去除鱼类土腥味养殖系统的构建技术研究

以团头鲂、鲫鱼为试验对象,构建了一种基于人工生态系统的循环水养殖系统。通过底层陶粒吸附细菌、流水养鱼加快鱼类的代谢、湿地去除氨氮提高鱼的活性、生化箱培养硝化菌和反硝化菌来调控水质并起到控制水流速度的作用等技术手段来去除鱼类土腥味,同时研究不同盐度对其调控效果的影响。结果表明:本养殖系统对水体中的藻类和放线菌以及鱼体中的放线菌有明显的抑制作用。把(土池)池塘内养殖的鱼放入系统中暂养,一个月后土腥味显著降低,3个月后土腥味几乎消失;且随着水体盐度的升高,效果越加明显。     

Start-up of a “zero-discharge” recirculating aquaculture system using woodchip denitrification,constructed wetland,and sand infiltration

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) discharge management limits the development of the aquaculture sector, because RAS do not automatically result in low nutrient emissions. Research has helped develop discharge management systems such as wetlands and woodchip bioreactors that have been adopted by Danish commercial model trout farms. To further develop the Danish concept, we have modelled and built a novel “zero-discharge” recirculating aquaculture system with an annual capacity of approximately 14 tonnes. The aim of this paper is to describe the entire concept and present the results from the start-up phase of the whole system. The concept includes the treatment of RAS effluent (overflow and sludge supernatant) using a hybrid solution of a woodchip bioreactor, constructed vertical wetland, and sand infiltration. Using this three-step process, the nitrate, phosphorus, and organic matter effluent are decreased to acceptable levels to reuse the water in the RAS process reducing the need for new raw water. In the first nine months of operation, a water treatment field was used as an end-of-pipe treatment to ensure the water was safe to recirculate for fish. During the winter, the water temperature dropped to 2.7 degrees in the sand filter, but the frost did not reach the water levels in any of the treatment processes. It therefore appears that a hybrid solution can operate sufficiently even in winter conditions. In the first year of operation, a woodchip bioreactor can remove 97 % of the nitrate, although the slow start-up of the RAS caused the bioreactor to be N-limited. On average, 79 % and 92 % of the inflow phosphate concentration was removed in the woodchip bioreactor and the entire hybrid treatment field respectively. The wetland and sand filter removed organic matter sufficiently (35 %), but because of the longer than designed actual water residence, it leached from the bioreactor more than was expected. Further experimentation is needed to identify the financial applicability and performance during higher feeding rates.     

Limnology of Macrobrachium amazonicum grow‐out ponds subject to high inflow of nutrient‐rich water and different stocking and harvest management

We evaluated the water characteristics and particle sedimentation in Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller 1862) grow‐out ponds supplied with a high inflow of nutrient‐rich water. Prawns were subject to different stocking and harvesting strategies: upper‐graded juveniles, lower‐graded juveniles, non‐graded juveniles+selective harvesting and traditional farming (non‐grading juveniles and total harvest only). Dissolved oxygen, afternoon N‐ammonia and N‐nitrate and soluble orthophosphate were lower in the ponds in comparison with inflow water through the rearing cycle. Ponds stocked with the upper population fraction of graded prawns showed higher turbidity, total suspended solids and total Kjeldahl nitrogen than the remaining treatments. An increase in the chemical oxygen demand:biochemical oxygen demand ratio from inlet (4.9) to pond (7.1–8.0) waters indicated a non‐readily biodegradable fraction enhancement in ponds. The sedimentation mean rate ranged from 0.08 to 0.16 mm day^?1 and sediment contained >80% of organic matter. The major factors affecting pond ecosystem dynamic were the organic load (due to primary production and feed addition) and bioturbation caused by stocking larger animals. Data suggest that M. amazonicum grow‐out in ponds subjected to a high inflow of nutrient‐rich water produce changes in the water properties, huge accumulation of organic sediment at the pond bottom and non‐readily biodegradable material in the water column. However, the water quality remains suitable for aquaculture purposes. Therefore, nutrient‐rich waters, when available, may represent a source of unpaid nutrients, which may be incorporated into economically valued biomass if managed properly.     

