青虾冷休克蛋白Y-box编码基因的cDNA全长克隆与表达分析

为研究冷休克蛋白Y-box基因在青虾应答环境胁迫过程中所起的调控作用,实验应用RACE PCR技术首次克隆了青虾的冷休克蛋白Y-box基因全长c DNA序列,并利用在线软件对其序列特征进行生物信息学分析;采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对其在青虾不同组织及环境胁迫过程中的表达变化特征进行分析。青虾冷休克蛋白Y-box基因c DNA全长1501 bp,包括84 bp的5′末端非翻译区(UTR),876 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),541 bp的3′UTR,开放阅读框编码291个氨基酸。氨基酸相似度比对显示,青虾冷休克蛋白Y-box基因富含高度保守的冷休克结构域。系统进化树分析显示,青虾冷休克蛋白Y-box基因与水蚤等节肢动物冷休克Y-box聚类一支,具有最近的亲缘关系。荧光定量PCR检测显示,冷休克蛋白Y-box基因在青虾不同组织中均有表达,其表达量在肝胰腺组织中最高,使用荧光定量PCR检测青虾冷休克蛋白Y-box基因在低温胁迫和恢复条件下在肝胰腺中的m RNA时空表达情况,结果显示,与对照组相比冷休克蛋白Y-box在肝胰腺中的表达量分别在低温和低氧胁迫3,6和12 h出现了显著上调,而在恢复刺激后其表达量与对照组差异不显著。此外,本实验对Y-box进行了原核表达,为进一步研究Y-box基因的功能奠定了基础。     

青虾Ran基因的克隆、表达及其在卵巢发育中的功能

本研究应用RACE技术克隆了青虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)Ran(Ras related nuclear protein,Ras相关核蛋白)基因全长cDNA序列,该基因cDNA全长1191 bp,包括218 bp的5'UTR,648 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),405 bp的3'UTR,编码215个氨基酸。青虾Ran基因属于P-loop-NTPase超级家族,拥有PTZ00132跨结构域,多肽分子量约为24.57 kDa,理论等电点7.13。系统进化树分析表明,在动物界进化中非常保守的青虾Ran多肽与罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)聚为一支,具有最近的亲缘关系。使用荧光定量PCR技术检测Ran基因在成体青虾不同组织和卵巢不同发育期的表达差异,结果显示,Ran基因在青虾不同组织中均有表达,其表达量在卵巢中最高,是精巢表达量的7~8倍;随着卵巢的发育,Ran基因的表达水平呈现上升趋势,在卵巢消退期又恢复到较低水平。RNA干扰后,实验组Ran基因表达量显著低于对照组(P0.05),同时卵巢发育关键基因Vg(vitellogenin)在卵巢中的表达量也显著低于对照组(P0.05),推测Ran基因参与雌性卵巢发育过程并对Vg基因的表达起到调控作用。     

文蛤Clq基因的克隆与表达及其重组蛋白活性的研究

利用构建的文蛤cDNA文库,克隆得到了文蛤Clq基因全长cDNA序列,该序列全长1213bp,5′UTR为316 bp,3′UTR为372bp,开放阅读框长度为525bp,编码174个氨基酸.在文蛤Clq(MmClq)蛋白中,Clq结构域与软体动物、两栖类动物和脊椎动物中的Clq结构域均具有较高的同源性.通过荧光实时定量PCR,MmClq mRNA在所检测的各个组织中均有表达,在肝胰脏中表达量最高.在细菌感染试验中,文蛤受鳗弧菌感染后,Clq相对表达水平有明显的上升调节,注射2h,MmClqmRNA表达量最高,为对照组的2.19倍.包含成熟肽的MmC1q cDNA片段被重组,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达,采用牛津杯法对MmClq重组蛋白进行体外抑菌试验,但并未检测到明显的抑菌活性.     

文蛤C1q基因的克隆与表达及其重组蛋白活性的研究

利用构建的文蛤cDNA文库,克隆得到了文蛤C1q基因全长cDNA序列,该序列全长1213bp,5′UTR为316bp,3′UTR为372bp,开放阅读框长度为525bp,编码174个氨基酸。在文蛤C1q(MmC1q)蛋白中,C1q结构域与软体动物、两栖类动物和脊椎动物中的C1q结构域均具有较高的同源性。通过荧光实时定量PCR,MmC1q mRNA在所检测的各个组织中均有表达,在肝胰脏中表达量最高。在细菌感染试验中,文蛤受鳗弧菌感染后,C1q相对表达水平有明显的上升调节,注射2h,MmC1qmRNA表达量最高,为对照组的2.19倍。包含成熟肽的MmC1q cDNA片段被重组,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达,采用牛津杯法对MmC1q重组蛋白进行体外抑菌试验,但并未检测到明显的抑菌活性。     

