虾夷扇贝动态能量收支模型参数的测定

本研究以虾夷扇贝为实验生物,介绍了动态能量收支(dynamic energy budget,DEB)模型5个关键基本参数的测定及计算方法,分析了方法的利弊及注意事项,为贝类DEB模型参数的准确获取提供参考方法。采用壳长与软体部湿重回归法计算虾夷扇贝的形状系数δm;采用静水法测定不同温度条件下虾夷扇贝的呼吸耗氧率,计算阿伦纽斯温度TA参数;采用饥饿法测定、计算单位时间单位体积维持生命所需的能量[]、形成单位体积结构物质所需的能量[EG]和单位体积最大储存能量[EM]3个参数。室内饥饿实验持续60 d,直至呼吸耗氧率及软体部干重基本保持恒定。结果显示,壳长(SL)与软体部湿重(WW)的回归关系式为WW=0.0118SL3.4511(R2=0.9365),根据公式V=(δm L)3,对软体部湿重的立方根和壳长进行线性回归,所得的斜率即为形状系数δm值(δm=0.32);获得不同规格的虾夷扇贝耗氧率与水温(热力学温度,K)倒数的线性回归关系,线性回归方程斜率的绝对值为阿伦纽斯温度TA,平均为(4160±767)K。饥饿实验结束时,软体部干重和呼吸耗氧率分别降低了56%和81%。虾夷扇贝的耗氧率稳定在0.17 mg/(ind·h),经计算获得[]=25.9 J/(cm~3·d);饥饿持续30天之后,虾夷扇贝软体部干重基本维持在(0.25±0.01)g,经计算获得[EG]=3160 J/cm~3,[EM]=2030 J/cm~3。动态DEB理论是基于能量代谢的物理、化学特性而建立的,体现了生物能量代谢的普遍性规律,能够反映摄食获取能量在不同发育生长阶段的能量分配情况。但是,DEB模型参数的测定及计算比较复杂。基本参数的准确获取将影响其他参数以及模型的准确性。本研究为虾夷扇贝DEB模型的构建奠定基础。     

泥蚶动态能量收支模型参数的测定

以泥蚶为试验对象,测定动态能量收支模型的6个关键基本参数。采用贝类壳长与软体组织湿质量回归拟合计算泥蚶形状系数;通过循环水控温法测定10、15、20、25、30、35℃6个温度条件下泥蚶干质量耗氧率,计算阿伦纽斯温度;通过连续测定泥蚶饥饿过程中软体部干质量和耗氧率的变化,计算形成单位体积结构物质所需的能量、单位时间单位体积维持生命所需的能量、单位体积最大储存能量和储备能量。试验结果表明,泥蚶壳长(L)与软体部湿质量(m_W)回归分析呈幂函数关系：m_W=0.0556L^3.1831(r²=0.9256),形状系数δ_m=0.405。泥蚶阿伦纽斯温度为(4830±586) K。泥蚶饥饿试验计算得知：泥蚶单位体积所需能量和单位体积最大储存能分别为5475 J/cm³和2026 J/cm³;泥蚶维持生命所需的能量为32.2 J/(cm³·d);储备能量为23 376 J/g。试验结果可为泥蚶动态能量收支模型的构建提供数据支撑,...     

温度胁迫对皱纹盘鲍生理和生化活动的影响

为探讨温度胁迫下皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)的响应机制,采用室内控温实验,通过设置4个温度梯度(5℃、10℃、20℃和25℃),设计温度骤变处理组(皱纹盘鲍从15℃暂养温度直接转移至各实验温度)和温度缓变处理组(0.5℃/12 h),分析温度剧烈变化和温度缓慢变化对皱纹盘鲍耗氧率和排氨率的影响及其差异性;并对高温和低温处理下皱纹盘鲍消化腺中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和溶菌酶(LSZ)活性的变化情况以及不同组织(血细胞和肌肉组织)中Cu/Zn–SOD基因的表达状况进行了研究。结果表明,皱纹盘鲍耗氧率和排氨率随海水温度的升高而增加,20℃达到最高值;25℃骤变处理组与缓变处理组耗氧率和排氨率间存在极显著差异(P0.01)。5℃和10℃骤变处理组皱纹盘鲍氧氮比(O/N)同缓变处理组间存在极显著差异(P0.01)。在高温胁迫后的3 h,消化腺中SOD、CAT和LSZ活性达到最高,而ACP活性在胁迫6 h后达到最高(P0.01);低温胁迫显著降低皱纹盘鲍LSZ的活性,于胁迫9 h后达到最低(P0.01)。不同温度胁迫下,皱纹盘鲍血细胞和肌肉组织中Cu/Zn–SOD基因的相对表达量均表现上调,与对照组存在显著差异性(P0.05)。本研究表明,温度胁迫能显著影响皱纹盘鲍的生理和生化活动,这将有助于探讨皱纹盘鲍夏季高死亡率的原因,为皱纹盘鲍健康养殖提供一定的理论依据。     

