半滑舌鳎染色体核型分析

The tonguefish Cynoglossus semilaevis (Giinther) is a rare fish species in Chinese offing, inhabiting in the warm water bottom. The metaphase chromosome preparation of the fries has been got from their fins by hot air drying methods, while the metaphase chromosomes of one year old young fish which has physiologically sex differentiation has teen got from their renal tissues by the method of PHA and colchicine injection. The karyotypes were examined. The result shows that there are 42 acrocentric chromosomes in diploid and their karyotype formula is 2n = 42t, and there existed heterotypic sex chromosome which belongs to ZW/ZZ type. The sex ratio in artificial bred stock is nearly 1 : 1.     

细角螺的繁殖生态条件及繁殖习性

Hemifusus ternatanus(Gmelin), a gastropoda living in the deep water areas of undertide,as well as a delicious seafood, was distributed mainly in Chinese southeast seas and Japanese seas near the coast. In this experiment Hemifusus ternatanus' breeding ecological conditions and its propagation habit were studied in order to provide an experimental foundation for the artificial breeding. The brood stocks of test animals collected from the waters in Taiwan Strait, and then were examinated their growing temperature， salinity, feeding and propagation habit in the laboratory. The re sults showed that the growing temperature for Hemifusus ternatanus ranges from 16 ℃ to 32 ℃, with an optimum temperature between 20 ℃ to 28 ℃ and between 23 ℃ and 28 ℃ for breeding. The optimum growth salinity was 18.3-32.3 though it much adapts to salinity from 13 to 35. They prefer to feed on bivalves particularly those with thin shells and byssusless. Hemifusus ternatanus is dioecious and fertilization finishes inside the body. It was called as egg vesicle procreation that the whole stages of embryo growth were developed within egg vesicle. Larva forms as soon as it leaves egg vesicle, which is called direct occurrence type. The larva became the juvenile after metamorphosis during 20-25 days development. It was first to obtained 233 juveniles with shell height 32-45 mm by an artificial breeding method.     

The bioactivity of gonadotropin releasing hormones and its regulation in the gilthead seabream,Sparus aurata: in vivo andin vitro studies

Thein vivo andin vitro potency of native and modified forms of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) to release gonadotropin (GtH) was studied inSparus aurata and correlated with their relative susceptibility to degradation by cytosolic-bound enzymes of the pituitary, kidney, and liver. Salmon (s) GnRH and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) are equipotent whereas analogs of these peptides ((D-Arg⁶-Pro⁹NET)-sGnRH, (D-Ala⁶-Pro⁹NET)-LHRH, (D-Trp⁶)-LHRH) are superactive in inducingin vivo GtH release (at 10 μg/kg body weight). In anin vitro superfusion system of pituitary fragments all analogs are equipotent to the native peptides (at 10⁻¹⁰ to 2.5 × 10⁻⁷M). sGnRH and LHRH are rapidly degraded by cytosolic peptidases of the pituitary, liver, and kidney. The preferred site of cleavage is the Tyr⁵-Gly⁶ bond. Substitution of the position 6 glycine by D-amino acids renders the 5–6 bond resistant to degradation and shifts the main site of cleavage to the Pro⁹-Gly¹⁰NH₂ bond. Substitution at position 6 (as above) and at position 10 with Pro⁹NET results in analogs that are resistant to degradation. We propose that enzymatic cleavage terminates GnRH bioactivityin vivo and thus increased resistance to degradation is a major determinant of GnRH analog superactivity.     