Depth matters for bivalve culture in integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) and other polyculture strategies under non-eutrophic conditions

Bivalve cultivation, in single cultivation or in polyculture (including integrated multitrophic aquaculture; IMTA), is generally limited to eutrophic waters. We carried out a modeling study to test if, under meso- and oligotrophic conditions, depth could be a key factor for bivalve productivity associated to IMTA and other polyculture strategies. We applied the model Farm Aquaculture Resource Management (FARM) at three strata of the water column in two coastal fish farm areas in the Mediterranean Sea, using water column variables sampled seasonally to estimate the potential mussel production. According to FARM, mussel production was high in both areas and, in some cases, almost doubled when mussels were cultured below 25-m depth compared to shallower levels. Phytoplankton abundance is expected to notably influence mussel production compared to particulate organic matter. Thus, in meso- and oligotrophic stratified waters, where chlorophyll maximum is relatively deep, depth can be a key factor for the productivity of mussel cultivation. The obtained results could help to maximize the production of suspension-feeding bivalve cultivation and, therefore, the expansion and development of sustainable aquaculture in non-eutrophic marine waters.     

复合养殖系统中浮游植物群落结构及其与水环境因子的关系

本研究以主养团头鲂搭配少量鲢鳙鱼的人工湿地-池塘复合养殖系统为研究对象,在人工湿地运行期间调查了该复合养殖系统池塘中浮游植物的生态特征,并分析了浮游植物的群落结构与水环境因子间的关系。结果表明：复合养殖池塘中共鉴定出浮游植物8门91种,其中绿藻种类最多,而蓝藻在数量上占据了绝对的优势。人工湿地运行期间养殖池塘中浮游植物的种类、数量、生物量无显著变化,数量和生物量的平均值分别为3.04×108cells/L,7.14×106mg/L,主要优势种有双对栅藻、四足十字藻、苇氏藻、微小平裂藻、点形粘球藻、泥污颤藻、优美平裂藻、微小色球藻、为首螺旋藻、不定微囊藻;池塘的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为2.77~3.27,Margalef多样性指数为2.75~3.18,Pielou均匀性指数为0.45~0.55。同时将浮游植物种类丰度与水环境因子进行冗余分析(RDA),结果表明：池塘中绿藻主要受温度、溶氧、pH的影响,而蓝藻主要受pH和氨氮的影响。     

Total organic carbon budget of integrated aquaculture system of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus,jellyfish Rhopilema esculenta and shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis

The total organic carbon (TOC) budget of the integrated aquaculture system of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, jellyfish Rhopilema esculenta and shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis was investigated in a cofferdam (1.202 km²) for 13‐month field study. The results showed that the total input of TOC to the system was 498 300 kg year^?1, of which photosynthesis accounted for 26.8% of input TOC. The TOC production of the sea cucumber was 3668 kg year^?1, and that of the jellyfish and the shrimp was 714 kg year^?1. The TOC utilization rate of the input TOC by sea cucumber production was 7.4‰, and that of the integrated system increased by 18.9% than that of sea cucumber monoculture model through integration with jellyfish and shrimp. The outflow TOC from the system was 336 600 kg year^?1, which account for 92.7% of the inflow TOC. The integrated aquaculture system not only produce aquatic products, but also eliminate 7.3% of the inflow TOC, therefore, this system was not only a production system of aquatic products, but also an organic matter purification system for the coastal environment. The TOC utilization rate of the system can be probably improved by means of increasing stocking density of the sea cucumber and/or the shrimp.     

