Finding best exotic breed proportion in crossbred lactating sheep kept under farmers’ conditions in Ethiopia determined by use of nested Legendre polynomials with limited data

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted to estimate milk production performance and fit lactation curves for groups of ewes of Local and of Awassi crosses, with a variable blood level, reared under farmer’s environment. The Weigh-Suckle-Weigh method plus hand milking was used to estimate milk yield for ewes. A total of 466 observations from 115 ewes were used. Estimated least-squares adjusted means for the milk production over 120 days were 0.56?kg day^?1 (Local), 0.67 (<30% Awassi), 0.86 (30–50% Awassi), and 0.96 (>50% Awassi). Groups with 30–50% Awassi and >50% Awassi ewes produced significantly (p?<?0.05) more milk than Local ewes. Significant differences were observed between <30% Awassi and >50% Awassi crossbred groups. The best crosses (>50% Awassi) produced over 70% more milk than the local ewes which demonstrates the potential that exists in increasing milk production through the initiated crossbreeding programme with sheep in Ethiopia.     

桃树不同生长型及其研究进展

生长型是桃树重要的树体特征,是控制树体大小的遗传因素,与栽培关系密切。综合有关文献介绍了桃树的紧凑型、半矮化型、矮化型、柱型、直立型、短枝型、垂枝型等生长型资源及不同生长型在遗传、形态特征、生理、栽培等方面的研究进展。紧凑型受单位点显性基因控制,树体开张,分枝角度大,萌芽率及成枝力均高,光透过率较低;半矮化型树体介于普通型和紧凑型之间;矮化型为单基因隐性性状,节间极短,树体矮小,叶片密度大,光透过率低;柱型枝条分枝角度小,冠幅小,叶面积指数大;直立型介于柱型和普通型之间;短枝型能形成较多的短果枝,并以短果枝结果为主;垂枝型枝条披散下垂,枝条弯曲。不同生长型之间在氮素、干物质分配和内源激素水平上也存在一定的差异。紧凑型、矮化型由于树冠密度大,光透过率低而在应用上受到限制,直立型和柱型因适应了高密度栽培而更受人们的重视。针对目前存在的生长型分类与命名问题,作者认为应首先考虑节间长度,其次为萌芽率、成枝力等,然后考虑的是枝条的分枝角度。     

浓缩风能装置内部流场仿真分析

浓缩风能装置是浓缩风能型风力发电机组的主要部件之一,其结构直接影响机组输出功率的大小。为了提高浓缩风能装置的浓缩效率,以浓缩风能装置为研究对象,应用三维建模软件与CFD(computational fluid dynamics)软件建立了几何模型与网格模型。基于上述模型,提出应用数值模拟方法对浓缩风能装置内部流场进行仿真分析,并通过比较分析不同湍流模型下的内部流场特性,得知标准κ-ω湍流模型更加适用于浓缩风能装置内部流场仿真。基于上述浓缩风能装置模型和湍流模型,分别对不同尺寸参数的浓缩风能装置内部流场特性进行仿真分析,得到了扩散角对浓缩风能装置内部流场特性的影响比收缩角、中央圆筒长度的影响大的规律,此规律为浓缩风能装置结构优化与设计提供了依据,优化后的结构能明显提高风能品质和风电机组输出功率。     

U形渠道圆头量水柱测流影响因素试验及模拟

为研究U形渠道圆头量水柱的测流规律及影响因素,基于绕流理论和RNG k-?湍流模型,对18种体型圆头量水柱5种工况下的水力性能进行全流场数值计算,获得了时均流场、断面流速分布及柱后水流流态,并与实测值进行对比。同时,通过模型试验与数值仿真研究了V形尾翼对测流的影响。结果表明：水力参数的实测值与模拟值具有较好的一致性,渠道底坡为1/1 000,流量为45.01 L/s,收缩比及长宽比分别为0.50和2时,驻点处横断面最大流速模拟值与实测值相对误差为1.51%,水深15 cm位置剖面最大流速模拟值与实测值相对误差为0.45%。适宜长宽比的V形尾翼可以有效改善过槽水流：当收缩比为0.50～0.75时,建议长宽比为3/2～2;当收缩比＜0.50时,长宽比应相应增大,但不宜＞5/2。通过回归分析得到的圆头量水柱流量计算公式,在收缩比为0.63时最大测流误差为4.95%,平均误差仅为0.10%,该研究为圆头量水柱在中国北方灌区末级渠系的进一步应用提供参考。     

From regionally predictable to locally complex population structure in a freshwater top predator: river systems are not always the unit of connectivity in Northern Pike Esox lucius

Contemporary genetic diversity is the product of both historical and contemporary forces, such as climatic and geological processes affecting range distribution and continuously moulded by evolutionary forces selection, gene flow and genetic drift. Predatory freshwater fishes, such as Northern Pike Esox lucius, commonly exhibit small population sizes, and several local populations are considered endangered. Pike inhabit diverse habitat types, including lakes, rivers and brackish marine waters, thus spanning from small isolated patches to large open marine systems. However, pike population structure from local to regional scales is relatively poorly described, in spite of its significance to developing conservation measures. We analysed microsatellite variation in a total of 1185 North European pike from 46 samples collected across both local and regional scales, as well as over time, to address two overarching questions: Is pike population structure associated with local and/or regional connectivity patterns, and which factors likely have the main influence on the contemporary distribution of genetic diversity? To answer this, we combined estimators of population diversity and structure to assess evidence of whether populations within (i) habitats, (ii) drainage systems and (iii) geographical regions are closer related than among these ranges, and whether patterns are temporally stable. Contrasting previous predictions that genetic drift obscures signals of postglacial colonisation history, we identified clear regional differences in population genetic signatures, suggesting a major effect of drainage divides on colonisation history and connectivity. However, several populations deviated from the general pattern, showing that local processes may be complex and need to be examined case‐by‐case.