鲍鱼遇冷,广东苗场深陷困境

<正>2013年初至今,受成品鲍行情低迷的影响,我国鲍苗产业也是萎靡不振。广东鲍苗年产量仅次于福建,近两年来鲍苗生产和销售情况不容乐观。近期,本刊记者在广东鲍苗主产区汕头、汕尾和揭阳一带走访时发现,目前大部分鲍苗场经营惨淡,很多苗场无奈选择停产或转型。鲍鱼苗种产业正面临着新一轮洗牌。鲍苗大量滞销近年来,由于工厂化养殖商品鲍的成本上升,且难于管理,广东的工厂化养鲍场几乎都转向了鲍苗生产。据本刊记者了解,广东现在有鲍鱼苗种场     

杂色鲍幼苗大规模死亡与细菌数量的关系

对杂色鲍育苗过程中养殖池、附着板上的细菌数量进行了监测,当鲍苗出现大规模死亡前后,池水及附着板上细菌数量比养殖初期高2个数量级,利用臭氧处理养殖水后,附着板上的细菌数量没有发生根本变化,鲍苗同样出现死亡,鲍苗剥离后1周左右也出现大规模死亡。在鲍苗大规模死亡前后分离的细菌经过鉴定为塔式弧菌及Vibrio sp.     

微生态制剂对九孔鲍育苗效果的研究

本试验在九孔鲍育苗过程中投放光合细菌,菌数密度为6.66×109个/ml,使育苗池水里的光合细菌浓度分别为0、10×10-6、20×10-6、40×10-6,研究在不同光合细菌浓度下九孔鲍苗的生长发育及存活率情况.试验采用对各组九孔鲍苗壳长定期测量,试验完毕时对鲍苗数目进行全部计数,最后用数理统计方法对实验数据进行分析.试验结果表明,在九孔鲍育苗过程中加入一定浓度的光合细菌,对鲍苗的生长和存活有明显的促进作用;光合细菌的最适使用浓度为20×10-6左右.     

杂色鲍健康苗种与患病苗种异养细菌致病毒力因子的比较研究

2002年以来,南方杂色鲍苗出现大规模死亡的问题,严重影响到南方鲍产业的发展。为寻找病因,于2004年自广东深圳下沙鲍鱼场培苗过程中变白掉板的杂色鲍苗以及官湖养殖场健康鲍苗各分离到19株和15株异养细菌,在此基础上研究了它们蛋白酶、淀粉酶、明胶酶、磷脂酶的产酶能力及溶血现象,并对它们的产酶能力及溶血能力进行了比较分析。结果表明,虽然来自下沙病鲍苗的菌株比来自官湖的健康鲍苗的溶血能力差;但它们大多数具有较强的分泌蛋白酶、明胶酶、淀粉酶、磷脂酶的能力。考虑到胞外酶是细菌的毒力因子之一,据此推测,下沙鲍鱼场鲍苗发生脱板死亡的原因可能与这些菌株能分泌胞外酶有关。     

日本盘鲍与皱纹盘鲍杂交育种技术研究

１９９８年于山东省蓬莱市用１０只日本盘鲍与３００只皱纹盘鲍,在２２０ｍ＾２的育苗水体中培育出平均壳长１４．７ｍｍ的杂交鲍苗１４３．８万只,６５００只／ｍ＾２,;在５８０ｍ＾２的育苗水体中培育出平均壳长１１．９ｍｍ的皱纹盘鲍自交鲍苗１７７．９万只,３１００只／ｍ＾２。杂交鲍苗的壳和存活率明显大于我国的皱纹盘鲍自交鲍苗。     

鲍杂交育种技术开发研究

选用皱纹盘鲍(♀)与日本盘鲍(♂)进行杂交育种,培育生长快、色泽鲜艳、活力强、抗逆性强杂交鲍苗.从2003年4月20日进行苗种培育,当年11月份鲍苗壳长20mm以上的超过50%,表现出明显的生长优势.     

紫外线消毒海水培育九孔鲍苗的研究

2000年以来自福建省南部海域至广东、海南岛沿海，陆续发生九孔鲍人工培育种苗大量死亡现象一“脱板症”，造成九孔鲍苗的严重短缺。经研究初步认为“脱板症”是一种疑似病毒性疾病。本文针对九孔鲍人工培育种苗疑似病毒性疾病，利用紫外线发生装置消毒海水培育九孔鲍苗，取得了一定的成效，比较药物处理海水培育九孔鲍苗提高出苗率达50％以上。     

水源水处理技术在九孔鲍苗种生产中的应用研究

本研究将海水水源水处理技术应用于九孔鲍苗种培育生产中,连续三年每个年度育苗均获成功,累计培育出商品鲍苗116.18万粒。而仅使用常规砂滤海水培育鲍苗的对照组,相同的季节在不同场所用相同的管理办法,采苗后15~40天,鲍幼体全部死亡。因此,认为水源水处理的海水培育鲍苗是稳定生产的关键。     

