盐度对黄鲷胚胎发育及早期仔鱼生长的影响

The effect of salinity on embryo and early larva development of Dentex tumiforns was discussed. Floating forms of egg in different salinities, optimal salinity for embryonic development and early larva growth was studied. The results showed: 1. In immobile condition, all eggs sank at salinity of 32.0, most of egg ssuspended in the middle of water at 34.0, and all eggs floated on the surface when salinity above 36.0. 2. Eggs did not hatch out at salinity of below 10.0 or above 60.0 and the death time of egg gradually moved up with increase or decline of salinity. Eggs hatched out at salinity range of 15.0 and 50.0, including abnormal larva. There was indistinct difference in speed of embryonic development (about 36-40h) within the salinity of 15.0 and 50.0. However the salinity had a great effect on larval survival after hatching and abnormal rate. The relation between hatching rate and salinity variation showed parabola but abnormal rate showed inverted parabola. The hatching rate was 81%-86% and abnormal rate of yolk sac larva was 27%-30% in suitable salinities of 27.0-39.0. The hatching rate was 89%-91% and abnormal rate was 13%-16% in optimal salinities of 33.0-36.0. The oil ball of abnormal larva was located in the central or front position. With increased extent of salinity, spondyle of larva bended and number of larva with arrhythmia increased. 3. The optimal salinities were 30.0-35.0 based on SAI. The test with SAI showed that SAI of early larvae was 41.25-47.53 at salinities of 30.0-35.0, the yolk and oil ball of 7-8 days larva was completely absorbed with a survival rate of 88%.     

美洲黑石斑鱼营养成分分析与营养价值评价

In this experiment, the contents of the main nutrients such as protein, fat, moisture, ash, calcium and phosphorus were analysed, and the contents of the trace elements, amino acids and fatty acids in its muscle were determined for Centropristis striata. Moreover, its nutritional value was evaluated and compared with other fishes,livestocks and poultries. The results showed that the content of dry matter and protein are higher in its muscle. Then, all of 17 common amino acids（AA） contents in muscle was 17.51% in the fresh sample, and 7 of them are human essential amino acids（EAA）41.58% in the total amino acids（TAA）. The ratio of essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids（EAA/NEAA） was 84.46% ,and the essential amino acids index（EAAI） was 57.71. According to AAS and CS,which basically accorded with the issued standard value by FAO and WHO. The content of 5 delicious amino acids was 44.37% in the TAA, and the ratio of branched chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids was 2.83. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids was 22.3% rich in its muscle also, in particular EPA and DHA. In conclusion, Centropristis striata is a species of delicious and high nutritional value,which well deserves exploitation and utilization. At the same time, this experiment was preparing for the next study to provide reference data for artificial feed and the expansion of aquaculture.     

大菱鲆胚胎的玻璃化冷冻保存

Vitrification solutions were examined for their suitability of cryopreservation of turbot (Seophthulnms maximus) embryos. PMPI gave higher survival rate (75.68%) than other vitrification solutions and was considered to be suitable liar the cryopreservation of turbot embryos. The freezing point of the vitrification solutions consisted of PG and MeOH in the proportion of 3:2 was measured when the vitrification solutions were cryopreserved. It showed that the vitrification solutions with a cryoprotectant concentration of over 41% have no freezing point and the freezing points of vitrification solutions containing 33.33%-40% cryprotectants were between -32.4℃ and -65.4℃， The freezing point decreased with the increase of cryoprotectant concentration. The resistance of turbot embryos at different stages to the cryoprotectants was studied, It was found that the turbot embryos from 4-5 pairs somite to tail bud were more resistant to cryoprotectants and suitable to vitrify. A live embryo was obtained after cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen for 14h and was hatched out。     

ABSTRACTS AND KEY WORDS

Abstract The effects of diet species,diet density, sizes and temperature on the filtration rate of Mactra veneriformis juveniles were studied in a laboratory system.It was found that the filtration rate of four species microalgae was increased with microalgae density increasing at the optimum microalgae density, but was decreased with the increase to continue.The relationship between filtration rate and individual weight followed an exponential,Y= 13.429X^0.6118（R^2=0.9971）.In addition,the filtration rate was increased with the increase of temperature,but was decreased if the temperature exceeded ℃ ,at which the filtration rate reached the maximum of 2.31ml/ ind.min.     