文蛤动态能量收支模型参数的测定

采用壳长与软体部组织湿重回归、温度实验、饥饿实验以及摄食实验获得估算文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)动态能量收支(dynamic energy budget, DEB)生长模型构建所需的7个关键参数。壳长与软体部组织湿重回归得到文蛤形状系数δ_m,其值为0.374;温度实验获得阿仑尼乌斯温度T_A,测得的阿仑尼乌斯温度值为(5 849.31±328.11) K。进行45 d的饥饿实验,测定单位时间单位体积维持生命所需的能量■、形成单位体积结构物质所需的能量[E_G]以及单位体积的最大存储能量[E_M],其值分别为28.35 J·cm~(-3)·d~(-1)、5 682.84 J·cm~(-3)和2 549.32 J·cm~(-3);摄食实验测定25℃时文蛤的摄食参数,主要包括:单位体表面积的最大摄食率■和单位表面积的最大吸收率■,其值分别为120.84 J·cm~(-2)·d~(-1)和87.00 J·cm~(-2)·d~(-1)。研究获得的7个生物学参数是构建文蛤动态能量收支模型必不可少的,可为今后构建文蛤动态能量收支模型提供数据资料。     

皱纹盘鲍与盘鲍杂交效果分析

从杂种优势的角度对皱纹盘鲍♀与盘鲍♂杂交子一代的经济性状进行分析。结果表明,4月龄杂交鲍子一代(F1)活体重比皱纹盘鲍增加36.87%,软体部干重增加33.21%,总干重增加29.20%,其它性状也显著优于皱纹盘鲍。杂交鲍F1的壳长、壳宽、活体重、软体部干重和总干重等主要性状的变异系数为12.94%~44.51%,其中软体部干重的变异系数最大,壳长的变异系数最小;且杂交鲍各性状的变异系数均大于皱纹盘鲍。杂交鲍子一代的变异有助于定向选择,提高杂交育种的效果。     

周期性断食对皱纹盘鲍生长、摄食、排粪和血细胞组成的影响

对壳长为65mm的皱纹盘鲍进行投喂2d、饥饿1～4d的周期性断食处理,连续投喂组作为对照。皱纹盘鲍的摄食、生长、排粪和血细胞组成的研究结果表明,当投喂2d,饥饿天数少于2d时,皱纹盘鲍的生长没有显著差异(P>0.05),饥饿天数多于3d,鲍体重开始下降;摄食率呈随解饿时间增加呈升高趋势,但实验组间无显著差异(P>0.05);排粪率与粪便中的有机物含量随饥饿时间增长而降低,其中,各处理阶段间的差异显著(P<0.05)。血细胞中颗粒细胞的比例在饥饿少于2d的实验组间无差异,但显著高于投喂2d、饥饿3d的实验组与投喂2d、饥饿4d的实验组(P<0.05)。     

不同生长期皱纹盘鲍对水温适应能力的比较

将皱纹盘鲍依壳长分为4个组群，分别为4月龄组、1龄组、2龄组和3龄以上组。比较研究环境水温对皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis discus hannai Ino）生长的影响以及不同发育阶段个体间的生长差异，结果表明，温度对皱纹盘鲍的生长影响显著，不同发育期的皱纹盘鲍对水温变化的适应能力不同。成鲍期生长适宜水温为10～22℃，水温高于26℃或者低于0℃出现死亡；壳长10～25mm的1龄鲍生长适宜水温为15～22℃，当水温升至26℃或者降至4℃时摄食量剧减，生长停滞；低于4℃则出现死亡；壳长3～6mm的4月龄鲍15℃以上开始生长，22℃生长最快。幼鲍阶段对水温变化的适应能力比成鲍弱，个体越小适应能力越弱。温度变化幅度加大时，鲍对水温的适应能力减弱。     