鱼类诺达病毒及其所导致的疾病

In recent years, piscine nodaviruses have emerged as major pathogens of a wide range of larval and juvenile marine finfish resulting in high mortality in aquaculture worldwide. Affected fish exhibit a range of neurological signs, such as erratic swimming behaviour with the associated microscopic lesions of necrosis and vacuolation of the central nervous tissues and retina. Numerous roundshaped, unenveloped and 25-30 nm in diameter virus particles were found in the cytoplasm of affected retinal and nerve cells. Nodaviruses have a bipartite genome of positivesense RNA,with RNA1 encoding the RNAdependent RNA polymerase and RNA2 encoding the capsid protein. Both RNA are capped, but not polyadenylated. The family Nodaviridae comprises two genera: Alphanodavirus and Betanodavirus, members of which primarily infect insects and fish, respectively. Therefore, betanodavirus is also named piscine nodavirus. At present, piscine nodaviruses are divided into four genotypes based on partial sequences of the coat protein gene. ELISA and RT-PCR amplification have been developed as specific diagnostic methods for the d etection of the virus. Antibodies to striped jack (Pseudocaranx dentex) nervous necrosis (SJNNV) were found in 65% of plasma samples collected from wild and domestic brood stocks of striped jack, suggesting that the virus is very prevalent. Viral antigens were detected in eggs, larvae, and ovaries of hatcheryreared and wild spawner fish, suggesting both horizontal and vertical modes of transmission of the virus. Selection of nodavirusfree spawners using ELISA for detection of antigens and RT-PCR techniques have successfully reduced incidences of the virus infections in juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax),striped jack and barfin flounder (Verasper moseri). The SSN1 and GF cell lines have been successfully used in isolating piscinenodaviruses.Although there are many papers describing the molecular characteristics of betanodavirus, our knowledge of the genomic attributes of these viruses is still limited. Vaccination studies are being undertaken by a number of researchers and need to be fostered. In particular, the use of passive immunization of broodfish with homologous and heterologous, high titre antisera are worthy of investigation.     

Modulation of calcium uptake in cadmium-pretreated tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae

Tilapia larvae were exposed to 0 (control), 50 (50-Cd) or 100 (100-Cd) μg l^-1 cadmium for 4 days and then transferred to cadmium-free fresh water for 3 days of detoxification. Total length and weight, calcium influx and total body calcium and cadmium content were examined at various times during detoxification. All the groups grew normally with regards to total length and body weight. Within the first 12h of detoxification the 50- and 100-Cd exposed groups released cadmium at the similar rate of about 24 ng mg^-1 h^-1 (or 140 ng larva^-1 h^-1). Later, however, this rate declined to only 4–16% of the initial level. Calcium influx in the control group showed a 10–26% increase during the detoxification period. Calcium influx in the 50-Cd group increased by about 280% and reached it peak at 12h. Calcium influx in the 100-Cd group increased by 440% and did not peak until 24h after transfer. After peaking, the influxes in both 50- and 100-Cd groups declined to the level of control at the end of the experiment. Calcium contents in 50- and 100-Cd groups increased more rapidly than that in control group within first 24h of the detoxification period. However the rate of increase in calcium content in three groups was the same after 24h. The changes in calcium influx appeared to be correlated with those in calcium content, and these suggested that tilapia larvae regulate the mechanism of calcium balance to compensate for the reduced calcium level in the body. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Accumulation of waterborne selenium by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), eggs,fry and juveniles

The effect of waterborne selenite levels on selenium accumulated by different developmental stages of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was studied using⁷⁵SeO ₃ ⁼ as a tracer. All stages readily accumulated selenium at both high and low concentrations, but the rate of accumulation increased as the trout developed from the egg to the juvenile feeding stage. The low rate of selenium accumulation by embryos seemed to be related more to a lack of gills than to the presence of a chorion. The bioconcentration factor (the ratio of tissue-to-water concentrations) declined in all groups with increased waterborne selenium levels; accumulation rates appeared limited by cell permeability. At low levels of waterborne selenium (0.4μg/l), the total accumulated was small relative to existing body burdens and unlikely to contribute significantly to the nutritional requirement for selenium. High levels (45.6μg/l), however, caused considerable selenium accumulation and may be sufficient to overcome the effects of low dietary selenium.     