建鲤与异育银鲫生长、生化组成和饲料利用的比较

In order to investigate the difference in utilization of diets with different quality in Jian carp（Cyprinus carpio var. Jian）and allogynogenetic silver curcian carp(Carassius auratus gibelio), a 55 d growth trial was conducted and low quality diet (LQ-diet) and high quality diet (HQ diet) were tested. LQ-diet contained 33.91% dietary protein which is mainly from soybean meal while HQ-diet contained 45.59% dietary protein which is mainly from fish meal. The initial average body weights were from 5.58 g to 5.82 g for two fish strains. The trial was carried out in a system consisting of 12 self circulation 320 L tanks. During the experiment, the fish were fed to satiation twice a day (at 9: 00 and 15:00), and uneaten feed was collected 1 h after feeding and dried. Feces were collected twice a day (at 11:00 and 16:45) from the fecal traps and dried at 70 ℃. The results show that feed intake was higher in Jian carp than in allogynogenetic silver curcian carp when fed LQ diet, while there was no significant difference between weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, protein efficiency rate and apparent digestibility. When fed HQ diet, Jian carp showed a lower feed intake, but higher feed conversion efficiency and protein efficiency rate than allogynogenetic silver curcian carp while there was no significant difference in the weight gain and apparent digestibility of both species. For Jian carp, feed intake and protein efficiency rate for the fish fed HQ diet and LQ diet were not significantly different, while the fish fed HQ diet showed higher weight gain, feed conve rsion efficiency and apparent digestibility. For allogynogenetic silver curcian carp, the fish fed HQ diet showed significantly higher feed intake, apparent digestibility, weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and lower protein efficiency rate. For Jian carp, body contents of dry matter, protein, lipid and energy for the fish fed HQ diet and LQ diet were significantly higher. For allogynogenetic silver curcian carp, body contents of dry matter and protein was significantly higher, while body contents of lipid and energy were affected by diet qualities. Compared to Jian carp, allogynogenetic silver curcian carp showed better utilization when fed LQ diet while poorer utilization when fed HQ diet.     

Differences in Major Ions Composition of Artificial Seawater from Aquarium Tanks at the New Jersey State Aquarium

Concentrations of major seawater ions were monitored in six aquarium tanks at the New Jersey State Aquarium over a three-year period. The ratios of these ions to chlorinity were compared to those in freshly prepared artificial seawater. The largest aquarium tank (Ocean Tank) exhibits statistically significant (p<0.01) relative enrichment of potassium, calcium and strontium, and relative depletion of magnesium and sulphate. The likely source of excess potassium is from potassium iodide added to prevent goiter in sharks. Based on the excess potassium, a total amount of 650 μmol/kg iodide added over the years was calculated for the Ocean Tank. The excess calcium observed in several tanks correlates with the presence of concrete or arbonaceous shells in these tanks. In Ocean Tank, a calcium leaching rate of 6.7 kg/month was calculated. Continuous formation of white carbonaceous precipitates serves as a sink for magnesium in Ocean Tank, and a magnesium removal rate of 5.1 kg/month was calculated. These and other results show that concentrations of major ions in artificial seawater aquaria are affected by leaching, precipitation and addition of food supplements, and these factors should be taken into account when preparing artificial seawater for aquarium tanks with long water residence time. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