Microbiological indicators for aquaculture impact in Mar Piccolo (Taranto, Italy)

The mussel and fish-farming impact was investigated both in pelagic and sediment environments of Mar Piccolo in Taranto. We studied the yearly distribution of microbiological indicators (heterotrophic bacteria and coliforms), in relation to physical and chemical parameters of surface water at three different sites, characterized by mussel farms, fish cages and Citro springs. The heterotrophic bacteria and Clostridium perfrigens distribution were also examined in relation to organic content and granulometry of sediments. The urban sewages affected the quality of waters of the mussel site, by increasing faecal coliforms in the entire basin during summer. In the benthonic environment the aquaculture activity increased the bio-deposition of the sediment, causing changes in the abundance and the composition (heterotrophic bacteria/clostridia ratio) of microflora. A significant increase of heterotrophic bacteria in the warm season was observed. The clostridia proved to be a good indicator of impact of organic matter because they were significantly higher in the sites than the control stations.     

福建中部近海鱼类生态类群的季节变化

为探究福建中部近海鱼类生态类群组成的季节变化,采用非线性多维标度(NMDS)和相似性检验(ANOSIM)方法,依据2009年冬季、2010年春季和夏季于福建中部近海3个航次的海洋综合调查资料,对该海域鱼类的种类组成和生态类群结构进行分析。结果显示,冬季出现鱼类40种,生态类群以暖水种为主,但暖温种比例为3个季节中最高(30%),且暖温种占该季鱼类总质量和总尾数比例分别为17.65%和16.96%。春季出现鱼类39种,生态类群以暖水种为主,分别占该季节鱼类总质量和总尾数的86.48%和94.52%。夏季出现鱼类61种,暖水种占绝对优势(56种),分别占该季鱼类总质量和总尾数的97.17%和99.35%。受浙闽沿岸流和台湾海峡暖流的交替影响,从冬季到夏季物种更替率逐渐升高,暖水种种类数和数量密度不断上升,并伴随着河口种消失、外海种出现。此现象与冷、暖水团交替影响这一海域时,鱼类进行相应的产卵、索饵及越冬洄游等有关。研究表明,福建中部近海鱼类生态类群和种类组成的季节变化可能由水团不断变化所导致。     

Environmentally sustainable land-based marine aquaculture

Reduced fishery harvests and increased consumer demand for seafood have precipitated an increase in intensive fish farming, predominantly in coastal and open ocean net-pens. However, as currently practiced, aquaculture is widely viewed as detrimental to the environment and typical operations are vulnerable to environmental influences, including pollution and endemic diseases. Here we report the development of a land-based, marine recirculating aquaculture system that is fully contained, with virtually no environmental impact as a result of highly efficient biological waste treatment and water recycling. Over 99% of the water volume was recycled daily by integrating aerobic nitrification to eliminate toxic ammonia and, for the first time, simultaneous, anaerobic denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation, to convert ammonia and nitrate to nitrogen gas. Hydrogen sulfide generated by the separated endogenous organic solids was used as an electron source for nitrate reduction via autotrophic denitrification and the remaining organic solids were converted to methane and carbon dioxide. System viability was validated by growing gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) from 61 g to 412 g for a total of 1.7 tons in a record 131 days with 99% fish survival. Ammonia nitrite and nitrate did not exceed an average daily concentration of 0.8 mg/l, 0.2 mg/l and 150 mg/l, respectively. Food conversion values were 16% lower than recorded levels for net-pen aquaculture and saltwater usage of less than 16 l/every kg of fish produced. The system is site-independent, biosecure, devoid of environmental contaminants and is not restricted to a single species.     