鳜胃泌素与胆囊收缩素基因cDNA全长的克隆与表达特征

为探明鱼类消化液分泌的相关调控因子,采用RACE技术分别克隆了鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)两种肠道激素——胃泌素(gastrin,GAS)与胆囊收缩素(cholecystokinin,CCK)基因的cDNA序列。鳜GAS基因cDNA全长581 bp,5′非翻译区长100 bp,3′非翻译区长145 bp,开放阅读框长336 bp,编码111个氨基酸;鳜CCK具有2种类型:CCK1与CCK2,CCK1 cDNA全长为843 bp,5′非翻译区长60 bp,3′非翻译区长369 bp,开放阅读框414 bp,编码137个氨基酸;CCK2 cDNA全长846 bp,5′非翻译区长112 bp,3′非翻译区长332 bp,开放阅读框403 bp,编码134个氨基酸。鳜GAS与CCK成熟肽C末端具有相似的八肽结构(DYQGWVDF/DYLGWMDF),仅在C末端第3位和第6位氨基酸发生替换。荧光定量PCR分析表明,鳜GAS mRNA主要表达于肠和幽门垂,CCK1与CCK2 mRNA在脑中表达量最高,在肠和幽门垂也有较高表达,表明GAS与CCK同为消化调控因子,而CCK还是神经分泌因子。鳜GAS与CCK mRNA表达贯穿于整个幼体早期发育阶段(孵化后0～22 d),前期表达水平较高,后期表达水平较低,并趋于平稳,GAS与CCK mRNA发育表达水平变化可能与这一时期消化道生长发育旺盛有关。     

草鱼ghrelin基因的分子克隆与组织分布及其摄食调控作用分析

ghrelin是一种在脊椎动物摄食调节过程中起重要作用的脑肠肽,具有明显的摄食促进作用。实验利用同源克隆技术获得了草鱼ghrelin基因的cDNA序列和DNA序列,其中cDNA序列全长506 bp,包括90 bp的5′端非编码区(5′-untranslated region,5′UTR),312 bp的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),以及104 bp的3′端非编码区(3′-untranslated region,3′UTR)。开放阅读框编码的103个氨基酸的ghrelin前体肽,经剪切加工后形成含有19个氨基酸的成熟肽。氨基酸序列分析结果显示,草鱼ghrelin与硬骨鱼类ghrelin相似度最高,而与其他脊椎动物相似度较低,同时草鱼ghrelin成熟肽N端的"活性中心"(active core)为鲤科鱼类中常见的GTSF形式。与大多数硬骨鱼类的ghrelin基因结构相同,草鱼ghrelin基因也包括4个外显子和3个内含子。荧光定量PCR检测到ghrelin mRNA大量分布于草鱼的前肠和脾,脑、肾、肝、肌肉、皮和鳔等组织也有ghrelin mRNA分布。草鱼脑和肠中的ghrelin表达水平在摄食后下降,随着饥饿时间的延长表达水平逐步升高,最后维持在较高水平,表明ghrelin作为摄食启动信号对草鱼的摄食活动起到了促进作用。     

中华鲟热休克蛋白hsp30基因cDNA的克隆及其在高温胁迫下的表达分析

实验克隆了中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)热休克蛋白hsp30基因cDNA的全长、分析了其分子结构与特征,并研究了其在高温胁迫下的表达水平。结果显示,中华鲟hsp30基因cDNA序列全长为1 037 bp,其中开放阅读框(ORF)636 bp,5′端非编码区(5′UTR)38 bp,3′端非编码区(3′UTR)363 bp,共编码211个氨基酸。氨基酸多序列比对发现含有一个保守的α晶状体结构;系统进化分析显示,中华鲟HSP30与鱼类HSP30聚为一支,与小体鲟HSP30氨基酸序列相似性最高,为79%。荧光定量PCR结果表明,中华鲟hsp30基因在皮肤中的表达量最高,肝脏次之,在肠中的表达量最低。高温胁迫后,心脏、脾脏、肾脏和皮肤中hsp30基因表达量均显著增加,表明这些器官在中华鲟应对高温胁迫中可能起着重要作用。     