海马齿生态浮床中泥蚶的生物沉积与呼吸排泄研究

为了研究夏季与秋季泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)在海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)生态浮床中生理生态活动,利用生物沉积物捕集器与密闭式代谢瓶,对海马齿生态浮床中不同规格泥蚶的生物沉积速率、耗氧率、排氨率和排磷率进行现场实验。结果表明,不同规格泥蚶生物沉积速率、耗氧率、排氨率和排磷率在夏、秋季有明显变化,相同规格泥蚶夏季均大于秋季,相同季节表现为:大个体组中个体组小个体组。夏季和秋季,泥蚶生物沉积速率变化范围分别为0.31~1.09 g/(ind·d)、0.09~0.65 g/(ind·d),耗氧率变化范围分别10.29~19.10 mg/(ind·d)、6.51~13.56 mg/(ind·d),排氨率变化范围分别为0.76~2.63 mg/(ind·d)、0.06~0.28 mg/(ind·d),排磷率变化范围分0.05~0.18 mg/(ind·d)、0.01~0.03 mg/(ind·d)。方差分析显示,季节、龄期及两者交互作用对泥蚶生物沉积速率、耗氧率、排氨率及排磷率均有显著影响。     

魁蚶耗氧率的初步研究

本文测定报道了不同规格魁蚶在11、14、20、23℃条件下不同活动水平的耗氧率。结果表明,在相同温度条件下,单位体重耗氧率随体重的增加而下降,随活动水平的加强而升高,另外,单位体重耗氧率亦随温度的升高而增加。11～23℃内耗氧率介于0.28～1.05ml O_2/g干肉重/小时,或介于0.038～0.126ml O_2/g活体重/小时之间。统计得出了11～23℃内魁蚶耗氧率与壳长、体重(活体重、总干重、干肉重)的指数回归公式,其中体重回归式中的指数b为0.642。计算了11～23℃的Q_(10)值为1.75。     

体重和温度对方斑东风螺耗氧率和排氨率的影响

用室内实验生态学方法研究不同规格和温度对方斑东风螺(Babyloniaareolata)耗氧率(O)和排氨率(N)的影响。实验所用方斑东风螺规格为壳高(3 147±0 115)～(6 862±0 237)cm,软体部分干重(2 0145±0 12)～(11 0636±0 36)g。结果表明:(1)个体大小、温度以及二者的综合效应均对其耗氧率和排氨率有极显著的影响(P<0 01)。在实验温度范围内(13～33℃),不同规格的方斑东风螺耗氧率的总平均值为1 413mg/(h·g),排氨率的总平均值为217 05μg/(h·g)。(2)在实验条件下,方斑东风螺的软体部分干重(W)与耗氧量(R)之间的回归关系符合幂函数方程R=aWb,其中a的取值范围为0 9984～3 0128,平均值是1 7894;b值的范围为0 7692～0 8985,平均值为0 8430。在13～28℃温度范围内,不同规格的方斑东风螺的耗氧率随着温度的升高而增加,当温度升高到33℃时,耗氧率反而下降。(3)实验温度下,W与排氨量(A)也可用幂函数方程A=cWd表示,c值的范围为277 4091～405 3933,平均值为326 6857;d值的范围是0 4519～0 8864,平均值是0 6683。随着温度的升高方斑东风螺的排氨率呈上升趋势。(4)实验证实,高温将进一步提高方斑东风螺蛋白质的代谢水平,耗氧率和排氨率与温度(T)、W的二元线性回归方程分别为:O=-0 521-0 038W+0 050T、N=-152 640-10 581W     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

An analysis of the food of 274 specimens of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner), which had been collected in Lake Kinneret, showed that this species is mainly a zooplankton consumer.A study of the quantitative dynamics of the food components in the course of a year has proved that the species in question feeds more intensely in spring, this being the time when zooplankton forms are more abundant in the water of the lake. Vegetable detritus, mixed with plankton and benthos forms, served as additional and alternative food.The lack of clearly positive degree of food component selectivity, as well as the low values of the intestine repletion index and of the condition coefficient, account for the slowness in growth of Tilapia aurea in Lake Kinneret.The low values of the growth and feeding indices are due, according to the authors, to the pressure brought to bear by the other local fish species, which are competitors for the same food.     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia zillii (Gervais) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