高效纤维过滤器净化海水培育鲍鱼试验

使用高效纤维过滤器可对海水进行深度净化,浊度脱除率85%～90%,细菌滤除率81 8%～100%。使用该过滤器过滤海水培育鲍苗等海珍品幼苗,能有效地提高幼苗的成活率并改善其生长状况,鲍苗死亡率减少8 9%。     

九孔鲍苗脱板病防治的几点建议

近年来,我国南方地区九孔鲍育苗连续出现严重脱板和剥离后暴发性死亡等现象,致使九孔鲍苗育苗量大幅度减少,已严重制约我国南方地区鲍鱼养殖业的发展。为此,笔者根据近年对海南省九孔鲍育苗病害调查及鲍苗病害防治试验结果,对九孔鲍苗“脱板病”的病因进行浅析,并提出几点病害防治的建议,以供科研与生产人员参考。一、应注重亲鲍的培育工作亲鲍培育是繁育优质鲍苗的一项极为重要的前提性工作,没有培育出性腺成熟的亲鲍,就不能获得优质的受精卵,而劣质的受精卵孵化出的幼体容易出现发育不良、大量死亡的现象。培育优质亲鲍可采取如下措施:1.…     

Effect of dietary substitution of sea tangle (ST), Laminaria japonica with rice bran (RB) on growth and body composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus)

Dietary substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) with rice bran (RB) on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus) was determined. Juvenile abalone was acclimated to the experimental conditions for 4 weeks. Seventy juvenile abalone averaging 0.43 g were randomly distributed into each of the 18, 70 L plastic rectangular containers. The experimental diets were fed to abalone once a day at a satiation level with a little leftover. The feeding trial lasted for 16 weeks. Survival of abalone was not affected by dietary substitution of ST with RB. However, weight gain of abalone fed the RB40 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the all other diets except for the RB0 diet. No significant difference in weight gain was found in abalone fed between the RB0 and RB100 diets. SGR of abalone fed the RB40 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the all other diets. Also SGR of abalone fed the RB0 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the RB100 diet, but not different from that of abalone fed the RB20, RB60 and RB80 diets. Moisture, crude protein and ash content of the soft body of abalone were affected by dietary substitution of ST with RB. In conclusion, the 100% ST could be substituted with RB without a retardation of weight gain of abalone when the 20% ST was included into the experimental diet. However, the best growth performance was obtained in abalone fed the RB40 diet substituting 40% ST with RB.     

Effect of proline‐enriched abalone feed on selected metabolite levels of slow‐growing adult Haliotis midae

Abalone is currently considered South Africa's most successfully produced aquaculture export product, with a 76% share of the total value generated by the aquaculture sector. A major risk factor for this sector is slow growth rates experienced during farming. Abalone feeds are often supplemented with amino acids in an attempt to enhance abalone growth. This is a first investigation of the effect of added proline to standard abalone feed, on the metabolite profile of slow‐growing abalone. A targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry metabolomics research approach was followed to recognise the metabolic response of abalone showing slower growth performance. The addition of proline to the standard abalone diet was found to serve as a substrate for amino acid catabolism in slower growing abalone, by means of proline breakdown to assist with energy production via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Other amino acids and urea cycle intermediates, that is, arginine, asparagine, ornithine and creatine further support energy production via the action of protein catabolism in slow‐growing abalone. Additionally, the importance of understanding how abalone respond metabolically to modified feed highlights the use of metabolomics to answer abalone aquaculture farming questions.     

一种生态化鲍育苗和养成模式的构建

该研究目的是建立一套鲍育苗和养殖的生态化模式,包括鲍苗种生态培育模式、鲍陆基生态养成模式和海上鲍藻套养生态养成模式,以克服目前鲍养殖业存在的病害频发、成活率低下等问题,提高鲍养殖的经济效益,降低养殖风险。鲍苗种生态培育模式通过＂光照-微藻-微生态制剂-滤食性动物-鲍苗＂构建复合生物体系;鲍陆基生态养成模式通过池内建立＂复合生物区系＂,并在池外设立生态塘和生态渠进行养殖废水处理的方式构建;海上生态养成模式通过＂鲍藻套养＂构建。共培育鲍苗5批次,培育周期210～240d,共产出鲍苗17.764×104个,平均壳长1.5cm以上,育成率0.78%～1.23%。陆基生态化模式养成商品鲍43.774×104个,平均壳长6.53cm,平均体质量34.6g,成活率87.5%,周期18～20个月。海上鲍生态养成150口网箱,养成商品鲍3×108个,平均壳长6.50cm以上,成活率85%以上,养成时间18～20个月。     

Comparison of taste components in cooked meats of small abalone fed different diets

ABSTRACT: Differences in taste preference and the levels of extractive components and glycogen were compared between cooked meats of small abalone Haliotis diversicolor fed either gracilar (G-small abalone) or an artificial diet (A-small abalone). Using sensory tests, taste preference of cooked meats was significantly higher for A-small abalone than for G-small abalone. Results of clustering analysis and principal component analysis of chemical data also revealed that the two cooked meats differed from each other in terms of their measured constituent compositions irrespective of sampling periods. Compared with G-small abalone, A-small abalone meats were lower in taurine and arginine, but higher in glycine (Gly), glutamic acid (Glu), alanine, serine, proline, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and glycogen. It is concluded that the discrepancy in the levels of taste-active components of abalone, such as Gly, Glu, and AMP, is likely to be responsible for the differences in taste preference between G- and A-small abalone cooked meats.     