拟穴青蟹3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶基因的克隆与表达

3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatede hydrogenase,GAPDH)是维持生命最基本活动的关键酶之一.采用RT-PCR、RACE等技术,获得了拟穴青蟹gapdh基因全长cDNA序列.该序列全长1 440 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为1 008 bp,编码335个氨基酸残基.同源分析显示,该基因编码的蛋白与其他一些物种具有很高相似性,推测gapdh基因具有很高的保守性.经荧光定量PCR检测,gapdh基因在拟穴青蟹多个组织中均有表达,且在胸神经团、眼柄神经节、卵巢、表皮中表达量较高.在拟穴青蟹卵巢发育过程中,gapdh基因在卵巢发育早期(Ⅱ期)表达量最高,在卵巢发育成熟期(Ⅴ期)表达量最低,由此推测GAPDH主要参与了卵巢的细胞分裂增殖过程.     

日本沼虾细胞自噬基因ATG13和ATG101的克隆及其低氧胁迫下表达分析

为研究自噬相关基因(autophagy-related genes, ATG) ATG13和ATG101在甲壳动物应答低氧胁迫过程中的调节作用,实验采用RACE PCR技术通过克隆测序和基因序列拼接,首次克隆了日本沼虾的细胞自噬基因ATG13和ATG101的全长cDNA序列,日本沼虾的细胞自噬基因ATG13 cDNA全长2 043 bp (NCBI登录号为MT084347),包括211 bp的5′末端非翻译区(untranslated region,UTR),449 bp的3′UTR和1 383 bp的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),开放阅读框编码460个氨基酸;ATG101 cDNA全长1 051 bp(NCBI登录号为MT084348),包括18 bp的5′末端非翻译区,373 bp的3′UTR和660 bp的开放阅读框,开放阅读框编码219个氨基酸。通过软件和生物信息网站对其序列进行分析,氨基酸相似度比对显示,日本沼虾的细胞自噬基因ATG13富含高度保守的LC3作用结构域(LIR);系统进化树分析显示,日本沼虾的细胞自噬基因ATG13与凡纳滨对虾ATG13具有最近的亲缘关系;通过实时荧光定量PCR技术(qRT-PCR)实验分析发现,日本沼虾ATG13和ATG101在其肝胰腺和脑组织表达量较高,而在肌肉中表达量较低;利用qRT-PCR追踪其在肝胰腺组织低氧胁迫过程中出现的表达差异情况,结果显示,实验组日本沼虾在低氧胁迫6和24 h时,其细胞自噬基因ATG13和ATG101表达量显著高于对照组,而在复氧12 h后,实验组与对照组的ATG13和ATG101表达量差异不显著;Western blot分析结果显示,日本沼虾ATG13和ATG101表达丰度基本与基因表达模式相似。透射电镜分析结果显示,在低氧胁迫6和24 h后,肝胰腺组织中的溶酶体开始出现自噬空泡,表明急性低氧胁迫会诱导自噬体的形成,本研究结果可为了解日本沼虾应对低氧胁迫下的调控机制提供理论参考。     

日本沼虾C型凝集素结构域家族3的cDNA克隆、原核表达和定位分析

C型凝集素(C-type lectin)是一类能与糖类结合的非抗体的蛋白质或糖蛋白家族,为了研究C型凝集素基因在日本沼虾组织分布、细胞定位和细菌感染过程中的表达情况,本研究应用cDNA末端快速克隆(rapid-amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)技术首次克隆了日本沼虾C型凝集素结构域家族3基因(MnLec3)的全长序列,通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析MnLec3基因在不同组织、细菌感染后不同时间的表达水平,Western blot和免疫荧光分别分析蛋白的表达水平和细胞定位。结果显示,MnLec3基因cDNA全长1 357 bp,包括125 bp的5′末端非翻译区(UTR)、1 026 bp的开放阅读框(ORF)和206 bp的3′UTR,其中开放阅读框编码341个氨基酸。氨基酸序列比对显示,日本沼虾MnLec3基因含有保守钙结合点(Met 1-Glu17)和糖识别结构域(CRD)。同源性分析结果显示,MnLec3与罗氏沼虾C型凝集素3相似度较高;邻接法(Neighbor-Joining,NJ)进化树分析结果显示,MnLec3与其他甲壳动物C型凝集素聚为一支。通过构建原核表达载体获得体外重组蛋白rMnLec3,并将纯化重组蛋白免疫大鼠获得抗血清,免疫荧光结果显示,绿色荧光信号主要在肝胰腺细胞核中表达。qRT-PCR结果显示,MnLec3在日本沼虾所检测组织中均表达,其中肝胰腺中表达量最高,血细胞次之;与对照组相比,在嗜水气单胞菌刺激12～48 h时MnLec3表达量显著升高,48 h表达量最高,Western blot分析结果显示,MnLec3蛋白表达丰度与基因表达模式基本相似,提示克隆得到的MnLec3参与日本沼虾抵御细菌入侵的免疫过程。     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