绿色微囊藻等不同食物对大型生长和脂类成分的影响

The growth and reproduction of Daphnia magna fed with Microcystis viridis and Chlorella spp respectively and 20% fish oil + 80% yeast and yeast were studied. The intrinsic rate of natural increase of Daphnia magna (rm) was 0.243 fed with Microcystis viridis, 0.301 with Chlorella spp., 0.244 with 20% fish oil + 80% yeast and 0.193 with yeast. The result showed that：Daphnia magna fed with Microcystis viridis had lower growth rates than that fed with Chlorella spp. an d 20% fish oil + 80% yeast which both had full fatty acids. And the Daphnia magna fed with yeast was the lowest. So the fatty acids composition of diet may affect the growth of Daphnia magna. This paper further examined total lipids and main HUFA (EPA and DHA) compositions of the continuous three generations of Daphnia magna (in order to get rid of t he effects of former diet) fed with different of above diets (except the yeast). The result showed that:the three generations of the D. magna fed with Microcystis viridis had the lowest total lipids and the percentages of the HUFA (EPA, and no DHA) have a significant decrease and get the lowest EPA in the final experiment because of the very low HUFA especially EPA and DHA in Microcystis viridis. So the results indicate that Microcystis viridis with low HUFA made the lower growth rate, spawn ing rate and hatching rate of Daphnia magna.     

芝芪菌质对罗氏沼虾生长和免疫及中肌苷酸含量的影响

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of Zhiqi Fungal Substance on their performance, immunity , and meat quality in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Macrobrachium rosenbergii were allotted into four groups randomly. The control group were fed with basal diet, the others were the treated groups fed with basal diet supplemented with 0.25% ,0.5% ,1% Zhiqi Fungal Substance for 35 days, respectively. The results showed Zhiqi Fungal Substance can imporve the production of shrimpand and the survival rate. Zhiqi Fungal Substance increased the LSZ and SOD level（P 〈 0. 05） compared to control. Addition of 0.5% and 1% Zhiqi Fungal Substance increased the AKP and the ACP level（P 〈 0. 05）. It is indicated that dietary Zhiqi Fungal Substance can improve the flavor of cultured shrimp.     

饥饿胁迫对鲤肠道与肝脏蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性的影响

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of starvation on digestive enzymes activity of the carp （Cyprinus carpio） at the water temperature 18 -20℃ in the cycle and flow water aquarium. The experiment was designed for four groups with three replication,which were 0 day（control） , 10 days, 20 days, 30days group. The results showed That there was a trend to drop first and keep stabilization for Cyprinus carpio body weight and Meat Content with the prolongatin of starvation, and that Effect of starvation stress on the the activity of protease in intestine and hepatopancreas of Cyprinus carpio was significant, with the prolongatin of starvation, there was a trend to increase then drop for the activity of protease in fore-gut, mid-gut hind-gut and hepatopancreas of Cyprinus carpio. And that the variatin for activityof amylase in fore-gut was significant butthat of the others was no significant.     

线纹尖塘鳢的形态生物学与核型

This paper reports the morphological character and karyotype of Oxyeleotris lineolatus. Oxyeleotris lineolatus is native in Australia and call ed sleepy cod. It belongs to Oxyeleotris, Eleotridae, Gobioidei, Perciformes in taxonomy. Recently, it was introduced to China and local people were not familiar with it. So we carried out this study. 30 individuals have been observed and some data were recorded. It has a large mouth that is in front and up. The mandible stands out and is longer than the up jaw. There are many rows of thin teeth in up and down jaws. The pelvie fins are located in chest and pectoral fins are large and fanlike. There are two dorsal fins. The tail fin is circular. Gill rakers are sparse and the number of gill rakers is 8-12+3-4. The gas bladder belongs to physoclistaus and its stomach is strong and I-like. The intestine is thick and short and no pyloric caecas. The length of the digestive path is 48.1％-80.3% of the length of body. Its liver has two lobes and the liver weight is 4.1%-7.2% of the body weight. The digestive organs characters are same as the trait of flesheater fish. Its scale belongs to ctenoid scale and its body surface shows several long lines. There is not lateral line in the body. The number of vertebra is 26-27 and it has 10-11 pairs rib. The number of diploid chromosome is 2n=46 and the karyotype formula is 2sm+8st+36t，NF=48. The relative length of chromosome is from 1.37% to 3.48% and it is continuity. No strange size chromosomes relation to sex was observed. The karyotype of Oxyeleotris lineolatus is similar to that of Oxyeletris marmoratus Bleeker from South East Asia and both of them belong to Oxyeleotri. It testifies the correctness of traditional classification on cytology.     