我国赤潮频发现象分析与海藻栽培生物修复作用

In this paper, the history, main events and present status of red tide (HAB, harmful algal blooms) along China coast in recent years were reviewed and presented. It showed that the HAB's frequency and scale, number of HAB spec ies, percentage of toxic HAB events and the degree of damages to marine environment and economy have sharply increased in China since 1960's. Eutrophication was key factor for high occurrence of red tide. In this paper, main causes of frequent HAB occurrence along China coast was discussed. Many factors might influence the occurrence of red tide, which included weather, climate, coastal current, tidal current, water temperature, salinity, hydrodynamic and nutrient conditions, trace metals and the variation of biological environment. Numerous evidences from all over the world revealed the linkage between the increases in nutrient loading and the occurrences of high biomass blooms. Eutrophication was one of the important causes that involved in high occurrence of HAB. The main sources of nutrients potentially stimulating HABs included terrestrial runoff, aquaculture selfpollution, atmospheric deposition, sea projects and other pollution events in the ocean. Studies showed that the input from land contaminations and the selfpollution of marine aquaculture accelerated eutrophication in coastal waters and were also important impact factors on red tide. Researches suggested that nutrient composition could affect the species composition of phytoplankton as well as the development of some HABs. The changes in nutrient supply ratios, primarily N∶P, often resulted in shifts in red tide species composition. The correlation between cysts and formation of HAB was discussed from the viewpoi nt of transformation of cyst and vegetative cell, the effects of trace elements and other organic substances on the occurrence of HAB were presented also. It indicated that the nutrient control could be an effective way to reduce the risk of red tide occurrence. Seaweed would play an important role for decreasing marine eutrophication. Among the different methods of red tide controlling studied, seaweed biomass has received much attention due to the cost saving, low sensitivity to environmental and impurity factors, the possible contaminant recovery from the biomaterial and its elevated adsorption capacity. Cultivated seaweeds have very high rates of productivity higher than that of seaweed in its natural habits and grow well in water bodies with higher nitrogen and other nutrients. Seaweeds are able to absorb large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon dioxide, produce large quanti ties of oxygen, and have excellent effect on decreasing eutrophication. Large amounts of C, N and P are accumulated into seaweed tissues as they accumulate considerable biomass over a period of months or years depending on the cultivation season. When seaweeds are harvested, nutrients are removed from the sea area. An investigation was carried out for inorganic nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus concentration at Lusi Coast, Qidong County, Jiangsu Province in China, where there were about 270 hm2 for Porphyra yezoensis cultivation with eutrophic sea water in recent years. While during Porphyra yezoensis cultivation, from Sep 2003 to May 2004, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen declined form 0.511-0.778 mg·L^-1 to 0.006-0.057 mg·L^-1, nitrite nitrogen concentration declined from 0.010-0.040 mg·L^-1 to 0.001-0.009 mg·L^-1, and nitrate nitrogen concentration declined from 0.466-0.549 mg·L^-1 to 0.286-0.0568 mg·L^-1, the average concentration of inorganic phosphorus declined from 0.024 mg·L^-1 to 0.019 mg·L^-1. Furthermore, during five hours, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in the seawater declined form 220.88 μmol·L^-1 to 8.59 μmol·L^-1 by cultivated Gracilaria lemanaiformis, and the concentration of ammonium nitrogen declined form 213.84 μmol·L^-1 to zero by cultivated Enteromorpha clathrata. Other bioremediation mechanisms of seaweed inhibiting the red tide microalgae such as nutrients competition and allelopathic effects were also discussed.     

1999年2月黄海声学调查鳀鱼种群群体结构评估

IntroductionEstimation of the size structure of a fish population is often one of the primary objectives of an acoustic/trawl survey (Gunderson 1993;Honkalehto and Williamson 1996 ) .The size structure contains much informa-tion enabling a quick estimate of the fishable size of a stock in a regulated fishery or the recruitment status ofa stock.It is also a common practice to use the number at length of a population together with the age/lengthkey to produce the age structure of the fish popul…     