An analysis of the food of 274 specimens of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner), which had been collected in Lake Kinneret, showed that this species is mainly a zooplankton consumer.A study of the quantitative dynamics of the food components in the course of a year has proved that the species in question feeds more intensely in spring, this being the time when zooplankton forms are more abundant in the water of the lake. Vegetable detritus, mixed with plankton and benthos forms, served as additional and alternative food.The lack of clearly positive degree of food component selectivity, as well as the low values of the intestine repletion index and of the condition coefficient, account for the slowness in growth of Tilapia aurea in Lake Kinneret.The low values of the growth and feeding indices are due, according to the authors, to the pressure brought to bear by the other local fish species, which are competitors for the same food.     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia zillii (Gervais) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

Analysis of the gut content of 329 specimens of T. zillii (Cichlidae) collected from Lake Kinneret, has shown great variation in the sorts of food.A study of seasonal dynamics has proved the prevalence in the food of Chironomida pupae (Diptera) in winter and spring and of zooplankton forms in summer and autumn. The additional food consisted of the various groups of algae, the most frequently found being Cyanophyta (100%) and Pyrrophyta (64.16%). An extremely voraceous species, it consumes — while searching for its preferred food — anything that comes its way in the water: algae, scraps of macrophytes, autochthonous and allochthonous insects, and forms of benthic origin, such as Nematoda, Ostracoda, Porifera and Chironomida (larvae).The satiation index is high (between 4.08 and 5.63), in contradiction to the low values of the coefficient of condition (between 3.05 and 3.51), and with the slow rate of growth in Lake Kinneret. The main food of Tilapia zillii, consists of arthropod species with a chitin content (which is eliminated unchanged) of more than 50% of the total weight, and this may account for the poor exploitation of the trophic base.This species of fish may be considered as being detrimental to others (i.e. commercially important species) because of its successful competition for food, and not, as is often incorrectly assumed, because it is an aggressive consumer of their spawn and fry.     

不同品系尼罗罗非鱼致死低温的研究

在室内自然降温条件下，研究了三个品系尼罗罗非鱼（吉富品系，“７８”品系，“８８”品系）对低温的耐受力，计算得出每个品系的半致死低温，并对降温过程中尼罗罗非鱼行为活动的变化进行了观察。试验结果表明，在上海地区，当温度降低到１１℃时，罗非鱼开始死亡，到７．４℃时，全部死亡。吉富罗非鱼死亡温度范围是１１℃￣８．４℃，“７８”品系是９．８￣７．４℃，“８８”品系是１１℃￣７．４℃。对三个品系半致死低温的研     

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m³ for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m³) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d^–1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g^–1 day^–1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH₄-N and increase inNO₂-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO₃-N, TN, TPand PO₄-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.     

叶尔羌高原鳅胚胎发育与胚后发育观察

采用形态学和生态学方法,对叶尔羌高原鳅[Triplophysa(Hedinichthys)yarkandensis(Day)]胚胎发育和胚后发育阶段全过程进行观察、拍照并测量。结果显示:叶尔羌高原鳅,卵微黏性,略有沉性,受精卵呈卵圆形,卵径为(0.60±0.052)mm,在水温(20.0±1.0)℃下,历时65 h 34 min完成整个胚胎发育分为7个生理阶段过程;胚后发育主要根据卵黄囊、体色、鼓鳔和须的变化分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期。初孵卵黄囊仔鱼全长(2.0±0.65)mm,出膜后7 d,卵黄囊吸收完毕,完全消失;初孵仔鱼继续培育至16日龄,仔鱼鳃盖后缘鼓鳔明显长出,须清晰可辨,体色加深,心脏红色素明显,体色与成体相似,标志后期仔鱼发育完全进入稚鱼期,此时鱼苗全长(8.0±0.45)mm;培育至30日龄,仔鱼鼓鳔完全,鳃盖张合明显,身体透明特征消失,稚鱼阶段完成发育进入幼鱼期,此时全长达(13.0±0.55)mm,其外部形态和生态习性均与成鱼相似。试验中,卵黄囊长度(LY)和出膜天数(D)的关系式:LY=0.0286D2–0.0636D+3.1196(R2=0.9050);用直线方程拟合卵黄囊长度(LY)和卵黄囊仔鱼全长(LT)的关系式:LY=–1.315LT+5.368(R2=0.8199);拟合卵黄囊仔鱼全长(LT)和出膜后仔稚鱼天数(D)的关系式:LT=–0.0263D2+0.5113D+1.6169(R2=0.9890)。本研究旨在通过了解叶尔羌高原鳅的早期发育特征为该物种的保护和增殖对策提供科学依据,并对其苗种生产提供理论指导。     