Analysis of the gut content of 329 specimens of T. zillii (Cichlidae) collected from Lake Kinneret, has shown great variation in the sorts of food.A study of seasonal dynamics has proved the prevalence in the food of Chironomida pupae (Diptera) in winter and spring and of zooplankton forms in summer and autumn. The additional food consisted of the various groups of algae, the most frequently found being Cyanophyta (100%) and Pyrrophyta (64.16%). An extremely voraceous species, it consumes — while searching for its preferred food — anything that comes its way in the water: algae, scraps of macrophytes, autochthonous and allochthonous insects, and forms of benthic origin, such as Nematoda, Ostracoda, Porifera and Chironomida (larvae).The satiation index is high (between 4.08 and 5.63), in contradiction to the low values of the coefficient of condition (between 3.05 and 3.51), and with the slow rate of growth in Lake Kinneret. The main food of Tilapia zillii, consists of arthropod species with a chitin content (which is eliminated unchanged) of more than 50% of the total weight, and this may account for the poor exploitation of the trophic base.This species of fish may be considered as being detrimental to others (i.e. commercially important species) because of its successful competition for food, and not, as is often incorrectly assumed, because it is an aggressive consumer of their spawn and fry.     

不同品系尼罗罗非鱼致死低温的研究

在室内自然降温条件下，研究了三个品系尼罗罗非鱼（吉富品系，“７８”品系，“８８”品系）对低温的耐受力，计算得出每个品系的半致死低温，并对降温过程中尼罗罗非鱼行为活动的变化进行了观察。试验结果表明，在上海地区，当温度降低到１１℃时，罗非鱼开始死亡，到７．４℃时，全部死亡。吉富罗非鱼死亡温度范围是１１℃￣８．４℃，“７８”品系是９．８￣７．４℃，“８８”品系是１１℃￣７．４℃。对三个品系半致死低温的研     

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza)

The aims of this experiment were (1) toquantify the ability of grass carp to processduckweed and (2) to assess indirect changes inwater chemistry and phytoplankton community,caused by grass carp feeding. Yearling grass carp sized 126 ± 7.7 mm (TL) and19.6 g in weight were kept in 9 laminate tanksof 1 m³ for 14 days. Two stockingdensities (2 and 6 fish per m³) anda control without fish were used. Standard growthrate (SGR) of grass carp fed exclusively onduckweed was 0.70% body weight (BW) d^–1and food conversion ratio (FCR) reached 2.0(average water temperature =21.1 ± 3.8 °C). Daily food intakewas 0.2 g of duckweed dry weight (DW), i.e.,1% of average BW of grass carp. SGR ofduckweed growing in 20 × 20 cm floatingenclosures, differed significantly[F(6,2) = 417.9; p = 0.002] between the twostocking densities of grass carp and thecontrol tanks (without fish). Mean SGR ofduckweed was 0.02 g g^–1 day^–1 and thehighest SGR was recorded in the control tanks.Both decrease in NH₄-N and increase inNO₂-N concentrations differedsignificantly between the treatments[F(2,2) = 45.3; p = 0.02 and F(2,2) = 19.2; p = 0.04 respectively]. Changes in other nitrogenand phosphorus components (NO₃-N, TN, TPand PO₄-P) caused by stocking of grasscarp were not significant. Biomass ofphytoplankton, dominated by filamentous algaeand blue-greens, increased proportionately tostocking density of grass carp. Althoughduckweed has a large potential for nutrientremoval, the most common pathway for thenutrients released through grass carp grazingif duckweed cover is loose is theirincorporation into phytoplankton biomass.     

叶尔羌高原鳅胚胎发育与胚后发育观察

采用形态学和生态学方法,对叶尔羌高原鳅[Triplophysa(Hedinichthys)yarkandensis(Day)]胚胎发育和胚后发育阶段全过程进行观察、拍照并测量。结果显示:叶尔羌高原鳅,卵微黏性,略有沉性,受精卵呈卵圆形,卵径为(0.60±0.052)mm,在水温(20.0±1.0)℃下,历时65 h 34 min完成整个胚胎发育分为7个生理阶段过程;胚后发育主要根据卵黄囊、体色、鼓鳔和须的变化分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期。初孵卵黄囊仔鱼全长(2.0±0.65)mm,出膜后7 d,卵黄囊吸收完毕,完全消失;初孵仔鱼继续培育至16日龄,仔鱼鳃盖后缘鼓鳔明显长出,须清晰可辨,体色加深,心脏红色素明显,体色与成体相似,标志后期仔鱼发育完全进入稚鱼期,此时鱼苗全长(8.0±0.45)mm;培育至30日龄,仔鱼鼓鳔完全,鳃盖张合明显,身体透明特征消失,稚鱼阶段完成发育进入幼鱼期,此时全长达(13.0±0.55)mm,其外部形态和生态习性均与成鱼相似。试验中,卵黄囊长度(LY)和出膜天数(D)的关系式:LY=0.0286D2–0.0636D+3.1196(R2=0.9050);用直线方程拟合卵黄囊长度(LY)和卵黄囊仔鱼全长(LT)的关系式:LY=–1.315LT+5.368(R2=0.8199);拟合卵黄囊仔鱼全长(LT)和出膜后仔稚鱼天数(D)的关系式:LT=–0.0263D2+0.5113D+1.6169(R2=0.9890)。本研究旨在通过了解叶尔羌高原鳅的早期发育特征为该物种的保护和增殖对策提供科学依据,并对其苗种生产提供理论指导。     

