冷藏与微冻贮藏过程中鲟鱼肉品质变化

为了比较鲟鱼(Acipenser sinensis)肉在4℃冷藏与?3℃微冻过程中的品质变化，提供一种提高鲟鱼新鲜品质的贮藏方式，通过感官评分、菌落总数(TVC)、pH值、挥发性盐基氮值(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)、质构、挥发性风味物质、水分分布状态与肌纤维微观结构等指标的测定，评价了2种温度贮藏对鲟鱼肉品质的影响。结果显示，随着贮藏时间的延长，2种低温保鲜方式下鲟鱼肉的自由水与结合水的比例、TVB-N、TBA和菌落总数均呈现上升趋势；质构指标硬度和弹性及感官评分均呈降低趋势；观察其微观结构发现，随着贮藏时间的延长，肌纤维之间出现黏连，肌节逐渐由清晰变为模糊，?3℃贮藏后期表现尤为明显。综合各指标的变化规律，确定了4℃冷藏和?3℃微冻条件下，鲟鱼肉的货架期分别为6 d和18 d。与冷藏相比，微冻可较好地保持鲟鱼肉品质，微生物对鲟鱼肉的腐败进程影响较小，而质构指标则是影响贮藏末期感官评分的最主要因素。     

冰温臭氧水对鳗保鲜效果的研究

该研究通过测定鲜鲲（Engraulis japonius）在臭氧水冰温条件下贮藏保鲜过程中的微生物、理化指标和感官品质的变化来评价保鲜效果。试验表明，采用ρ（臭氧）为2～3mg·L^-1的臭氧水，在-1．1～0℃冰温条件下保鲜鳗能有效地抑制细菌繁殖，减缓脂肪氧化，延缓腐败变质，从而有效延长了保鲜期，在保鲜第3天仍能取得高品质的保鲜效果，达到海水鱼国家一级鲜度标准，保鲜第4天达到海水鱼国家二级鲜度标准，其菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）和感官评定得分都明显优于对照组，保鲜期比用普通冰藏的对照组能延长1～2d。     

鱼肉酶解物及壳聚糖对鲤鱼涂膜保鲜效果的研究

以感官评分、挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数、K值为指标,研究比较了鱼肉酶解物和壳聚糖为原料的涂膜液对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)(4℃)冷藏过程中品质变化的影响。结果显示:贮藏期间,对照组的感官评分显著低于各涂膜组(P<0.05)。贮藏前8 d,涂膜组能够显著抑制K值的升高(P<0.05)。鱼肉酶解物和壳聚糖涂膜组均能够显著抑制细菌的生长,而贮藏2～6 d内鱼肉酶解物涂膜鲤鱼的菌落总数显著低于壳聚糖涂膜组(P<0.05)。贮藏后期,鱼肉酶解物组能延缓TVB-N值的升高,壳聚糖涂膜组能够显著抑制TVB-N值的升高(P<0.05)。鱼肉酶解物可作为一种新的可食性涂膜材料,用于延长鲤鱼的贮藏期。     

食盐浓度对腌制鳙鱼片冷藏过程中品质变化的影响

为了详细了解不同食盐浓度腌制处理对冷藏在(4±1)℃条件下鳙鱼(Aristichthys nobilis)品质的影响,测定了感官分值、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、菌落总数(TAC)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)、腺苷三磷酸(ATP)关联物等指标。结果显示,感官分值随贮藏时间的延长逐渐降低,且对照组、T1组(1.5%盐腌)和T2组(4.0%盐腌)的感官品质分别在4 d、4 d后和8 d后不可接受。此外,TVB-N、TAC、次黄嘌呤(Hx)和K值在贮藏期间呈增长趋势,T2组在这些指标中显著低于对照组和T1组(P0.05)。TBA值也呈增长趋势,但T2组的TBA值显著高于其他两组(P0.05);这表明T2组脂肪氧化程度更严重。研究表明,1.5%的盐腌处理对冷藏过程中鳙鱼片的品质劣变有一定的延迟作用,但效果并不明显;4.0%的盐腌处理能显著减缓冷藏过程中的品质变化,延长货架期,但会促进脂肪的氧化。     