鳗源嗜水气单胞菌主要外膜蛋白基因克隆及其表达

A pair of primers were designed according to the published nucleotide sequence of a putative outer membrane protein gene (omp) of Aeromonas hydrophila . With the specific primers, a target fragment about 1.1 kb was amplified from Aeromonas hydrophila ML316 via PCR .The target fragment was inserted into the linearized pGEM-T easy vector. After enzyme restriction and sequencing analysis,the nucleotide data had been further analyzed by DNAman and ClutalW software. The analysis results showed that the cloned DNA fragment had a longest open reading frame (ORF) of 1035 nt,it predicted to be encoded a 344 aa protein with the molecular weight of 36 kD. Hydrophobicity analysis suggested that the protein was highly hydrophilic, especialy at the first 24 aminoacid, this region could function as signal peptide. The homologious comparison proved the cloned gene had 96% homology to the sequence of the omp gene, and the alignment of the amino acid sequence was 98% . The recombinant plasmid was constructed with the target gene and the expressing vector pGEX-4T-1 and then was transformed into E. coli BL21（DE3）by BamH and Sal I .The fusion protein was expressed under the IPTG inducing condition,and exhibited about 62 kD in size,very close to the predicted molecular weight of GSTMOMP, furthermore,the fusion protein was specifically recognized by antiserum which raised against the major outer membrane protein of AHML316. Considering all these together, it proved that the cloned gene represented the major outer membrane protein gene of AHML316, and the expressed gene products shared identical antigenicity with the natural main outer membrane protein,and also provided technical support for developing an advanced gene engineering vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila.     

大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓渔场大眼金枪鱼的生物学特性

Based on the biological data of bigeye tuna measured from the longlining ground of the Central Atlantic Ocean from Jun. 2001 to Oct. 2001, this paper analyzed the bigeye tuna‘s maturity stages of the gonad, feeding intensity, species composition of prey, sex ratio, fork length distribution, relationships between fork length and dressed weight, fork length and round weight, round weight and dressed weight by statistic and regression methods. The results indicate: ( 1 ) Maturity at Ⅳ-Ⅵ of the gonad are dominant with the highest percentage of Ⅴ (30.11% ). (2)The feeding intensity is mainly in the class 1 ,class 2 or class 3,totally 83.16%. (3)In the bigeye tuna‘s species composition of prey, the percentage of miscellaneous fish or cephalopod is relatively high, 38.05 % or 30.48 % respectively. Catch rate of bigeye tuna can be enhanced when cephalopod is used as the bait. (4) The male-female ratio is 2 : 1. This pattern might result from elevated mortality of adult females. (5) The fork length distribution is suitable for the normal. The dominant fork length is 1.13 - 1.49m, 64.16%, with the mean value of 1.32m. (6)The relationship between fork length and dressed weight. (7)The relationship between fork length and round weight. If the fork length is the same, the round weight converted in this paper‘s formula is a little lighter than the round weight converted in Parks‘s formula concluded at 1981 of the longline bigeye tuna catch. It might be caused by the different sampling areas or sampling time. (8)The relationship between round weight and dressed weight. The round weight conversion factor in this paper is a little higher than the ICCAT. It might be caused by the different processing methods. ICCAT is recommended to adapt this paper‘s conversion factor.     

大菱鲆高温胁迫应答主效QTL候选基因的表达特性分析

为研究大菱鲆高温胁迫下相关应激基因的表达影响,采用Real-time PCR对本课题组已定位到的大菱鲆高温胁迫应答主效QTL中的4个候选基因(p53、UBE2H、ZNF469和MAGI2基因)在不同温度胁迫下的肝脏、鳃、脾脏、皮肤4个组织中的表达量进行检测。以大菱鲆正常生活水温14°C为对照组,20°C、23°C、25°C和28°C为实验组,进行数据分析。结果显示,4个基因在各个组织中均有表达,且表达量具有组织和温度特异性。其中UBE2H的表达量在4个组织中均呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,在肝脏、脾脏、皮肤组织中20°C时急剧上升并达到峰值且差异显著;在鳃组织中23°C时达峰值,差异显著。p53在4个组织中的表达量均有先上升后下降的趋势,但在鳃和皮肤组织中28°C时表达量急剧升高达到峰值且差异显著。ZNF469和MAGI2在4个组织中均在20°C时大量表达,并远高于其他温度。研究表明,在大菱鲆高温胁迫应答过程中p53基因与DNA修复和细胞凋亡密切相关,而UBE2H基因参与的泛素-蛋白酶体途径对p53基因具有反馈调节作用,是维持细胞稳态的关键基因;ZNF469和MAGI2在作为鱼类应答高温胁迫的生物标志物方面具有重要研究价值。     