Development of embryos in Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Bank & Solender, 1794) (Mesopotamian spiny eel) (Mastacembelidae)

In this study, the embryonic development of the eggs in the Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Bank & Solender, 1794) was examined. At the same time, possibilities of artificial breeding through artificial insemination were investigated. Artificial insemination was achieved by mixing the eggs of the mature female and sperm of the mature male samples caught with gill nets (22 × 22) in Ataturk Dam Lake in Turkey. To this end, first in a Petri dish (100 × 20), the testes were cut into small pieces with a lancet and the mixture of sperm–testes‐tissue was obtained. The fertilization rate of the eggs was found to be 80%. The diameter of the eggs ranged from 2.015to 1.147 mm. The perivitelline space formed 0.5 h after insemination. The first cleavage occurred at the animal pool 4 h after insemination. The oil droplets had fused to a single droplet 19 h after insemination. The blastoderm became an embryonic shield 30 h after insemination. The blastoderm covered almost half the egg 40 h after insemination and embryonic body was formed. The blastoderm covered almost the whole egg 50 h after insemination. Some somites were discernible 59 h after insemination. The embryonic body reached two‐third of the circumference of the egg 70 h after insemination. The tail bud began to separate from the yolk 77 h after insemination. A newly hatched larva was observed at 85 h after insemination.     

Transmission of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) from Dendronereis spp. (Peters) (Nereididae) to penaeid shrimp

Dendronereis spp. (Peters) (Nereididae) is a common polychaete in shrimp ponds built on intertidal land and is natural food for shrimp in traditionally managed ponds in Indonesia. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an important viral pathogen of the shrimp, can replicate in this polychaete (Desrina et al. 2013); therefore, it is a potential propagative vector for virus transmission. The major aim of this study was to determine whether WSSV can be transmitted from naturally infected Dendronereis spp. to specific pathogen‐free (SPF) Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) through feeding. WSSV was detected in naturally infected Dendronereis spp. and Penaeus monodon Fabricius from a traditional shrimp pond, and the positive animals were used in the current experiment. WSSV‐infected Dendronereis spp. and P. monodon in a pond had a point prevalence of 90% and 80%, respectively, as measured by PCR. WSSV was detected in the head, gills, blood and mid‐body of Dendronereis spp. WSSV from naturally infected Dendronereis spp was transmitted to SPF L. vannamei and subsequently from this shrimp to new naïve‐SPF L. vannamei to cause transient infection. Our findings support the contention that Dendronereis spp, upon feeding, can be a source of WSSV infection of shrimp in ponds.     

Extinction of Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars) was found in Lake Kinneret until the late nineteen-fifties. Lake Kinneret was the northern-most limit of the distribution of this species. It is suggested that fingerlings of grey mullets and Sarotherodon aureus that were introduced into Lake Kinneret caused the extinction of D. lumholtzi.     

Substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) (Laminaria japonica) with tunic of sea squirt (SS) (Halocynthia roretzi) in diet on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus,Reeve 1846)

Substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) with tunic of sea squirt (SS) in diet on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone was determined. One thousand four hundred and seventy abalones were distributed into 21 containers. Six formulated diets in triplicate were prepared. A 200 g/kg ST was included into the ST0 diet. The 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 g/kg of ST were substituted with the same amount of tunic of SS, referred to as the ST200, ST400, ST600, ST800 and ST1000 diets, respectively. Finally, Undaria was prepared to compare effect of the formulated diets on performance of abalone. The experimental diets were fed to abalone for 16 weeks. Weight gain of abalone fed the ST400 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the ST0, ST600, ST800 and ST1000 diets and Undaria. Weight gain of abalone fed the formulated diets was higher than that of abalone fed the Undaria. The chemical composition of the carcass of abalone was affected by dietary substitution of ST with tunic of SS. In conclusion, ST could be completely substituted with tunic of SS without retardation in performance of abalone. Abalone fed the ST400 diet substituting 400 g/kg ST with tunic of SS achieved the best growth.