海马齿对海水养殖系统中氮、磷的移除效果研究

大量的外源性饵料和排泄物使海水养殖水体N、P以及有机物大量增加,导致水质恶化,是制约海水养殖业发展的主要因素。通过构建海马齿面积比为3∶2盐度为15的A、B 2组浮床海水养殖系统,以检验海马齿的N、P移除能力。结果显示,当海马齿处于生长启动期,A组和B组的水质指标与对照组之间无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;但当海马齿生长...     

东山湾海马齿生态浮床原位修复效果研究

针对规模化网箱养殖的自身污染问题,在东山湾八尺门鱼类养殖海区开展海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)生态浮床原位修复研究。经过一年的生长,八尺门修复区海马齿平均茎长1.28 m,平均根须长0.52 m,生物量达152.5×10~3 g/m~2,通过生长吸收对C、N、P的积累量分别为5 214.0、378.5、22.9 g/m~2。经过两年的原位修复,浮床修复区海水的DO比对照区高11.9%;浮床对石油类、悬浮物和COD的去除率分别为42.3%、14.9%和10.0%,对TN的去除率为11.7%,对NH_4-N、NO_3-N和PO_4-P的去除率分别为19.9%、16.4%和9.2%;由于海水的流动性和影响因素的复杂性,浮床对TOC、NO_2-N和TP的去除效果不理想。综上,海马齿生态浮床能够在一定程度上改善修复区海水水质,减轻网箱养殖水体的营养负荷。     

水生植物种类及覆盖率水质净化效果研究

为探究不同水生植物种类及浮床覆盖率对水体的净化效果，将轮叶黑藻、空心菜、鸢尾、生菜、香菇草、香蒲和水芹等7种水生植物100 g固定于长108 cm、宽60 cm、高65 cm塑料桶中的20 cm×30 cm浮床上，轮叶黑藻直接浸泡在水中。试验用水来自水产养殖池塘，盐度4.5。每个水箱均曝气、盖上透光塑料板。另在9个面积约6670 m²的养殖池塘中设置2.0 m×4.0 m的PVC管结构生态浮床，按照2.5%、5.0%和10.0%覆盖率布设空心菜，不同时间分析各水生植物对主要水质指标去除率。试验结果显示：空心菜对总氮、总磷和化学需氧量净化效果最佳，轮叶黑藻对氨氮和硝态氮净化效果最佳。主成分分析结果表明，空心菜对水体的综合净化效果最强，之后依次是鸢尾、香蒲、香菇草、轮叶黑藻、水芹和生菜。30 d后，不同浮床覆盖率总氮、总磷、氨氮、硝态氮和化学需氧量含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),其中10.0%覆盖率组含量最低。因此，种植空心菜可显著降低养殖水体富营养化水平，改善水质。空心菜浮床覆盖率越高，水体中总氮、总磷、氨氮、硝态氮和化学需氧量等指标去除率越高，推荐的浮...     

广西工厂化循环水养殖石斑鱼水质处理效果

通过集成海水养鱼、生化处理、设施工程、环境工程、电器自控和水质监控等技术,建立一套适合广西地区应用的工厂化循环水石斑鱼养殖系统。该养殖系统处理流程为:鱼池→沉淀池→蛋白质分离器→生物滤池→海马齿浮床→紫外杀菌,生物滤池包括A、B、C三个通道,A、B通道均由珊瑚石作为一、二级生物过滤和生化球作为三级过滤,C通道由珊瑚石作为一级过滤和椰子壳碎作为二、三级过滤。结果显示:沉淀池处理可以显著降低鱼池的COD,氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮和磷酸盐的质量浓度(P<0.05);经海马齿浮床系统处理后,硝酸盐氮质量浓度显著低于沉淀池、蛋白质分离器处理池、生物滤池A、B通道(P<0.05);整体上,C通道水质指标略低于A、B通道,但差异不明显(P>0.05)。该研究结果可为广西沿海发展循环水养殖技术以及养殖生产方式转变提供可靠的科学数据和技术参考。     

池塘鱼箱集约高效养殖系统水处理模式设计及效果分析

随着淡水养殖集约化程度的提高,水体氨氮和亚硝态氮等有毒物质浓度随之升高,严重危害了养殖对象的生长。因此,水体氨态氮及亚硝态氮的控制成为水质控制的关键。本文针对集约化养殖条件下的养殖水处理在天津市水产研究所淡水试验站进行了生物膜法和生态浮床净化法处理池塘养殖用水的实验。结果表明:生物膜法和生态浮床净化法都能有效去除池塘水体氨态氮及亚硝态氮,如果不使用水生植物,则每生产1t鱼需设置6.76m2的生物包。     

