复合有益菌剂对工厂化大菱鲆育苗水净化效果研究

On the basis of purifying effect of single strain probiotic bacteria on water of intensive turbot breeding, the purifying effect of multistrain bacteria product was studied. The results of experiments showed that the free multistrain mixed bacteria had better purifying effect on turbot breeding water than that of any singlestrain bacteria. this phenomenon can be explained with the principle of “ biopump”. The immobilized multistrain probiotics product, biofilm, also showed excellent purifying effect on wate r of turbot breeding. The removal rates of COD and ammonia in 5 days were up to 73.1% and 80.0%, respectively. The concentration of nitrite kept low, which indicated most ammonia had been transformed into nitrate and accumulation of harmful intermediate productnitrite was decreased. This paper supplied theoretical and technical foundation for saving sea water through biopurification of wastewater from marine fish culture.     

大菱鲆仔鱼皮肤发育及超微结构

The histological development and ultrastructure of larval turbot skin were studied by both light and transmission electron microscopes.The early larvae showed a complete bisymmetry of skin.The skin of 1-25days old larvae developed slowly and was composed of the thin epidermis of 1-2layers epidermal cells and undeveloped dermis before the metamorphosis.But the skin developed significantly when the.metamorphosis began.Till the completion of metamorphosis(about 60days old),the skin contained 3-4layers epidermal cells and very developed collagenous strata.Wisth the process of metamorphosis,the ocular side skin and blind side skin became different in ultrastructure.Ultrastructural observation showed the epidermis of turbot contained three types of epidermal cells;filament-containing cells,mucus cells and chloride cells.The ocular side epidermis with looser structure consisted one type of filament-containing cells,but the blind side epidermis was structured densely and two types of filament-containing cells were observed in it.Melanophores,iridophores,fibroblasts and other cell types and tisssues were found in the spongiosum of dermis.The distribution of melanophores depended on the larval developing stage and the pigmentation of skin.The differentiation of skin seems to be an adaptation for the change of life style of turbot larvae from pelagic living to benthonic living after the metamorphosis.     

饥饿胁迫对鲤肠道与肝脏蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性的影响

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of starvation on digestive enzymes activity of the carp （Cyprinus carpio） at the water temperature 18 -20℃ in the cycle and flow water aquarium. The experiment was designed for four groups with three replication,which were 0 day（control） , 10 days, 20 days, 30days group. The results showed That there was a trend to drop first and keep stabilization for Cyprinus carpio body weight and Meat Content with the prolongatin of starvation, and that Effect of starvation stress on the the activity of protease in intestine and hepatopancreas of Cyprinus carpio was significant, with the prolongatin of starvation, there was a trend to increase then drop for the activity of protease in fore-gut, mid-gut hind-gut and hepatopancreas of Cyprinus carpio. And that the variatin for activityof amylase in fore-gut was significant butthat of the others was no significant.     

细角螺的繁殖生态条件及繁殖习性

Hemifusus ternatanus(Gmelin), a gastropoda living in the deep water areas of undertide,as well as a delicious seafood, was distributed mainly in Chinese southeast seas and Japanese seas near the coast. In this experiment Hemifusus ternatanus' breeding ecological conditions and its propagation habit were studied in order to provide an experimental foundation for the artificial breeding. The brood stocks of test animals collected from the waters in Taiwan Strait, and then were examinated their growing temperature， salinity, feeding and propagation habit in the laboratory. The re sults showed that the growing temperature for Hemifusus ternatanus ranges from 16 ℃ to 32 ℃, with an optimum temperature between 20 ℃ to 28 ℃ and between 23 ℃ and 28 ℃ for breeding. The optimum growth salinity was 18.3-32.3 though it much adapts to salinity from 13 to 35. They prefer to feed on bivalves particularly those with thin shells and byssusless. Hemifusus ternatanus is dioecious and fertilization finishes inside the body. It was called as egg vesicle procreation that the whole stages of embryo growth were developed within egg vesicle. Larva forms as soon as it leaves egg vesicle, which is called direct occurrence type. The larva became the juvenile after metamorphosis during 20-25 days development. It was first to obtained 233 juveniles with shell height 32-45 mm by an artificial breeding method.     