夏季桑沟湾养殖水域有机碳的平面分布特征及其来源分析

根据2012年8月对桑沟湾养殖海域18个站位取得的溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)数据,基于不同区域的养殖特点,分析了DOC和POC的平面分布特征,并对POC的来源进行了初步探讨。结果表明,整个调查海域表层DOC的浓度范围为1.70～2.82mg/L,平均值为2.03mg/L,大致呈自西向东递减的趋势。表层POC的浓度范围为0.04～1.33mg/L,平均值为0.55mg/L,大致呈自南向北逐渐递增的趋势。网箱养殖区表层DOC和POC含量最高,其次为桑沟湾近岸海域,而海带养殖区最低,这表明有机碳的含量与养殖品种和模式有直接的关系。根据POC/Chl-a比值对POC来源进行初步分析,表明贝类养殖区、海带养殖区、贝藻混养区、桑沟湾近岸海域以及外海对照点的POC主要来自活的浮游植物,而网箱养殖区存在降解的有机物质。     

Design and operation of a low-cost and compact autonomous buoy system for use in coastal aquaculture and water quality monitoring

The need to ensure future food security and issues of varying estuarine water quality is driving the expansion of aquaculture into near-shore coastal waters. It is prudent to fully evaluate new or proposed aquaculture sites, prior to any substantial financial investment in infrastructure and staffing. Measurements of water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen can be used to gain insight into the physical, chemical and biological water quality conditions within a farm site, towards identifying its suitability for farming, both for the stock species of interest and for assessing the potential risk from harmful or toxic algae. The latter can cause closure of shellfish harvesting. Unfortunately, commercial scientific monitoring systems can be cost prohibitive for small organisations and companies to purchase and operate. Here we describe the design, construction and deployment of a low cost (<£ 5000) monitoring buoy suitable for use within a near-shore aquaculture farm or bathing waters. The mooring includes a suite of sensors designed for supporting and understanding variations in near-shore physical, chemical and biological water quality. The system has been designed so that it can be operated and maintained by non-scientific staff, whilst still providing good quality scientific data. Data collected from two deployments totalling 14 months, one in a coastal bay location, another in an estuary, have illustrated the robust design and provided insight into the suitability of these sites for aquaculture and the potential occurrence of a toxin causing algae (Dinophysis spp.). The instruments maintained good accuracy during the deployments when compared to independent in situ measurements (e.g. RMSE 0.13–0.16 °C, bias 0.03–0.08 °C) enabling stratification and biological features to be identified, along with confirming that the waters were suitable for mussel (Mytilus spp.) and lobster (Homarus gammarus) aquaculture, whilst sites showed conditions agreeable for Dinophysis spp.     

海水鱼类网箱养殖水域沉积物有机质的来源甄别

利用稳定碳氮同位素示踪技术,对南沙港网箱养殖水域沉积物中有机质的来源进行了分析研究。结果表明,网箱养殖区(距离网箱边缘100 m范围内)及对照区(距离网箱边缘大于500 m)沉积物的δ13C值分别为(-17.72±1.2)‰和(-12.73±0.38)‰,δ15N分别为(6.44±0.2)‰和(5.61±0.2)‰。网箱养殖区沉积物的有机质来源主要为残饵和鱼类粪便,比例分别占47.70%和27.71%。随着与养殖网箱距离的增加,网箱养殖源有机质(残饵和鱼类粪便之和)的比例降低,变化趋势符合指数方程y=97.167e-0.007 4x(R2=0.848 1),在潮流驱动的沉积物再悬浮及野生鱼类的扰动影响下,网箱养殖源有机质的水平位移可达400 m。鱼类网箱养殖的养殖废物是南沙港水域沉积物有机污染的主要来源。     

An empirical method for predicting trout survival in Canadian prairie lakes

An empirical method is presented for determining the probability of exceeding a given survival of rainbow trout in eutrophic Canadian prairie lakes used for extensive aquaculture.Significant mortalities caused by oxygen deficiency following the collapse of large blooms of blue-green algae occur in about a quarter of the lakes. The method uses the measurement of maximum ammonia at midwinter before stocking to predict the probability of algal collapse in the following summer. This is then used in conjunction with the relative cumulative frequency of survival of fish from the two types of lakes (those with and without an algal collapse) to calculate the probability of exceeding a given survival of fish.     