紫菜丝状体阶段核分裂特征观察

对条斑紫菜和坛紫菜的果孢子、丝状体以及壳孢子的核分裂进行了细胞学观察。结果表明,两种紫菜染色体数分别是3和5,从果孢子萌发到壳孢子萌发阶段为二倍体核,核分裂都具同源染色体配对特征。在果孢子萌发和营养藻丝、孢子囊枝和壳孢子囊细胞分裂中,分裂前期末同源染色体紧密配对聚合,进入中期染色体在赤道面上排列,同源染色体仍一一对应,后期染色单体分离。在壳孢子萌发的核分裂中,前期同源染色体配对更加紧密,中期过程出现联会染色体分离的特征,后期同源染色体分离,显示减数分裂特点。本文还讨论了有丝分裂同源染色体配对现象对观察研究紫菜二倍体细胞核分裂的影响。     

5个紫菜属物种丝状体的微卫星初步遗传分析

文章利用68对微卫星引物对坛紫菜（Porphyra haitanensis）、半叶紫菜（P.katadai）、条斑紫菜（P.yezoensis）、少精紫菜（P.oligospermatangia）和皱紫菜（P.crispata）5个紫菜属物种的丝状体进行初步的遗传分析,共筛选出20对高多态性适用引物,在10份紫菜丝状体样品扩增位点的多态性比例为95.24%,每对引物可扩增的等位基因位点数为1.22～4.05,平均为2.37;各样品之间的遗传多样性指数为0.254 6～0.899 4;不同物种的遗传距离为0.106 0～1.406 6,同一物种的丝状体材料优先聚类为一支,表明筛选出的微卫星引物具有良好的遗传分辨能力。     

二氧化锗对坛紫菜自由丝状体生长发育的影响

本文研究了二氧化锗(GeO_2)对我国特有的坛紫菜自由丝状体的生长发育,及对一些附生性硅藻类和绿藻的影响,论证了二氧化锗在本实验浓度范围内,对坛紫菜自由丝状体无叨显毒理影响,而能抑制一些附生性硅藻和绿藻的生长;并探讨了二氧化锗对硅藻、绿藻的毒性机理。由于在培养坛紫菜自由丝状体时很容易附生硅藻 因而研究结果将为坛紫莱自由丝状体及其他藻种的培养和保存提供依据。     

萱藻丝状体对无机碳的利用

应用pH漂移技术和pH电极法并结合相关抑制剂对萱藻丝状体无机碳的利用进行了研究,并探索了不同浓度CO_2对萱藻丝状体碳酸酐酶(CA)的影响。结果显示,(1)萱藻丝状体pH补偿点为9.21,CO_2补偿点为0.74μmol/L。抑制剂乙酰唑胺(AZ,acetazolamide)对萱藻丝状体pH补偿点无显著影响,作用的前3个小时对无机碳的利用量无抑制作用。抑制剂乙氧苯丙噻唑磺胺(EZ,ethoxyzolamide)和钒酸盐(Van)使萱藻丝状体的pH补偿点均下降到8.82,2种抑制剂作用的前3个小时对无机碳利用量的抑制率分别为55.93%和56.72%。自然条件下萱藻丝状体以游离CO_2和HCO_3~-作为无机碳源,且HCO_3~-的利用依赖于ATP酶和胞内CA。(2)0.35%、0.70%和1.20%的CO_2使萱藻丝状体胞内CA活性分别降低6.29%、17.44%和27.15%,CO_2浓度越高对萱藻丝状体胞内CA活性抑制作用越强。     

