopancreas of the prawns accumulated troublesome amounts of MC‐LR. These results demonstrate that microcystis blooms in prawn farming potentially pose a risk to human consumers, although prawns may be exposed to the bloom for a very short time, hence regular monitoring of blue green algae population is recommended.     

Global scale of freshwater prawn farming

In welcoming participants to Giant Prawn 2011, the authors briefly review the current scale of this component of global aquaculture. The expansion of freshwater prawn farming over the 30 years since the first global conference on this topic [Giant Prawn 1980 (GP1980)] is examined. At the time of GP1980, the output of farmed giant river prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) was <3000 t. Almost three decades later (2009) the total annual aquaculture production of all species of freshwater prawns had risen to almost 444 000 t, with a value of US$2.2 billion. The farmed production of M. rosenbergii constituted 51.7% of the global total, while the oriental river prawn M. nipponense (reared totally in China) contributed 47.2%. The contribution of the monsoon river prawn M. malcolmsonii remains quite small so far, and does not show in the above percentages because no recent FAO data are available for this species. In 2007, however, the latter species contributed 1.0% of the total global production of freshwater prawns. The major freshwater prawn producing countries are in Asia (e.g. Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam) but Macrobrachium spp. are also farmed in other continents.     

牙鲆肌肉中微量元素的测定

以微波消解样品，利用石墨炉法原子吸收光谱法测定了牙鲆肌肉中的铅、镉、砷、硒、铜、铬、锰、镍、钻、锡等十种微量元素的含量。结果表明此方法简便、精密度和灵敏度高。牙鲆肌肉中铬、铜、锰和硒的含量分别可达1．096μg／g、0．613μg／g、0．347μg／g和0．199μg／g，提示牙鲆肌肉中各种有益微量元素含量较高，而有害微量元素砷、铅、镉等的含量均较低，分别仅为0．083μg／g、0．097μg／g和0．010μg／g。因此，牙鲆肌肉是人类微量元素的良好来源。     

River pen culture of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) in southern Vietnam

A technical and socio‐economic survey conducted in the Dong Thap province of Vietnam to assess the current status of river pen culture of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) showed that pen culture, which has been developed and operated by farmers' indigenous knowledge, requires more study in order to optimize stocking density and to assess its environmental impacts. In this study, the prawn pens were of rectangular shape, with an average size of 209 m². Prawns were stocked in June at an average density of 62 pieces m^?2 and fed on farm‐made feed and were harvested 2–4 times starting from 4 months after stocking until late December or the following January. The average prawn yield was 0.52 kg m^?2 year^?1, ranging from 0.14 to 1.6 kg m^?2 year^?1. The average net return was US$0.71 m^?2 year^?1, ranging from US$1.24 to 4.37 m^?2 year^?1. About 73% of the farmers achieved positive net returns. The top five constraints for prawn pen culture were lack of knowledge of culture technologies, poor water quality, disease problems, poor quality of wild seed and lack of capital. Almost all farmers have no environmental awareness, and environmental regulations for prawn pen culture have not been established. Field measurements showed that all measured water quality parameters were within the range for good growth of giant freshwater prawns, and indicated that there was no significant accumulation of nutrients and organic matter at the bottoms of rivers or canals.     

The On-Farm Trials of the Rotational Prawn-Rice Farming in a Semi-Deep Water Area

ABSTRACT

The on-farm trials of rotational rice-prawn farming in a semi-deep water area in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam was carried out in six rice fields (0.7–1.0 ha) to evaluate the production and economic efficiency of using low and high cost feed on prawn culture in paddies at different densities. Two stocking densities of 4 and 5 PL/m² were investigated. Two treatments of feed types (pellets only or a combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat) were applied at stocking 4 PL/m². At the treatment of 5 PL/m², prawns were fed a combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat. Prawns were stocked in the mid-April and harvested in mid‐November before the next dry season rice crop. Rice farming was started 3 to 5 days after prawn harvesting. By cull harvesting during the culture period, final mean weights of prawn ranged from 47.2 to 57.2 g/prawn and the male:female ratio at harvesting was 2.5:1.0. The prawn yield of treatment 5 PL/m² was highest (630 ± 22 kg/ha). Net profits in treatments using the combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat were 861 ± 193 US$/ha to 1,019 ± 25 US$/ha for the prawn crop and 1,393 ± 71 US$/ha to 1,576 ± 180 US$/ha for the whole system (prawn crop + dry rice crop) and significantly higher than in treatment using pellet only (P < 0.05). Prawns fed on pellets or a combination of pellets and snail meat both offer similar results in terms of production and economics. The dry rice crop offered high cost benefit ratio (2.29–2.33) with low operating cost (414–434 USD/ha) and it made a better use in sustainable rice fields through the rotational rice-prawn system.