闭合循环水产养殖-植物水栽培综合生产系统的工艺设计及运行效果

闭合循环水产养殖-植物水栽培综合生产系统主要由鱼类养殖池、蔬菜和花卉水培渠、循环水处理系统构成,是一种新型"养殖-种植-水质净化"生产模式。在上海市青浦区的实践表明:①单位水体红罗非鱼(Tilapiamossambica(♀)×Tilapianilotica(♂))和暗纹东方(Fuguobscurus)的产量分别达到58kg·m-3和12.28kg·m-3,养殖期间,氨氮浓度<1.5mg·L-1,亚硝氮浓度<0.8mg·L-1,DO>5.0mg·L-1;②水栽培蔬菜生长良好,对氨氮、亚硝氮、硝氮、总氮、磷酸盐和COD的最大去除率分别为57.46%、51.72%、3.7%、10.67%、9.72%和21.78%,水培蔬菜渠进水和出水的平均N/P分别为6.60∶1和6.53∶1;③生物过滤器对流经水体的NH 4 N、NO-2 N、COD一次性去除率分别为44.79%、20.31%、20.10%;④泡沫分离—臭氧消毒装置对养殖水体中异养细菌的去除率为93.58%,NH 4 N、NO-2 N的去除率为39.00%、38.10%,能明显提高水体中的pH和DO。     

淡水养殖池中亚硝酸盐转化措施

<正>养殖水质的好坏,主要看以下几个水质指标:氨态氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮、pH值、化学耗氧量、硫化氢等七个指标。水产养殖水体中,如何让含氮有机物进行有效的转化,以确保养殖水质维持良好,是养殖成功的关键之一。养殖水体中的含氮有机物,在水体中先转为氨态氮,再转为亚硝态氮,最后为硝态氮。转化过程中,从含氮有机物到氨氮需要的时间不长,从氨态氮到亚硝酸盐的时间较短,但亚硝酸盐的转化时间比较长,这是养殖水体中亚硝酸盐高的主要原因。     

多级生物净化在封闭循环水养殖系统中的水质调控效果

采用逐月采样的方法研究了多级生物净化措施,即在封闭循环水养殖系统的动力水渠浮床培植多种水生经济植物、构建固定微生物膜和养殖贝类,在沉淀池和净化池放养滤食性鱼类,建立芦苇人工湿地,对养殖系统中无机营养盐和有机质含量与分布的影响。试验结果表明,养殖水体经多级生物净化处理后能够循环使用,水体碱度和硬度轻微降低,除磷酸盐含量上升5.4%外,硝态氮、亚硝态氮、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为27.7%、44.0%、26.0%、42.0%和15.7%;浮游植物和浮游动物生物量分别下降31.4%和20.1%;浮游植物生物多样性指数增加,种类组成明显好转,蓝藻生物量和优势度指数明显降低,硅藻和绿藻继而成为优势种群,凡纳滨对虾平均产量达11 250kg/hm~2,最高产量达15 000kg/hm~2,提高了经济效益和生态效益。     

水蕹菜浮床对盐碱地池塘水质与中华绒螯蟹生长的影响

2015年6—9月,在黄河三角洲盐碱地池塘开展了"中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)—水蕹菜"复合种养模式试验。基于水蕹菜浮床的覆盖率,设计3个处理组:0%浮床(对照组)、5%浮床和10%浮床,并定期监测试验池塘水质和中华绒螯蟹生长状况。结果显示:10%浮床组碱度、总氮、总磷、氨氮、硝酸盐氮和高猛酸盐指数明显低于对照组,溶氧、pH和电导率显著高于对照组;5%浮床组浊度显著低于对照组,10%浮床组浊度低于对照组,但与对照组之间无显著性差异。总体而言,10%浮床组的水质状况优于5%浮床组,显著优于对照组。10%浮床组的中华绒螯蟹壳宽和体重增长率明显高于对照组,其特定生长率显著高于5%浮床组,但与对照组无显著性差异;各处理组之间中华绒螯蟹产量和成活率均不存在显著的差异。10%浮床组水蕹菜产量显著高于5%浮床组。结果表明:在黄河三角洲中华绒螯蟹养殖中,应用10%水蕹菜浮床对改善水质、促进中华绒螯蟹生长具有一定的作用。     

水浮莲对水产养殖排放水体净化的初步研究

研究了水浮莲(Pistia stratiotes)在可控条件下对水产养殖排放污水中的氨氮、亚硝酸氮、硝酸氮、总氮、总磷、化学耗氧量等水质指标的去除效果。试验结果表明,水浮莲对水体中的氨氮、亚硝酸氮、硝酸氮、总氮、总磷和COD均有一定的净化效果,各水质指标的含量均有不同程度的降低,其最大去除率分别为42.4%、47.5%、23.2%、5.80%、51.5%和25.9%。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。