磷对坛紫菜孢子囊枝形成的影响

主要研究了不同浓度、不同形式的磷源（磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二钾和甘油磷酸钠）对坛紫菜（Porphyra haitanensis）孢子囊枝形成的影响，以及丝状体对磷的利用情况。结果表明，氮磷比在2／1左右时有利于孢子囊枝形成；无机磷酸盐比有机磷酸盐更能促进坛紫菜孢子囊枝形成；当N，P为10／1、7／1和2／1时，磷吸收速率随该比值下降而上升；磷起始浓度过高不利于丝状体的生长发育，有规律地适量添加磷盐有利于坛紫菜孢子囊枝的形成。     

坛紫菜优质新品系（Q-1）主要经济性状的研究

对杂交选育的坛紫菜优质品系（Q-1）和人工养殖的坛紫菜（对照组）进行叶状体生长、藻体厚度、4种色素含量、粗蛋白、氨基酸含量的测定以及丝状体的生长发育等实验。结果表明，（1）（Q-1）F2、F3叶状体生长迅速，不易成熟；3～4cm的F。叶状体经过10～15d的培养，平均日增长量高达（8．33±1．01）cm，分别为父、母本的1．4和2．7倍；（2）F3叶状体在第1次剪收时藻体厚度为（21．0±1.5）μm，仅为对照组厚度的52％，第2次剪收时为（25．6±1．9）μm，为对照组的56％；F2剪收1次后藻体的长度、宽度和鲜重平均日增长量分别为对照组的2．1、2．4和2．2倍；（3）F2叶状体的总藻胆蛋白含量为（109．52±0．94）mg／g，为对照组的1．6倍；粗蛋白的含量高达（41．71±．11）g／100g，比对照组高27％；F。叶状体第1次剪收时叶绿素a的含量高达（7．66±0．19）mg／g，比对照组高13％；（4）F3叶状体第1次剪收时呈味氨基酸中鲜味氨基酸与甜味氨基酸的总量为2．49g／100g，为对照组的1．8倍；必需氨基酸含量为15．66g／100g，比对照组高13％；（5）（Q-1）和对照组的丝状体在29℃分别培养30～40d时，90％的营养藻丝发育成孢子囊枝。     

坛紫菜雌雄叶状体的细胞分化比较

以室内培养20～90 d的坛紫菜雌雄叶状体为研究材料，用酶解法分别获取单离细胞进行再生培养。在雌雄叶状体的体细胞再生体中，都出现9种不同发育类型。再生体发育类型的数目和比例与种藻日龄密切相关等结果，证实了离体培养的单离细胞发育成不同形态的再生体是基于其离体前处于不同分化时期所致；由壳孢子分化成性母细胞大致可划分成8个不同阶段。雌雄叶状体的细胞分化途经大致相同，但也有一定差异，雌性叶状体的细胞最终分化成雌性性母细胞，并产生大量的丝状体；而雄性叶状体的细胞最终分化成雄性性母细胞，绝大部分生成精子，但极少数产生丝状体。在雌雄叶状体的细胞再生体中，均产生 “类单孢子”并长成正常叶状体。雄性叶状体成熟较雌性早，与其细胞分化速度较快有关。成熟期不同的雌性品系观察结果表明，叶状体成熟越早、生长期越短，其体细胞分化速度也越快。     