莆田市鲍增养殖现状、问题与发展对策

莆田市1993年开展鲍工厂化育苗与养殖工作，养殖规模达到50万粒，年育苗种100万粒，由于工厂化养殖投资高，养殖周期长，生产单位出现亏损，鲍养殖生产随后滑坡。1998年在南日岛开展皱纹盘鲍海区筏式吊养技术，取得了83．53％高的成活率，从而又推动鲍养殖的发展。但从2000年至今，鲍养殖过程中出现大量死亡现象，有的成活率仅为25％，给养殖者带来严重的损失。作者对死亡的原因进行分析，并对今后的发展提出了一些设想。     

鲍养殖水体中致病性弧菌的调查

在18份鲍鱼养殖厂的各种水样和不同生长期的鲍样品中,共分离出17株弧菌:溶藻性弧菌11株,副溶血弧菌3株,霍乱弧菌2株,拟态弧菌1株。其中,溶藻性弧菌分布比较广,存在于各种样品;副溶血弧菌主要分布于鲍的肠道内;而非O1 O139群霍乱弧菌和拟态弧菌则分布于源头水中。鲍养殖水体中细菌总数的计数可以作为监测细菌性病害的指标之一。副溶血弧菌在鲍肠道内的高检出率提示鲍与副溶血弧菌的关系值得深入研究。     

古雷海区吊养鲍鱼死亡情况调查

本文通过对古雷鲍鱼养殖区的海区状况、渔排分布情况、养殖密度、死鲍症状、过程、程度以及苗种来源、饲料种类、饲养管理等方面进行全面的调查,了解吊养鲍鱼的死亡情况和发病规律。通过分析,认为导致此次鲍鱼非正常死亡是由气候恶劣、养殖密度过高、海区环境恶化、种质退化等几个因素引起的,同时针对养殖鲍非正常死亡的原因,提出了避免类似事件再次发生的对策和建议。     

九孔鲍苗“脱板症”病原的初步研究

本文研究近年来在九孔鲍人工育苗中出现的大量死亡现象“脱板症”的病原。采用了组织病理学研究方法，通过电子显微镜观察，发现九孔鲍苗组织细胞中发生内质网膨大现象、具纤毛结构细胞层下的细胞质中有大量的球形病毒存在。鉴于九孔鲍育苗生产现场已使用多种抗菌性药物治疗无明显的效果，初步认为九孔鲍幼苗大量死亡的病原体为一种球型病毒。本文还探讨了九孔鲍苗脱板症的防治措施。     

Effects of dietary substitution of fishmeal with the combined dry microalgae,Nannochloropsis oceanica (NO) biomass residue and casein on growth and body composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus)

The effects of dietary substitution of fishmeal with the combined dry Nannochloropsis oceanica (NO) biomass residue and casein on growth performance and carcass composition of juvenile abalone was determined. One thousand two hundred and sixty juvenile abalone were randomly distributed into the 18 L plastic rectangular containers. Five experimental diets in triplicate were prepared. The 28% fishmeal was included into the control (Con) diet. The 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% fishmeal were substituted with the combination of graded levels of dry NO biomass residue and casein, referred to as the NO25, NO50, NO75 and NO100 diets respectively. Finally, the salted sea tangle (ST), Laminaria japonica was prepared to compare the effect of the experimental diets on performance of abalone. The essential amino acids, such as isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine tended to increase with dietary substitution of fishmeal with NO biomass residue in the experimental diets. Arginine tended to decrease with dietary substitution of fishmeal with NO biomass residue. Survival of abalone fed the experimental diets was higher than that of abalone fed the ST diet for 16 weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone fed the NO100 diet were higher than those of abalone fed the all other diets. Weight gain and SGR of abalone linearly increased with dietary substation of fishmeal with NO. Shell length of abalone tended to increase with dietary substitution of fishmeal with the combined dry NO biomass residue and casein. The chemical composition of the soft body of abalone was different among treatments except for moisture content. In conclusion, fishmeal in the diets for abalone could be completely replaced with the combined dry NO biomass residue and casein when the 28% fishmeal was included.     

Growth and feeding in juvenile triploid and diploid blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra (Leach, 1814), at two temperatures

Growth and feeding of juvenile triploid and diploid blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra (Leach, 1814) were investigated at two temperatures of 17 and 21 °C over a 50‐day period. There were no differences in growth between triploid and diploid abalone as measured by shell length and body weight. Both triploid and diploid abalone increased in length but not in weight at 21 °C. Condition indices were similar for triploid abalone maintained at both temperatures; however, those for diploid abalone were significantly higher at 17 °C than at 21 °C. Food intake was significantly greater yet feed conversion efficiency was significantly lower in triploid than in diploid abalone. Both the feeding variables were independent of temperature. On average, diploid abalone were able to convert 1 g of dry food ingested to 0.58 g of body weight, but triploid abalone only 0.44 g.