丁鱥雌核发育鱼的异源精子诱导及其与亲本的RAPD比较分析

Gynogenesis is thought to be a useful method to generate fully inbred line and to initiate monosex culture in teleost fish. This article presents results of a study of gynogenesis of tench, Tinca tinca L. from Eltrix River of Xinjiang, China, induced by the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) sperm inactivated with UV irradiation. When cold shocking method was used to prevent exmasion of the second polar body in order to produce gynogenetic diploids, the optimum treated parameters were screened as cold shocking for 20min at 4℃, 5min after insemination. On this condition, 10.23% of the treated eggs survived at feeding stage. A comparative study between the gynogenesis and their parents was made by RAPD technique. 82 random primers of 10 nucleotide long sequence were used in RAPD analysis. The results showed that each primer gives 3- 12 fragments for each sample with the fragment length 330 - 2 460 bp, and the genetic similarity between gynogenesis and their mother was 97.4 %, while the genetic similarity between gynogenesis and their father was 27.4%, and there were no bands only shared by gynogenesis and their father, the common carp. It revealed that the chromosome of their father, the common carp, did not penetrate into the construction of gynogenetic tench.     

美洲黑石斑鱼营养成分分析与营养价值评价

In this experiment, the contents of the main nutrients such as protein, fat, moisture, ash, calcium and phosphorus were analysed, and the contents of the trace elements, amino acids and fatty acids in its muscle were determined for Centropristis striata. Moreover, its nutritional value was evaluated and compared with other fishes,livestocks and poultries. The results showed that the content of dry matter and protein are higher in its muscle. Then, all of 17 common amino acids（AA） contents in muscle was 17.51% in the fresh sample, and 7 of them are human essential amino acids（EAA）41.58% in the total amino acids（TAA）. The ratio of essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids（EAA/NEAA） was 84.46% ,and the essential amino acids index（EAAI） was 57.71. According to AAS and CS,which basically accorded with the issued standard value by FAO and WHO. The content of 5 delicious amino acids was 44.37% in the TAA, and the ratio of branched chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids was 2.83. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids was 22.3% rich in its muscle also, in particular EPA and DHA. In conclusion, Centropristis striata is a species of delicious and high nutritional value,which well deserves exploitation and utilization. At the same time, this experiment was preparing for the next study to provide reference data for artificial feed and the expansion of aquaculture.     

盐度对黄鲷胚胎发育及早期仔鱼生长的影响

The effect of salinity on embryo and early larva development of Dentex tumiforns was discussed. Floating forms of egg in different salinities, optimal salinity for embryonic development and early larva growth was studied. The results showed: 1. In immobile condition, all eggs sank at salinity of 32.0, most of egg ssuspended in the middle of water at 34.0, and all eggs floated on the surface when salinity above 36.0. 2. Eggs did not hatch out at salinity of below 10.0 or above 60.0 and the death time of egg gradually moved up with increase or decline of salinity. Eggs hatched out at salinity range of 15.0 and 50.0, including abnormal larva. There was indistinct difference in speed of embryonic development (about 36-40h) within the salinity of 15.0 and 50.0. However the salinity had a great effect on larval survival after hatching and abnormal rate. The relation between hatching rate and salinity variation showed parabola but abnormal rate showed inverted parabola. The hatching rate was 81%-86% and abnormal rate of yolk sac larva was 27%-30% in suitable salinities of 27.0-39.0. The hatching rate was 89%-91% and abnormal rate was 13%-16% in optimal salinities of 33.0-36.0. The oil ball of abnormal larva was located in the central or front position. With increased extent of salinity, spondyle of larva bended and number of larva with arrhythmia increased. 3. The optimal salinities were 30.0-35.0 based on SAI. The test with SAI showed that SAI of early larvae was 41.25-47.53 at salinities of 30.0-35.0, the yolk and oil ball of 7-8 days larva was completely absorbed with a survival rate of 88%.     