鱼鳞蛋白酶解物为基料的涂膜剂对鲫的保鲜效果

研究了鱼鳞蛋白酶解物为基料的复合涂膜剂对鲫4 ℃贮藏过程中其鲜度指标变化和保鲜效果的影响。实验将去鳞、去内脏并洗净后的鲫分别于4 ℃的鱼鳞蛋白酶解物溶液和添加了迷迭香的鱼鳞蛋白酶解物溶液中浸泡1.5 min,沥干后用保鲜膜包好于4 ℃条件下贮藏。通过测定鱼体贮藏过程中细菌总数、TBA值、TVB-N值、K值、重量损失、感官评分等鲜度指标的变化规律,评价了鱼鳞蛋白酶解物对鲫在4 ℃贮藏条件下保鲜作用效果。结果表明,涂有鱼鳞蛋白酶解物的鲫的细菌总数、TVB-N值、K值、TBA值、重量损失在10 d内显著(P<0.05)低于对照组,而感官品质显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,在4 ℃条件下能延长鲫贮藏期8 d左右;涂有添加了迷迭香提取物的鱼鳞蛋白酶解物的鲫的TVB-N值、K值、重量损失在4～6 d内显著(P<0.05)低于对照组,而感官品质显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,但不能有效延长鱼体的贮藏期。鱼鳞蛋白经过胃蛋白酶在一定条件下酶解后,其产物对鱼体具有较好的保鲜效果,是一种良好的鱼体生物保鲜涂膜材料,但不适宜与迷迭香提取物联合使用。     

冰温结合保鲜剂贮藏对牙鲆鲜度和质构的影响

研究了冰温结合复合配方保鲜剂贮藏技术对褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)鲜度和质构特征参数变化的影响,同时与单一冰温贮藏样品的相应变化进行了比较和分析.结果表明:冰温结合保鲜剂贮藏方法能够显著延缓牙鲆鱼肉样品细菌总数、K值、TVB-N和pH值等的增加速度;随着贮藏时间的延长,样品组织结构、破断强度和感官指标等的变化均呈现减缓趋势;与单一冰温贮藏条件的样品相比,冰温结合保鲜剂样品的货架期能有效延长10 d左右,达到最佳保鲜效果.     

南极大磷虾0、5和20℃贮藏中的品质变化

以感官、细菌总数、嗜冷菌数、TVB-N和TMA-N为指标,探讨了南极大磷虾在0、5和20℃贮藏中的品质变化,结合三氯乙酸可溶性氮含量和细菌菌相的变化对南极大磷虾腐败作用进行了分析。结果表明,南极大磷虾品质下降很快,0℃和5℃温度下15 h后品质不可接受,20℃温度下8 h后品质不可接受。0、5和20℃贮藏中南极大磷虾细菌总数、嗜冷菌数、TVB-N、TMA-N都有增加,三氯乙酸可溶性氮含量变化明显,细菌菌相变化不大,表明0、5和20℃贮藏中南极大磷虾自溶迅速,酶对其腐败起主要作用。     

冷藏和微冻条件下长丰鲢鱼片品质变化规律的研究

通过测定长丰鲢（ Changfeng silver carp ）鱼片在冷藏（4℃）和微冻（-3℃）条件下的感官品质、菌落总数（ TAC）、汁液流失率、 pH、电导率（ EC）、挥发性盐基氮（ TVB-N）以及K值等指标的变化,评价两种贮藏条件对长丰鲢鱼片品质的影响。结果表明：长丰鲢鱼片分别在4℃贮藏至第8天和-3℃贮藏至第25天时失去感官食用价值。4℃贮藏第6天菌落总数为6.75 lg cfu/g,-3℃贮藏第20天为5.89 lg cfu/g。 TVB-N值在4℃贮藏至第8天为29.1 mg/100 g,-3℃贮藏至第25天为21.1 mg/100 g。与冷藏相比,微冻贮藏下长丰鲢有较高的汁液流失率。综合各项指标变化,冷藏和微冻贮藏条件下长丰鲢鱼片的货架期分别为6 d和20 d,微冻贮藏较冷藏长丰鲢鱼片贮藏期延长了2.3倍。     

不同冻结方式对小黄鱼冻藏品质的影响

为提高贮藏期间小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)的品质,本研究以传统冻结、平板冻结、液氮冻结3种方式处理新鲜小黄鱼,研究不同冻结方式下小黄鱼肌肉品质的变化。根据贮藏过程中的理化指标、质构品质、感官品质和微观结构的变化进行评价,结果表明:3种冻结方式处理的小黄鱼的挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量、硫代巴比妥酸值(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)、自然解冻失水率、电导率均随保存时间延长而增加,其中液氮冻结处理的小黄鱼TVB-N含量、TBA值的增加最慢。贮藏至210 d时,传统冻结、平板冻结、液氮冻结处理的小黄鱼TVB-N含量分别达到24. 32×10~(-2)、18. 65×10~(-2)和14. 23×10~(-2)mg/g,TBA值分别为1. 44×10~(-2)、1. 28×10~(-2)和1. 11×10~(-2)mg/g,表明液氮冻结能够有效延缓小黄鱼TVB-N含量、TBA值的上升; 3种冻结方式处理下小黄鱼的Ca2+-ATPase酶活、总巯基含量、盐溶性蛋白含量、感官品质和质构品质均呈现下降的趋势,其中传统冻结方式处理组下降速度最快,液氮冻结方式处理下降速度最慢,说明液氮冻结能够有效抑制鱼肉中蛋白质的变性,保持小黄鱼的肌肉品质;采用电镜直接观察肌肉微观结构,发现液氮冻结对小黄鱼肌肉纤维的损伤最小,与理化指标、质构品质以及感官评价结果相一致。综上说明,液氮冻结可以显著提高小黄鱼在贮藏期间的理化品质、质构品质、感官品质以及微观结构,是一种具有前景的冻结方法。     