复合池塘养殖系统湿地水质净化功能研究

由潜流和表面流湿地组成复合人工湿地,与池塘有机结合构成鱼塘-湿地水循环系统应用于草鱼苗种培育,研究了该系统对池塘水质的改善效果。结果显示:在760 mm/d的水力负荷率条件下,复合湿地系统对NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、TN、TP、COD和TSS的平均去除率分别为(33.56±3.71)%、(50.73±3.95)%、(46.33±4.95)%、(27.99±2.78)%、(58.15±3.38)%、(29.60±2.24)%和(84.49±1.77)%;湿地出水水质符合渔业水质标准(GB11607-89)要求。结果表明鱼塘-湿地水循环系统对养殖用水具有较好的净化效果。     

Consumption and Assimilation of Salmon Net Pen Fouling Debris by the Red Sea Cucumber Parastichopus californicus: Implications for Polyculture

Abstract Fouling debris composed of fish feces, excess fish food, algae, and other particulate organic matter can create environmental problems for aquaculture facilities that rear fish in ocean net pens. Accumulations of organic debris can clog the nets and restrict water circulation which in turn can stress fish. Experiments in which red sea cucumbers Parastichopus californicus were allowed to feed inside floating net pens at a salmon rearing facility in Southeast Alaska showed that sea cucumbers consumed fouling debris and cleared a significant amount of surface area on the nets (P < 0.0001). Sea cucumbers assimilated amino acids and other organic matter from fouling debris two to three times more efficiently than from their natural sediment diet. Muscle development of sea cucumbers consuming fouling debris inside the net pens was also significantly greater than that of sea cucumbers feeding in their natural environment (P < 0.0003). This work suggests that polyculture operations in which commercially important detritivores, like the red sea cucumber, are grown in net pens along with salmon could possibly convert the net from self-fouling to self-cleaning and could turn fouling debris into a marketable product (sea cucumber biomass).     

Chemistry of Sediment Pore Water in Aquaculture Ponds Built on Clayey Ultisols at Auburn, Alabama

The composition of sediment pore water was determined for ponds constructed on clayey Ultisols at Auburn, Alabama. Pore water was anaerobic and contained much higher concentrations of ferrous iron (Fe²⁺), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus (TP), total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), and sulfide (S²⁻) than surface or bottom waters. Concentrations of SRP and TP in pore water were higher in ponds with high soil phosphorus concentrations than in a new pond with less soil phosphorus. Increased concentrations of organic matter in soil or larger inputs of feed to ponds favored greater microbial activity in soils and higher concentrations of TAN in pore water. The pH of pore water was 6.5–7.0, and pH was apparently controlled by the equilibrium:

Movement of Fe²⁺, SRP, and S²⁻ from pore water into pond water apparently was prevented by the oxidized layer of soil just below the soil-water interface. Pond managers should concentrate on maintaining this oxidized layer to reduce the tendency for toxic substances to diffuse into the pond water.     