水产品中三聚氰胺残留的测定研究

method for determination of melamine residue in fishery products by liquid chromatography-mass spectrum （LC-MS/MS）was established. The conditions of LC-MS/MS was optimized. The sample was ultrasonically extracted with 1% triehloroactic acid and ethylamine, and cleaned by the solid phase extraction （MCX） cartridge. The analyte was identified by electrospray ionization （ESI） in positive mode using multiple reaction monitoring （MRM）. The determination ion pairs are 127/85 and 127/68,and the confirmation ion pairs are 127/85. The method was validated and good results were obtained with respect to spiked recoveries. The linear range was from 10 to 400 ng/mL,the average recoveries were between 80.5%and 94.1% in the spiked rang of 0.01 -10.0 mg/ kg. LOQ was 0.01 mg/kg.     

线纹尖塘鳢的形态生物学与核型

This paper reports the morphological character and karyotype of Oxyeleotris lineolatus. Oxyeleotris lineolatus is native in Australia and call ed sleepy cod. It belongs to Oxyeleotris, Eleotridae, Gobioidei, Perciformes in taxonomy. Recently, it was introduced to China and local people were not familiar with it. So we carried out this study. 30 individuals have been observed and some data were recorded. It has a large mouth that is in front and up. The mandible stands out and is longer than the up jaw. There are many rows of thin teeth in up and down jaws. The pelvie fins are located in chest and pectoral fins are large and fanlike. There are two dorsal fins. The tail fin is circular. Gill rakers are sparse and the number of gill rakers is 8-12+3-4. The gas bladder belongs to physoclistaus and its stomach is strong and I-like. The intestine is thick and short and no pyloric caecas. The length of the digestive path is 48.1％-80.3% of the length of body. Its liver has two lobes and the liver weight is 4.1%-7.2% of the body weight. The digestive organs characters are same as the trait of flesheater fish. Its scale belongs to ctenoid scale and its body surface shows several long lines. There is not lateral line in the body. The number of vertebra is 26-27 and it has 10-11 pairs rib. The number of diploid chromosome is 2n=46 and the karyotype formula is 2sm+8st+36t，NF=48. The relative length of chromosome is from 1.37% to 3.48% and it is continuity. No strange size chromosomes relation to sex was observed. The karyotype of Oxyeleotris lineolatus is similar to that of Oxyeletris marmoratus Bleeker from South East Asia and both of them belong to Oxyeleotri. It testifies the correctness of traditional classification on cytology.     

ABSTRACTS AND KEY WORDS

Added bagasse and Bacillus sp. to Litopenaeus vannamei intensive culture tank, the treatment groups were treatment A（added Bacillus sp.）, treatment B（added Bacillus sp. with crushing bagasse） and treatment C（added Bacillus sp. with crushing-steaming bagasse） respectively. To estimate the effect of addition of bagasse with Bacillus sp. on the culture environment and shrimp growth, the level of total ammonia nitrogen（TAN）, nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen, total amount of bacteria in the water and shrimp growth were determined. The result suggested that the TAN concentration in treatment B and C were significantly lower than that in treatment A during the early stage of the culture（P〈0.05）. The addition of bagasse with Bacillus sp. was contribute to the formation of bio-floccules. The concentration of bio-floccules in treatment B and Cwere 6.3-20 ml/L and 8.3-30 ml/L respectively, which were significantly higher than that in treatment A（2.7-8.3 ml/L） during the culture（P〈0.05）.The average weight of shrimp in treatment B and C were 8.56±0.21g and 8.84±0.26g respectively, which were significantly bigger than that in treatment A（7.66±0.40g） when harvest（P〈0.05）.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

The optimal dietary protein level of juvenile silver sillago Sillago sihama at three dietary lipid levels

A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg.     

Vitamin D3 and the renal handling of phosphate in American eels

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D₃) increased plasma inorganic phosphate concentration in American eels,Anguilla rostrata, in a dose-dependent fashion. This response was more marked in phosphate loaded fish. In control as well as phosphate loaded eels the hyperphosphatemic response to D₃ was associated with a sharp reduction in renal phosphate clearance relative to¹⁴C-polyethelene glycol (PEG) clearance. Glomerular filtration and urine flow rates were not affected by D₃. As renal phosphate clearance, even in phosphate loaded eels, never significantly exceeded that of PEG, it is suggested that D₃ reduced the relative clearance rate of phosphate by increasing renal phosphate reabsorption rather than by reducing the tubular secretion of phosphate.