鲍疱疹病毒原位LAMP检测方法的建立与初步应用

为精确定位鲍疱疹病毒(HaHV-1)在宿主不同组织器官中的分布,明确HaHV-1的组织亲嗜性和侵染进程,实验基于环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)和原位杂交技术建立了HaHV-1的原位LAMP检测方法。利用该方法研究了HaHV-1人工感染实验不同时间节点,病毒在杂色鲍主要器官的分布规律和组织亲嗜性。并对已报道的HaHV-1 LAMP扩增引物进行优化,实现对载玻片上原位固定靶组织内病毒DNA的稳定、特异扩增,筛选最佳显色时间等原位杂交反应条件,最后通过免疫酶标技术分析HaHV-1在组织样本内的分布情况。结果显示,HaHV-1原位LAMP检测方法最适显色时间为60 min。利用该方法对攻毒后24、36、48、60和72 h,HaHV-1在杂色鲍外套膜、鳃、肝胰腺和腹足神经节4种样本的组织分布情况进行检测和分析。病毒阳性信号最早于36 h出现在腹足神经节,48 h在部分外套膜样本中观察到病毒阳性信号,分布局限于外周神经中。在感染实验后期,病毒阳性信号出现在肝胰腺结缔组织中。病毒阳性信号出现的部位常有大量细胞渗出和浸润,渗出的细胞中可见被病毒感染的血淋巴细胞。本研究建立的HaHV-1原位LAMP检...     

团头鲂tf和tfr1a基因启动子克隆及转录调控分析

为探索鱼类转铁蛋白基因tf和转铁蛋白受体基因tfr1a的转录调控机制,本实验以团头鲂为研究对象,在其全基因组数据库中获取tf和tfr1a基因序列,对2个基因候选启动子区转录因子结合位点及CpG岛进行预测,通过PCR方法克隆得到tf和tfr1a基因近端启动子区不同长度片段,连接至pGL3-Basic/pEGFP-1载体,瞬时转染入Hela细胞,并采用双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统进行检测。结果发现,团头鲂tf基因启动子区无CpG岛位点,而tfr1a基因启动子区有2个CpG岛位点。成功构建9个tf和10个tfr1a不同长度启动子片段的重组质粒,经双荧光素酶报告基因系统检测发现,tf启动子核心区域为-268^+56 bp,且-1 308^-1 102 bp片段可能存在正调控该基因表达的转录因子结合位点;tfr1a启动子核心区域为-224^+48 bp,且+48^+92 bp可能存在抑制该基因转录的负调控元件,而-1 229^-1 219 bp区域可能存在促进tfr1a基因表达的正调控转录因子结合位点。     

Tubercular Lesions in Two Spanish Cyprinodontid fishes

A histopathological study of tubercular lesions in Lebias (=Aphanius) ibera and Valencia hispanica (Cyprinodontidae) was carried out using conventional acid-fast staining and immunohistochemical methods. The clinical signs in diseased fish comprised exophthalmos, emaciation and melanosis. Examination of stained sections revealed a systemic granulomatous process associated with positive Zielh–Neelsen bacilli in the lesions. The immunohistochemical staining was positive in all cases and the mycobacterial antigen was detected in affected organs. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Identification of Stress Sensitive Genes in Hyperthermic Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Embryos by RAP-PCR

