基于水环境毒理学(Toxicology)的生物标记物研究进展

如何检测并对这些污染物的毒性进行科学的评价，成为当今环境科学关心的热点问题，本文扼要概述常见生物标记物种类、现代组学研究在生物标记物研究的应用、生物标记物敏感实验动物等。     

生物絮团的研究进展

生物絮团是养殖水体中以好氧微生物为主体的有机体和无机物,经生物絮凝形成的团聚物,由细菌、浮游动植物、有机碎屑和一些无机物质相互絮凝组成。通过对生物絮团研究的发展过程、絮团的结构特征、絮凝机理、影响絮团的形成因素以及生物絮团技术在水产养殖应用中存在的问题进行了综述,为生物絮团技术在水产领域中的进一步研究和应用具有一定的指导意义。     

生物监测法在渔业水域环境研究中的应用

在许多水域环境监测中，沾污通常主要是通过化学分析的方法来测定的，即通过对水环境中各个介质中的物质进行化学分析，可以灵敏地检查出各种沾污物质的浓度。但因水域的污染会对水域中生物带来有害的影响，因此对于水域污染的监测；单纯依靠化学分析法来研究生物效应是很不够的。     

生物芯片技术及其在水产动物病原检测中的应用

生物芯片是近年来迅速发展的一项新技术,以高通量、高灵敏性和特异性的优势,在生物大分子功能研究、食品安全检测、病原微生物检测和鉴定、药物筛选等方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文对生物芯片技术的原理、种类、发展历程及其在水产动物病原检测领域的应用做一综述,以期为水产动物疾病快速诊断的研究提供新思路。     

低密度基因芯片技术在猪疫病检测中的应用

基因芯片技术是研究生物大分子功能的新技术,具有高通量、灵敏度高,特异性好等特点。它是通过微阵列技术,将高密度DNA片段阵列,通过点样或原位合成法的形式,以一定的顺序或者排列方式使其附着在如玻璃片等固相表面,借助碱基互补杂交原理,进行大量病原基因表达谱分析、检测、分型等。就芯片技术在动物传染性疾病检测中的应用而言,较为成熟的是低密度芯片,它在猪病检测的研究开发方面,取得了很好的成果,同时也暴露出了不少的弊端。文章就低密度基因芯片在猪疫病检测中的应用及其存在的问题和发展前景进行综述。     

化学发光检测技术在水产领域的应用

化学发光是物质在化学反应过程中伴随的一种光辐射现象,通过特殊的检测仪器可以捕捉到这种光强度,从而对化学反应中的一些物质进行定性或定量研究。化学发光检测技术最先被应用于人类的免疫学检测领域,近年来，随着人们对水产动物机体免疫能力以及水产品安全的关注程度的提高，化学免疫发光技术越来越多的应用到水产动物免疫学研究及微量物质的免疫学定量定性检测上来，     

现代化生猪养殖环境测控技术现状与疾病防治

在现代化生猪养殖过程中,环境监控技术有着较为广泛的应用,可以有效解除养殖场环境中的各种不利因素,对于生猪疾病预防有着极大的作用。通过对广西陆川县生猪养殖过程中猪舍中的温度、湿度、有害气体、气流速度以及粉尘等因素对生猪的成长影响分析,探究了疾病防治的方式,希望可以为现代化生猪养殖环境监测控技术的应用进行系统分析,进而有效推动我国养殖行业发展。     

持久性有机污染物和重金属对腹足类的生态毒理效应

对持久性有机污染物和重金属对腹足类的生态毒理效应以及腹足类的生物标志物在生态毒理学研究中的应用进行了综述,讨论了腹足类作为环境监测生物的应用特点,并对腹足类用于环境污染的生物监测前景进行了展望.     

化学发光检测技术在水产领域的应用

化学发光是物质在化学反应过程中伴随的一种光辐射现象,通过特殊的检测仪器可以捕捉到这种光强度,从而对化学反应中的一些物质进行定性或定量研究。化学发光检测技术最先被应用于人类的免疫学检测领域,近年来,随着人们对水产动物机体免疫能力以及水产品安全的关注程度的提高,化学免疫发光技术     

黄河三角洲对虾生物絮团高效健康养殖技术

1对虾生物絮团高效健康养殖技术概述 1．1生物絮团养殖技术提出背景 对虾生物絮团养殖技术最早由以色列养殖专家Avnimelec在1999年提出,并于2005年在印度尼西亚试验成功,主要通过操控水体营养结构,向水体中添加有机碳物质,调节水体中的C／N比,促进水体中异养细菌的繁殖,利用微生物同化无机氮,将水体中的氨氮等养殖代谢产物转化成细菌自身成分,并且通过细菌絮凝成颗粒物质被养殖动物所摄食,起到维持水环境稳定、实现零换水、提高养殖成活率、降低饲料系数和防治病害等作用的一项技术,它被认为是解决水产养殖产业发展所面临的环境制约和饲料成本的有效替代技术。     