罗非鱼片贮藏过程中品质变化动力学模型

研究不同温度贮藏条件下罗非鱼片挥发性盐基氮（TVB—N）和菌落总数随时问的变化规律及其动力学特性，建立了TVB-N和菌落总数与贮藏温度和贮藏时间的动力学模型，以预测和控制罗非鱼片在贮藏过程中的品质和货架期。贮藏过程中罗非鱼片的TVB-N和菌落总数增加，随着贮藏温度的升高，鱼片品质劣化速度加快。TVB-N和菌落总数均符合一级化学反应动力学模型，并且与Arrhenius方程有很高的拟合度。罗非鱼片的贮藏期可通过模型进行预测。     

不同致死方式对罗非鱼鱼片品质的影响

为了改善鱼肉的品质,文章通过测定样品的挥发性盐基氮（TVB—N）、Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性以及鱼片色泽和质构指标随时间的变化情况分别评价了4种不同致死方式（I．鳃部放血;II．冰激致死;Ⅲ．敲击头部致死;Ⅳ．敲击头部后放血）对罗非鱼（Oreochromissp．）鱼肉品质的影响。结果显示,贮藏期间4个组的TVB—N显著增大,但Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的TVB—N显著低于I组和Ⅳ组,有利于鱼片冰藏期的保鲜;4个组鱼片的Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性显著下降,Ⅲ和IV2种宰杀方式有利于保持Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性;4个组的亮度（L^＊）、红绿色值（a^＊）和黄蓝色值（b^＊）都随着贮藏时间的延长而增加,I和Ⅳ2种宰杀方法使鱼片L^＊较大而a^＊较小,但4组之间b^＊无显著差异;鱼片的硬度、咀嚼性和胶着性随贮藏时间的延长呈下降的趋势,其中Ⅲ组的质构品质保持得最好。综合以上所有指标,可以认为Ⅲ组最有利于罗非鱼片的保鲜,其次为Ⅱ组。     

Effect of Chitosan and Garlic Essential Oil on Microbiological and Biochemical Changes that Affect Quality in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) Fillets During Storage at 4°C

Solutions of chitosan (2%, w/v), garlic essential oil (5%, v/v), and their combination (2%, w/v chitosan +5%, v/v garlic essential oil) were applied to the surface of grass carp fillets. Subsequently, sensory, microbiological analyses (total viable count (TVC), Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., and H₂S-producing bacteria), and physicochemical changes (total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and centrifugation loss) of grass carp fillets were evaluated over a 16-day storage at 4 ± 1°C. The treated samples resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) higher overall acceptance scores than the control from day 8. The TVC of grass carp fillets was reduced from the initial level (4.0 log CFU/g) to 2–3 log CFU/g when the fillets were treated with either garlic essential oil or chitosan solution. After 4 days of storage, the Pseudomonas spp. counts in the chitosan-treated samples were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the counts in control and samples treated with garlic essential oil. A lag phase of 6 days for the counts of H₂S-producing bacteria of fish fillets that were treated with chitosan or the combination solution was observed. The combination of chitosan with garlic essential oil did not show synergistic effects, although it displayed a higher degree of antimicrobial efficacy with respect to the spoiled bacteria. However, the combination of chitosan with garlic essential oil was the most effective at inhibiting the formation of TVB-N. Samples that were treated with garlic essential oil displayed the highest TBARS levels on days 4 and 6 (p < 0.05).     

The Effects of Sodium Alginate on Quality of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fillets Stored at 4 ± 2°C

Edible coating is a novel food packaging technology for controlling the growth of spoilage bacteria and chemical changes in ready-to-eat food products. Fresh fish are highly perishable foodstuffs and are very susceptible to spoilage. A sodium alginate coating was used to maintain the quality of rainbow trout fillets in chilled storage over a period of 20 days. Fillet samples were coated with an aqueous solution of 3% sodium alginate and then stored at chilled temperature (4 ± 2°C). The control and coated samples were analyzed periodically (every 5 days) for microbial (aerobic plate count and psychrotrophic count), chemical (total volatile basic nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid, peroxide value), and sensory characteristics. The results indicated that the sodium alginate coating helped protect the quality characteristics of treated fresh fish fillets and prolonged the shelf life during chilled storage of rainbow trout fillets.     