坛紫菜北方海区养殖试验

为进一步拓展坛紫菜“南菜北养”的范围，2018年和2019年在山东烟台海区进行了坛紫菜“闽丰2号”的养殖试验。2018年9月中旬将购自江苏、幼苗肉眼可见的网帘投放下海，至12月上旬采收五水(第一次采收的紫菜叫头水或一水紫菜，后面的依次叫二水、三水、四水、五水),总产量为2 359.5 kg/hm²(干质量);2019年8月下旬，采用坛紫菜成熟贝壳丝状体在当地进行采苗、下海，9月下旬进行一水紫菜的收获，至11月中上旬共采收五水，总产量为1 574.3 kg/hm²(干质量)。随着收获期的延长，藻体的长度、宽度均呈增加趋势，但2个年度产量分别以三水和四水为最高。海区营养盐测定结果表明：海水中的无机氮浓度随着养殖时间的延长呈降低趋势，10月份的无机氮浓度明显低于8月份的，晒网同时喷洒施肥后藻体颜色快速好转，且产量有所提高，表明试验海区营养盐条件是影响坛紫菜养殖的重要因素之一。为避免病害发生，在养殖过程中应及时施肥以促进藻体生长，提高坛紫菜的产量和质量。     

坛紫菜自由丝状体响应琼胶寡糖的激发

为了研究琼胶寡糖对坛紫菜自由丝状体藻丝生长和壳孢子囊枝形成的激发的影响,实验采用琼胶寡糖激发坛紫菜自由丝状体,以液相氧电极检测坛紫菜丝状体净光合放氧速率的变化;以对羟基苯乙酸(POHPAA)化学发光法检测坛紫菜丝状体的H_2O_2释放量;利用LC-MS检测红藻糖苷含量变化;利用实时定量PCR技术检测坛紫菜丝状体H_2O_2产生相关基因(Phrboh、Ph SOD)和红藻糖苷合成相关基因(Phnho1、Phgpdh、Phtps)的表达情况;并利用显微镜观察法检测壳孢子囊枝数量的变化。结果发现,琼胶寡糖能够激发坛紫菜自由丝状体的系列响应,表现在净光合放氧速率以及光合同化产物红藻糖苷的含量和生物合成出现增加;H_2O_2释放量持续增加,与产生H_2O_2相关的2个酶基因Phrboh和Ph SOD的表达增强。此外,琼胶寡糖也能够促进在坛紫菜自由丝状体的发育,在培养第30天时,琼胶寡糖处理组的壳孢子囊枝形成率达到59%,显著高于对照组46%。综上所述,琼胶寡糖能够增加坛紫菜自由丝状体的光合速率和光合同化产物,并通过形成H_2O_2的酶的表达来诱导活性氧的释放;琼胶寡糖还能促进坛紫菜自由丝状体的繁殖发育。     

冷藏保护剂对坛紫菜幼苗冷藏效果的影响

对采用不同冷藏保护剂保护的坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)幼苗,经不同冷藏时间后的存活与生长发育情况进行研究,探讨影响冷藏效果的一些相关因素。结果显示:(1)在常温下,不同浓度梯度的胞内保护剂(甘油、DMSO)比胞外保护剂(葡萄糖、蔗糖)对坛紫菜幼苗成活的影响大,幼苗分别在20%DMSO和35%甘油中培养48 h,其成活率为15%和0%;(2)从单一冷藏保护剂的作用来看,甘油的冷冻保护效果优于DMSO,幼苗在20%-25%甘油保护剂作用下冷藏30 d,成活率为100%,冷藏90 d的成活率为25%-35%;葡萄糖和蔗糖作为单一的冷藏保护剂,冷藏15 d后幼苗全部死亡;(3)甘油 DMSO两种胞内保护剂混合冷藏30 d,成活率为85%;(4)甘油 DMSO 葡萄糖不同浓度组合的冷藏效果较好,冷藏180 d后仍达到95%以上的成活率;(5)盐度和藻体细胞壁的厚度与冷藏效果有关。当盐度为25时,冷藏藻体的细胞成活率高于其他盐度实验组;藻体细胞壁的厚薄对保存效果有影响,同一品系的藻体,细胞壁厚的比细胞壁薄的细胞更耐低温,成活率较高;(6)同株藻体不同部位冷藏30 d后成活率存在差异。