Deformities of skeletal structures, the heart, and other organs are a recurrent problem in species used in intensive aquaculture. Elevated egg incubation temperature appears to be a high risk factor in the development of these malformations, but the causal relation has not been established. Our aim was to identify candidate genes involved in the development of heat induced deformities in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Temperature sensitive genes were isolated by RNA Arbitrarily Primed (RAP)-PCR. A total of 33 RAP-PCR products were successfully sequenced, and the expression of eight identified genes was further examined by RT-PCR from pooled samples of heat exposed embryos. Five of these genes were demonstrated to be temperature sensitive, of which four were shown to be up-regulated and one was down-regulated at elevated water temperatures. The atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) gene, which is a promising candidate for heart deformities, showed the highest level of heat induction. Three additional RAP-PCR products identified as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleprotein (hnRNP) A0, acyl CoA binding protein (ACBP) and mitochondrial (mt)-HSP70 showed up-regulated mRNA expression in response to elevated water temperature. The single down-regulated gene was identified as an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) homolog of the cysteine and tyrosine-rich 1 (CYYR1) gene. This study demonstrated that a temperature elevation of only 4 °C during the early stages of the organogenesis in Atlantic salmon induce altered expression of a number of genes, which are candidates for the development of heat induced deformities.     

中华鲟、史氏鲟及达氏鳇血清免疫球蛋白的纯化及部分特性分析

采用饱和硫酸氨分步沉淀和Sephadex G200凝胶层析的方法，首次分别纯化制备了健康非免疫状态下中华鲟（Acipenser sinensis）、史氏鲟（Acipenser schrenckii）和达氏鳇（Huso dauricus）的血清免疫球蛋白（Ig） ，并采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）、SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDSPAGE）、蛋白免 疫印迹（Western blotting）及免疫琼扩实验等方法对其Ig及Ig亚单位的分子量和部分特性进行了分析。PAGE及SDSPAGE的结果显示：史氏鲟，中华鲟和达氏鳇IgM的相对分子量分别为867 kD， 896 kD和924 kD；3种鲟鱼Ig的重链分子量均为88 kD，都具有29 kD的轻链，其中达氏鳇还另有一分子量约为26 kD的轻链蛋白。分子量的测定及计算结果显示鲟鱼的Ig为四聚体。Western-blotting的检测结果表明，3种鲟鱼Ig的重链与其Ig具有同样的抗原性，在硝酸纤维素膜上可被兔抗鲟Ig多克隆抗体所识别，而轻链的Western blotting检测结果则呈阴性。免疫沉淀反应的结果显示，3种鲟鱼的血清及其Ig与相互之间的兔抗Ig血清有免疫沉淀反应，但与兔抗鲤Ig血清无免疫沉淀反应，这表明3种鲟科鱼类的Ig在结构和序列上是较为相似的，而与鲤鱼等高等硬骨鱼类的Ig存在较大的差别。     

倒刺鲃属三个种之间种间杂交的初步研究

采用人工催产和干法授精技术,进行了以中华倒刺鲃、倒刺鲃为母本与其父本及黑脊倒刺鲃雄鱼的种间杂交实验,获得4个杂交组合和2个自交组合,在(27±0.5)℃温度条件下,对其F₁卵膜径、受精率、孵化率、孵化时间、畸形率、子代早期形态特征与成活率进行了比较,同时,观察了胚胎发育及其异常现象,结果表明:以中华倒刺鲃为母本的F₁卵膜径差异不显著;以倒刺鲃为母本的F₁卵膜径,在多细胞期时差异不显著,在耳石期时,倒刺鲃♀×中华倒刺鲃♂F₁卵膜径显著大于母本(P<0.05)。杂种F₁的受精率、孵化时间与母本差异不显著,畸形率显著高于母本(P<0.05)。中华倒刺鲃杂种F₁的孵化率较高,与母本差异不显著(P<0.05)。倒刺鲃♀×中华倒刺鲃♂F₁的孵化率与母本之间差异不显著,倒刺鲃♀×黑脊倒刺鲃♂F₁的孵化率显著低于母本(P<0.05)。中华倒刺鲃杂种F₁仔鱼早期发育阶段存在死亡高峰期,成活率显著低于母本(P<0.05)。中华倒刺鲃种间杂交和倒刺鲃♀×黑脊倒刺鲃♂杂种F₁既具有父本特征,同时又具有母本特征,初步证明倒刺鲃属种间杂交是可行的。     