水产品中氯霉素残留测定方法的分析研究

氯霉素由于存在严重毒副作用，已被许多国家和地区列为禁用药物。水产品中氯霉素残留检测方法的检出限已成为国际贸易合作中新的技术性壁垒。本文分析比较了几种常用氯霉素残留的检测方法，并对其特点及检出限进行了概括性叙述。     

环境DNA技术及在鱼类监测中的应用

随着人类活动的影响,鱼类资源正在急剧下降,开展鱼类监测对于鱼类多样性的保护具有非常重要的意义。传统的鱼类监测方法因具有破坏性、调查者也要专业形态学知识、调查工作量大等弊端,故亟需一种新的技术方法进行辅助补充。环境DNA （eDNA）技术的发展使得鱼类调查更加的省时省力、节约成本、无损伤,目前在鱼类的监测中广泛使用,然而eDNA技术也存在着一定的缺陷所以不能完全取代传统方法。eDNA技术包含了样品的采集及处理、eDNA提取、eDNA扩增、测序和生物信息学分析几个主要步骤,在整个流程中每一个步骤都非常必要,对单个步骤又有不同的实验方案,选择不同对鱼类eDNA的检测效率也会产生重要的影响。目前国外对于eDNA技术应用于鱼类监测所研究的问题较为丰富而全面,如生物多样性监测、入侵物种检测、濒危物种检测和生物量的估算等,虽然国内的起步不晚,但国内对此研究方向较为单一,需要进一步重视。     

Use of fish embryo biomarkers for the evaluation of mazut toxicity in marine environment

The risk of oil contamination, either through produced water discharges, accidents, or non-point-sources, has increased, and it is attributed with the negative impact on the Black Sea ecosystem, and especially in coastal waters. Coastal marine waters are known as the areas of fish and invertebrates spawning sites, including commercial species, which early developmental stages are highly sensitive to crude oil and its derivates. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of mazut at concentrations of 0.00001, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 ml l−1 on the biomarker response in the developmental embryos (stages IV and V) of tubenose goby Proterorhinus marmoratus. We used the biomarkers of antioxidant enzyme activities, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (PER) and glutathione reductase (GR). The non-uniform response on mazut impact at tested concentrations on fish embryos was shown. The best biomarker was peroxidase activity, which was highly sensitive to oil pollution and reflected the response of the organism on stressful environment. The imbalance between tested antioxidant enzyme activities was clearer at low and high levels of mazut, and it was less in the case of medium values. The obtained results can be applied for the development of oil toxicity tests for monitoring management and for perspectives of conservation ecology.     

环境DNA在水域生态中的研究进展

环境DNA(environmental DNA,eDNA)是指生物通过皮肤脱落、唾液、配子、粪便以及分泌物等方式向环境中释放的游离DNA。环境DNA具有敏感性、准确性以及容易操作等诸多优势,更能实时地反映物种多样性以及生物量等,近两三年受到了世界各地学者们的大量关注。水域环境高度复杂,环境DNA在水域生态领域具有重要的应用价值。本文主要从环境DNA在水域生态的应用以及研究方法方面对环境DNA的研究做一小结,同时介绍环境DNA在其他生境的应用,以期为水域生态的研究提供参考。     

The sceptical optimist: challenges and perspectives for the application of environmental DNA in marine fisheries

Application of environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis has attracted the attention of researchers, advisors and managers of living marine resources and biodiversity. The apparent simplicity and cost‐effectiveness of eDNA analysis make it highly attractive as species distributions can be revealed from water samples. Further, species‐specific analyses indicate that eDNA concentrations correlate with biomass and abundance, suggesting the possibility for quantitative applications estimating abundance and biomass of specific organisms in marine ecosystems, such as for stock assessment. However, the path from detecting occurrence of an organism to quantitative estimates is long and indirect, not least as eDNA concentration depends on several physical, chemical and biological factors which influence its production, persistence and transport in marine ecosystems. Here, we provide an overview of basic principles in relation to eDNA analysis with potential for marine fisheries application. We describe fundamental processes governing eDNA generation, breakdown and transport and summarize current uncertainties about these processes. We describe five major challenges in relation to application in fisheries assessment, where there is immediate need for knowledge building in marine systems, and point to apparent weaknesses of eDNA compared to established marine fisheries monitoring methods. We provide an overview of emerging applications of interest to fisheries management and point to recent technological advances, which could improve analysis efficiency. We advise precaution against exaggerating the present scope for application of eDNA analysis in fisheries monitoring, but also argue that with informed insights into strengths and limitations, eDNA analysis can become an integrated tool in fisheries assessment and management.     