夏季台湾海峡北部及邻近海域鱼类群落结构及环境解释

根据2014年7月台湾海峡中部、北部及邻近水域渔业资源底拖网调查资料,分析了该水域的鱼类群落结构,包括种类组成、区系特点、优势种、多样性及空间分布等,探讨了鱼类群落结构与环境因子的关系,并阐述了鱼类群落的群聚结构。结果表明,调查海域共捕获鱼类84种,隶属于16目、48科、69属。从种类数上看,适温类型以暖水种为主,区系类型以大陆架浅水底层鱼类以及大陆架岩礁性鱼类为主;从生物量组成上看,区系类型则以大陆架浅水中低层鱼类为主。优势种为带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)和七星底灯鱼(Benthosema pterotum),合计渔获质量占总渔获质量的46.92%,对总渔获质量的回归贡献值分别为0.30和0.62;高生物量区集中分布在台湾海峡北口海域,在空间上表现为明显的生态位重叠。层次聚类分析将群落优势物种划分为2个主要的生态类型:沿海类型和广布类型,沿海类型的代表性物种包括龙头鱼、黄鲫、鳓;广布类型物种有带鱼、窄颅带鱼、七星底灯鱼、竹荚鱼、刺鲳、麦氏犀鳕。Shannon-Wiener多样性、Pielou均匀度和Margalef丰富度的变化范围分别为0.22~2.31、0.11~0.72、0.36~4.04,平均值分别为1.44、0.51、1.59,丰富度与总渔获质量表现为显著负相关(r=?0.65),与深度显著正相关(r=0.48)。物种?环境典范对应分析表明,与物种空间结构关系密切的影响因子为底盐、底层无机氮、底温、表底温差和水深;而影响群落优势群体分布的因子为底温、底盐和底层无机氮。     

熵权法模糊物元模型在养殖水质评价中的应用

为客观综合评价养殖水体质量,利用熵确定水质指标权重,结合物元分析理论及贴近度的概念,构建养殖水质复合模糊物元模型,对2015—2019年监测的上海地区635批次养殖水样进行地表水环境质量等级分类。水质监测结果显示,池塘水体的pH、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、As(砷)和叶绿素a平均含量显著高于引水河道的(P<0.05),硝酸盐氮、Zn(锌)和石油类的平均分布显著低于后者(P<0.05),其他指标的平均分布差异不显著(P>0.05)。不同养殖品种池塘水体间,淡水鱼塘水体中氮、磷、有机质等相关指标的平均含量最高,蟹塘水体pH均值最高。熵权法模糊物元模型评价结果表明,在养殖水体水质指标中pH的权重最高,其次为高锰酸盐指数、总氮和氨氮,这4项合计权重超过0.5;89.29%的鱼塘、87.91%的虾塘和75.83%的蟹塘水样水质类别属于或优于地表Ⅲ类,相关河道水样水质满足地表Ⅲ类水质标准的样品占比达98.72%。整体上,上海地区的养殖水质满足地表水环境功能要求。     

陕西大宗鱼类养殖水域环境现状及质量状况评价

摘 要 2008、2009年，对陕西大宗淡水鱼类养殖水域12项水质参数（pH、TN、TP、CODMn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、石油类、挥发酚和非离子氨）进行了监测，采用单因子比较法和污染指数法进行了评价。结果表明：陕西大宗淡水鱼类养殖水域不同程度地受到pH、非离子氨、TN、TP、CODMn、Cu、Zn、Hg和Pb等9项指标的污染。主要污染物为非离子氨、TP、TN和CODMn，两年中这4项污染物超标范围均占监测水域的70%以上,在所监测指标中负荷比占到89.5%和80.8%；非离子氨是最主要的污染物，两年中其单项污染指数I（20.2、5.80）和负荷比Q（57.37%、27.70%）均居首位，其次是TN（I：4.69、5.28；Q：13.3%、25.2%）、TP（I：4.05、4.13；Q：11.5%、19.7%）。Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb的超标范围较小；石油类、挥发性酚和Cd在所监测水域均未超标。2009年陕西大宗淡水鱼类养殖水域污染程度比2008年有所减缓，但所监测参数分别在两年间的差异均不显著（P＞0.05）。慎防非离子氨中毒，开展总磷、总氮污染的治理应该是陕西大宗淡水鱼类养殖中首要解决的环境问题。     

海马齿对海水养殖系统中氮、磷的移除效果研究

大量的外源性饵料和排泄物使海水养殖水体N、P以及有机物大量增加,导致水质恶化,是制约海水养殖业发展的主要因素。通过构建海马齿面积比为3∶2盐度为15的A、B 2组浮床海水养殖系统,以检验海马齿的N、P移除能力。结果显示,当海马齿处于生长启动期,A组和B组的水质指标与对照组之间无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;但当海马齿生长...