Movement of the fluvial form of masu salmon, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus masou masou</Emphasis>, in a mountain stream in Kyushu,Japan

Using mark-recapture methods, the movements of the fluvial form of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou masou) in a mountain stream on the island of Kyushu, Japan, were studied. Most (78%) of the masu salmon were recaptured in the pool in which they had been originally caught and tagged. Of those that moved between pools, the proportion of individuals that moved during the breeding period was not significantly higher than the proportion that moved during the non-breeding period. However, during the breeding period, a higher proportion of larger salmon moved than did smaller fish. The proportion of mobile large males during breeding period was higher than that for small males. Also, it was found that a few individuals showed long-range movement in the autumn. As a long-term movement, 78 individual fish (65%) that were recaptured more than three times showed high sedentary tendencies. Sixteen individual mobile fish (13%) moved and returned to the original pool. Fluvial form of masu salmon in Kyushu show a high sedentary nature; however, large mature males seem to actively move in search of female during breeding period.     

欧洲鳗短钩拟指环虫病及其鳃组织病理

报道了患短钩拟指环虫病欧洲鳗的症状、流行状况和鳃显微组织病理.游动和呼吸频率异常、鳃丝浮肿和鳃上粘液增多为该病的主要症状.该病尽管在冬季也有发生,但水温在26℃以上的春末、夏季和秋初是最易发病的流行季节,流行出现明显的季节性变化.患病欧洲鳗鳃的组织病理变化主要表现出5种类型,其一是鳃小片上皮细胞增生,使邻近的鳃小片相连;其二是鳃小片粘液细胞增生,同样使鳃小片连成一片,增生的粘液细胞经阿利新蓝(Alclan blue)和过碘酸雪夫氏(Periodic acid schiff)二者联合染色后呈蓝紫色的染色反应,属于Ⅳ型的粘液细胞;其三是鳃小片肿大,但单层扁平上皮细胞无肿大现象,上皮细胞层与毛细血管相分离,鳃小片上皮细胞坏死,上皮细胞层破裂,血细胞外溢,鳃小片上皮细胞坏死脱落后,失去鳃小片原有的结构;其四是鳃小片肿大同时伴随单层扁平上皮细胞肿大,进一步发展,鳃小片上皮细胞坏死脱落后,鳃小片同样失去原有的结构;其五是鳃小片毛细血管严重充血扩张,比原毛细血管扩张几倍到十几倍,形成充满红细胞的棒状到球状的动脉瘤.结果表明鳃上皮细胞增生、粘液细胞增生、鳃小片肿大、上皮细胞坏死脱落和严重充血成动脉瘤等病理变化都可导致患病欧洲鳗呼吸困难,轻者影响其生长,重者最终因呼吸衰竭而死亡.     

罗氏沼虾不同养殖模式对水体浮游生物的影响

通过围隔实验比较罗氏沼虾不同养殖模式对水体浮游生物的影响。实验设置6种养殖模式:罗氏沼虾单养(MP)、罗氏沼虾+浮萍(水面覆盖率5%)(PP)、罗氏沼虾+鲢(PF)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+鲢(PMF)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+浮萍(PMP)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+浮萍+鲢(PMPF)。养殖64 d后,测定不同模式中浮游植物和三大类浮游动物(轮虫、枝角类及桡足类)的种类和数量。结果显示,上述6种模式中浮游植物共同优势种有4种,但优势度指数最大的浮游植物不同,MP组是锥囊藻属,有浮萍的PP和PMP组均为细小平裂藻,混养鲢的PF、PMF和PMPF组均为针杆藻。不同养殖模式无共同的浮游动物优势种。养殖模式对浮游生物密度具有显著影响,PF组浮游植物密度最高,MP组浮游植物密度最低,PF组浮游植物密度比MP、PP和PMP组分别高78%、53%和61%。相反,浮游动物密度MP组最高,PF组最低。混养鲢的PF、PMF和PMPF组浮游动物密度显著低于其他3组。研究表明,罗氏沼虾养殖中混养鲢可增加浮游植物密度而降低浮游动物密度,浮萍和鲢影响池塘优势种。