The use of biomarkers to assess the health of aquatic ecosystems in Brazil: a review

Organisms in polluted environments are typically exposed to a complex mixture of chemical contaminants. The great concern about the health of aquatic ecosystems has led to the increased use of biomarkers over the past years. The aim of this work was to review the papers published from 2000 to 2015, which used biomarkers to assess the health of aquatic ecosystems in Brazil. A research resulted in 99 eligible papers. More than 80% of studies were conducted in the states of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul. Approximately 63% of studies used fish as bioindicator, whereas the micronucleus test and biochemical analyses were the most used biomarkers. A multibiomarker approach was used by 60.6% of studies, while 39.4% used one single biomarker. Furthermore, 68% were field studies and more than 75% of these used control animals sampled at reference sites. A relationship between the biomarker responses and pollution was reported by 87% of studies; however, 43.4% of studies analyzed only one sampling period, limiting comparisons and comprehension about possible seasonal variations. This review evidenced some weak points in studies using biomarkers in Brazil, especially related to the lack of studies in two important biomes (the Pantanal and the Amazon Rainforest) and experimental designs (small sample size, sampling in one single period, use of one single biomarker). Thus, future studies should consider mainly the use of multiple biomarkers, greater sample size, seasonal sampling and water physicochemical parameters to better diagnose the health of aquatic ecosystems.     

Development and application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method for simple and rapid identification of the toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense and Alexandrium catenella in cultured and natural seawater

ABSTRACT:   The toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech and A. catenella (Whedon and Kofoid) Balech produce potent neurotoxins, such as saxitoxin and gonyautoxin and have been mainly responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in Japan. To prevent a negative effect on the fishery industry, it is necessary to identify these toxic species precisely and rapidly before and during the bloom. In this paper, a rapid and simple protocol of a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method using ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-targeted probes has been established for identifying the cultured strains and natural cells of A. tamarense and A. catenella . Using the FISH method established in this study, it was possible to identify these toxic species species-specifically and rapidly, within 30 min. The procedure of detection constituted three steps: (i) fixation/dehydration; (ii) hybridization; and (iii) washing; this made the identification simple. Moreover, this method did not require either special techniques or equipment, and the cost for detection was low. The specificity, rapidity, and simplicity of the developed method suggest that it might be useful for routine monitoring of these toxic microalgae.     

Natural factors to consider when using acetylcholinesterase activity as neurotoxicity biomarker in Young-Of-Year striped bass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Morone saxatilis</Emphasis>)

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is one of the most common biomarkers of neurotoxicity used in aquatic organisms. However, compared to its extensive use as biomarker, the effects of natural factors on AChE activity remain unclear especially in estuarine fishes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of natural factors on AChE activity of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) juveniles. Brain AChE activity was measured in YOY (Young-Of-Year) individuals collected monthly from August 2007 to January 2008 at 12 different sites in the San Francisco Estuary system. The spatio-temporal variability of AChE was analyzed relative to water temperature and salinity as well as fish size. AChE activity was highly positively correlated with water temperature and to a lesser extent negatively with fish size while no relationship was detected with salinity. Taking into account these natural factors when using AChE as a biomarker will help to determine and understand the effects of neurotoxic contaminants on fish in estuarine systems.     

Why won’t they grow? – Inhibitory substances and mollusc hatcheries

Molluscs are known to be seriously affected by trace amounts of environmental pollutants such as tributyltin at concentrations in seawater that are below the level of detection by all but the most sensitive chemical analytical techniques. This extreme sensitivity by molluscs has led to use of both adults and larvae as biomonitors for environmental pollution. Mollusc aquaculture has led to an increasing demand for commercial hatcheries to supply seed stock, including selected genetic lines of spat and juveniles. It is becoming apparent that many of the unexplained “crashes”, ill thrift or failures of larvae to metamorphose in such hatcheries are primarily due to their being compromised for a range of reasons including traces of inhibitory or toxic substances in the water supply. Because dead and dying larvae are ideal substrates for bacterial and ciliate growth, such invaders are often assumed to be the primary cause of the problem and this hinders finding a solution. In addition, many of the toxins which may be implicated in crashes are sporadic in occurrence and are both difficult to detect and hard to remove from the water supply. This paper provides evidence for these toxic effects and suggests ways of reducing the problems.     

Use of biomarkers to assess the welfare of the edible clam, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ruditapes philippinarum</Emphasis>: may it be a tool for proving areas of origin?

The use of biomarkers as early-warning signals to assess the impact of pollutants and other environmental stressors in coastal habitats has been internationally recognized as a useful tool in marine coastal monitoring. We propose a similar approach to verify the welfare of edible shellfish, Ruditapes philippinarum, thus exploiting its possible application as an effective tool to verify the origin of fishing/aquaculture products. A selected battery of biomarkers was chosen and applied to organisms from two different habitats in the Lagoon of Venice (a farming site and a natural area where fishing is currently banned, because of pollution problems) and from a local market. Biological responses were evaluated physiologically (survival in air test and condition index), behaviourally (reburrowing rate), and histochemically (quantification of neutral lipids and lipofuscin). Micropollutants (heavy metals, PCBs, and PAHs) were also determined in the soft tissues. Results indicated clams from the farming site were in the best condition with regard to both chemical and biological measurements. In contrast, the market sample contained the highest concentrations of PAHs. PCBs and heavy metals varied slightly and quite irregularly among the three samples. The worst values of the biomarkers were observed for clams collected at the polluted site, where, in particular, the lowest physiological and behavioural indexes and the highest accumulation of lipofuscin in the digestive tissue were recorded.