Effect of Soluble CO2 Stabilization on the Quality of Fillets from Farmed Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) and European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

ABSTRACT

Soluble gas stabilization (SGS) is a relatively recent methodology of active packaging that has been proposed to extend the shelf life of packaged fish. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of SGS applied at different extents (2 bars: 30 and 60 min) on the shelf life of sea bream and sea bass fillets packed in air during chilled storage. Quality changes were evaluated by sensory assessment, microbiological analysis (TVC), TBARs, pH value, TVB-N, and TMA-N. No significant extension of sensory shelf life was visible as a function of SGS treatment. The treatment of fillets in CO₂ at 2 bars during 60 min had a positive effect on the microbiological shelf life of both species. On the other hand, TMA-N and TVB-N showed similar changes during storage period and were not affected by the CO₂ treatment. Sea bream treated with SGS always presented higher TBARs than control samples. Nevertheless, oxidation of sea bream and in particular, of sea bass fillets, did not appear to be a significant problem during chilled storage.     

冷藏和冰藏条件下虹鳟鱼鱼片品质变化研究

为了科学地了解虹鳟鱼(Oncorhynchus mykiss)鱼片贮藏过程中的品质变化规律,以建立高效的品质控制技术,研究了虹鳟鱼鱼片在冷藏(3±1)℃和冰藏(0±1)℃条件下挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、色泽、腺苷三磷酸(ATP)关联物、K值及菌落总数(TAC)等指标的变化,评价不同温度对虹鳟鱼片品质的影响。结果显示:虹鳟鱼片TVB-N的增长速度在冷藏条件下显著高于冰藏条件,冷藏至第9天为20.72 mg/100g,冰藏至第15天为25.76 mg/100g;冷藏至第6天TAC为7.40 lg cfu/g,冰藏至第12天TAC为8.27 lg cfu/g;与冰藏相比,冷藏条件下虹鳟鱼片K值较高;肌苷酸(IMP)含量分别在冷藏8 h(8.36μmol/g)和冰藏24 h(8.70μmol/g)达到最大值,即冷藏和冰藏虹鳟鱼片的最佳食用时间分别是宰杀后的8 h和24 h。结合各项指标变化,冷藏和冰藏虹鳟鱼片的货架期分别为6 d和12 d。     

Chitosan Coatings Containing Mentha spicata Essential Oil and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle for Shelf Life Extension of Rainbow Trout Fillets

ABSTRACT

The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of chitosan (CH) coatings containing Mentha spicata essential oil (MSO; 0.2 and 0.4%) and zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO; 0.2 and 0.4%) on chemical (total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and peroxide value (PV)), microbial (total viable count, psychrotrophic count, Pseudomonas spp., and Enterobacteriaceae) and sensory (odor, color, and overall acceptability) properties of raw rainbow trout fillets during 14 days of refrigerated storage. Final microbial population of CH + MSO 0.4% + ZnO 0.4% and CH + MSO 0.4% + ZnO 0.2% retarded approximately 3–5 log CFU/g as compared to control groups (P < 0.05). At the end of storage time in control samples, TVB-N, TBARS, and PV reached 49.3 mg N/100 g, 3.31 mg malonaldehyde/kg, and 2.04 meq peroxide/kg lipid, while the values for the treated samples with MSO (0.2 and 0.4%) in combination with ZnO (0.2 and 0.4%) remained lower than 25 mg N/100 g, 2 mg malonaldehyde/kg, and 1.1 meq peroxide/kg lipid, respectively. The results indicate a potential use of CH coating containing MSO and ZnO as an effective type of antimicrobial packaging to maintain quality of rainbow trout fillets.     

Shelf-Life Extension of Fish Fillets by Spraying with Microbial Transglutaminase

The effect of spraying microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) at various levels (1, 4, 7, and 10 units/gram) on the quality of mackerel (Scomber scombrus) fillets was investigated during refrigerated storage. The results of pH and the total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) revealed that 7 µ/g MTGase treatment met the best results regarding fish quality. The oxidation was hindered by increasing MTGase concentration, and the lowest totox value was recorded in the fillets treated with 10 µ MTGase. The progress in the total free amino acids was suppressed with the addition of MTGase, and the most effective concentration was found to be 7 µ/g MTGase treatment. Moreover, this concentration was the most promising in inhibition of the total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, the total psychrophilic aerobic bacteria, coliform, and yeast-mold. Panelists preferred the samples treated with 7 µ/g MTGase in terms of odor, texture, and appearance. The addition of MTGase straightened the fish muscle and helped preserve its initial texture. It is important to use the proper concentration of MTGase instead of high concentrations.