Development of embryos in Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Bank & Solender, 1794) (Mesopotamian spiny eel) (Mastacembelidae)

In this study, the embryonic development of the eggs in the Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Bank & Solender, 1794) was examined. At the same time, possibilities of artificial breeding through artificial insemination were investigated. Artificial insemination was achieved by mixing the eggs of the mature female and sperm of the mature male samples caught with gill nets (22 × 22) in Ataturk Dam Lake in Turkey. To this end, first in a Petri dish (100 × 20), the testes were cut into small pieces with a lancet and the mixture of sperm–testes‐tissue was obtained. The fertilization rate of the eggs was found to be 80%. The diameter of the eggs ranged from 2.015to 1.147 mm. The perivitelline space formed 0.5 h after insemination. The first cleavage occurred at the animal pool 4 h after insemination. The oil droplets had fused to a single droplet 19 h after insemination. The blastoderm became an embryonic shield 30 h after insemination. The blastoderm covered almost half the egg 40 h after insemination and embryonic body was formed. The blastoderm covered almost the whole egg 50 h after insemination. Some somites were discernible 59 h after insemination. The embryonic body reached two‐third of the circumference of the egg 70 h after insemination. The tail bud began to separate from the yolk 77 h after insemination. A newly hatched larva was observed at 85 h after insemination.     

Transmission of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) from Dendronereis spp. (Peters) (Nereididae) to penaeid shrimp

Dendronereis spp. (Peters) (Nereididae) is a common polychaete in shrimp ponds built on intertidal land and is natural food for shrimp in traditionally managed ponds in Indonesia. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an important viral pathogen of the shrimp, can replicate in this polychaete (Desrina et al. 2013); therefore, it is a potential propagative vector for virus transmission. The major aim of this study was to determine whether WSSV can be transmitted from naturally infected Dendronereis spp. to specific pathogen‐free (SPF) Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) through feeding. WSSV was detected in naturally infected Dendronereis spp. and Penaeus monodon Fabricius from a traditional shrimp pond, and the positive animals were used in the current experiment. WSSV‐infected Dendronereis spp. and P. monodon in a pond had a point prevalence of 90% and 80%, respectively, as measured by PCR. WSSV was detected in the head, gills, blood and mid‐body of Dendronereis spp. WSSV from naturally infected Dendronereis spp was transmitted to SPF L. vannamei and subsequently from this shrimp to new naïve‐SPF L. vannamei to cause transient infection. Our findings support the contention that Dendronereis spp, upon feeding, can be a source of WSSV infection of shrimp in ponds.     

Extinction of Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars) was found in Lake Kinneret until the late nineteen-fifties. Lake Kinneret was the northern-most limit of the distribution of this species. It is suggested that fingerlings of grey mullets and Sarotherodon aureus that were introduced into Lake Kinneret caused the extinction of D. lumholtzi.     

Substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) (Laminaria japonica) with tunic of sea squirt (SS) (Halocynthia roretzi) in diet on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus,Reeve 1846)

Substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) with tunic of sea squirt (SS) in diet on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone was determined. One thousand four hundred and seventy abalones were distributed into 21 containers. Six formulated diets in triplicate were prepared. A 200 g/kg ST was included into the ST0 diet. The 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 g/kg of ST were substituted with the same amount of tunic of SS, referred to as the ST200, ST400, ST600, ST800 and ST1000 diets, respectively. Finally, Undaria was prepared to compare effect of the formulated diets on performance of abalone. The experimental diets were fed to abalone for 16 weeks. Weight gain of abalone fed the ST400 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the ST0, ST600, ST800 and ST1000 diets and Undaria. Weight gain of abalone fed the formulated diets was higher than that of abalone fed the Undaria. The chemical composition of the carcass of abalone was affected by dietary substitution of ST with tunic of SS. In conclusion, ST could be completely substituted with tunic of SS without retardation in performance of abalone. Abalone fed the ST400 diet substituting 400 g/kg ST with tunic of SS achieved the best growth.