碳源及C/N对反硝化细菌净化循环养殖废水的影响

针对目前循环养殖废水水质处理过程中存在脱氮碳源不足的问题,本文以高NO3--N降解能力和低NO2--N积累量为碳源优化指标,研究了乙醇、丙三醇、葡萄糖、蔗糖、乙酸钠和酒石酸钾钠6种碳源及不同碳氮比（C/N）对复合菌群净化循环养殖废水效果的影响。试验结果显示,不同碳源及C/N对养殖废水的NH4 -N去除率并无显著差异,且各处理组的NH4 -N去除率高达98%左右,显著地高于对照组（p<0.05）;当以葡萄糖、蔗糖等糖类物质为外加碳源时,试验过程中有明显的NO2--N积累现象;当以醇类物质为外加碳源时,NO2--N积累量几乎为零,且NO3--N去除率高达90%左右,显著地高于对照组（58.96%）;特别是以乙醇为外加碳源且C/N为3.0时,复合菌群对养殖废水的TN、NH4 -N和NO3--N去除率分别高达93.28%、98.90%和91.82%。虽然外加碳源短期内会引起水体CODMn含量大幅升高,但可被反硝化细菌迅速降解;此外,外加碳源还能改善水体pH值,经处理组净化后的水体pH值维持在7.5左右。试验结果表明,循环养殖废水水质净化过程中添加相应的碳源及并适当控制C/N比能显著改善池水水质,提高生物脱氮效率。     

不同有机碳源及C/N对生物滤池净化效果的影响

利用生物滤池模拟装置,以实际养殖废水为处理对象,探讨了4种常见有机碳源(葡萄糖、乙醇、红糖和淀粉)及不同碳氮比对有机物去除、硝化反应和异养反硝化作用等生物滤池主要净化过程的影响.碳源初选结果显示,同种碳源下,当C/N从0升高至6过程中,生物滤池对TAN(总氨氮)的去除率呈先升高后降低趋势;当C/N较小时,各组对NO2--N的去除率差异性不显著(P＞0.05),随着C/N继续升高,NO2-N去除率则显著降低(P＜0.05);乙醇组除外,其他3组随着C/N升高,CODMn去除率先迅速增大然后趋于稳定;各组NO3-N和TN去除率呈先升高后降低趋势,且变化显著(P＜0.05),当C/N=4时,分别达到最高值.碳源复选结果显示,在C/N=4条件下,分别添加有机碳源(乙醇、淀粉、红糖和葡萄糖)的4组对TAN、NO3--N、TN和CODM的去除率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);而对照组NO2--N的去除率最高,达到93.59％;添加乙醇,生物滤池对水体中TAN、NO2-N、NO3-N和TN的去除效果优于其他3种碳源.研究表明,当C/N=4时,乙醇作为外加碳源能很好地提高生物滤池的净化效率.     

添加营养物质提高商品水质净化菌剂净化能力的研究

利用室内试验,研究了添加营养物质提高商品水质净化菌剂SYMCORE BZTTM的净化能力的方法。研究分两部分,第1部分设1个对照组和2个试验组,研究了添加营养物质对水质净化菌剂的净化能力的影响;第2部分设1个对照组和15个试验组,研究了营养物质添加量配比与净化效果的关系。通过计算葡萄糖和磷酸盐的添加量对COD、NH4+-N和NO2--N去除率的影响,建立了相关模型。实验结果表明,添加葡萄糖和磷酸二氢钾能显著提高水质净化菌剂对养殖废水的净化能力。添加葡萄糖使COD、NH4+-N和NO2--N的去除率分别提高了21.92%、34.43%和57.41%;添加磷酸盐使COD、NH4+-N和NO2--N的去除率分别提高了30.02%、53.45%和15.08%。当C∶N∶P=62.5∶4.85∶1时,水质净化菌剂对养殖废水中COD的净化效果最佳;当C∶N∶P=37.5∶4.51∶1时,对氨氮的去除效果最好;当C∶N∶P=25∶2.97∶1时,对亚硝酸氮的净化能力最高。葡萄糖与磷酸盐的添加量与3种污染物去除率的关系可以用二项式曲线拟合。实验结果与拟合结果相符。为养殖废水的生物修复和微生物制剂的推广应用提供了理论和技术依据...     

几种环境因子对循环水养殖系统中生物膜净化效率的研究

为研究环境因子对生物膜水质净化效果,对爆炸棉为滤料的生物滤器进行了试验。采用优势菌种挂膜后,在不同水温、溶氧(DO)、盐度、p H条件下,研究生物滤器对人工加富的海水养殖废水水质的净化效果。结果显示,水温28℃时,化学需氧量(CODMn)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)、磷酸盐(PO43--P)去除率分别为69.3%、93.7%、93.7%、19.4%;DO 6.00 mg/L时,CODMn、NH4+-N、NO2--N、PO43--P去除率分别为72.8%、91.7%、97%、15.6%;盐度25时,CODMn、NH4+-N、NO2--N、硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)、PO43--P去除率分别为57.1%、98.4%、99.9%、100%、42%;p H 7.5时,CODMn、NH4+-N去除率分别为72.8%、93.3%。研究表明,水温28℃、DO 6.00mg/L、盐度25和p H 7.5为该生物滤器最适水质净化条件,此时生物膜净化效率较高,出水水质较好。     

不同氮源和环境因子对花津滩芽孢杆菌 SLWX2脱氮性能的影响

花津滩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus hwajinpoensis) SLWX2是1株从海水养殖环境分离的可高效去除水体中氨氮(NH4+-N)、亚硝酸氮(NO2–-N)和硝酸氮(NO3–-N)的菌株。本实验在添加葡萄糖条件下,研究NH4+-N、NO2–-N和NO3–-N作为唯一氮源和环境因子(温度、pH、C/N和盐度)对该菌株生长和脱氮性能的影响。结果显示,菌株对这3种形态氮的去除与其生长保持一致,主要发生在对数生长期;当NH4+-N作为唯一氮源时,生长和脱氮均没有延迟期,NH4+-N在去除过程中,没有NO2–-N和NO3–-N的积累;当NO2–-N作为唯一氮源时,生长和脱氮均有较长延迟期,在NO2–-N消除过程中,没有NH4+-N和NO3–-N的积累;当NO3–-N作为唯一氮源时,生长和脱氮也有较长延迟期,在NO3–-N消除过程中,基本检测不到NH4+-N,NO2–-N呈先上升后下降趋势。环境因子影响研究表明,环境因子对该菌株的生长和脱氮性能影响基本一致,在pH为6~8.5、温度为28~40℃、C/N为5~25、NaCl为0~30 g/L条件下,菌株展现了良好的生长特性和脱氮性能。其中,最佳条件中,温度为30℃,C/N为25,pH为8.0,盐度为25。该菌株可高效去除NH4+-N、NO2–-N和NO3–-N,对环境条件适应范围较广,在工业和养殖废水脱氮中具有较大的应用潜力。     

养殖水体沉积物中氮的形态、分布及环境效应

养殖水体沉积物中的氮可分为有机态氮和无机态氮,以有机态氮为主(70％～90％)。无机态氮主要有NO3--N、NO2--N和NH4 -N,其中以NH4 -N为主。各形态的氮含量在水平方向上的分布随距污染源的远近而有小到大变化;垂直方向上的分布则是:NH4 -N随沉积深度的增加含量增大,NO3--N随沉积深度的增加含量减小,而NO2--N随沉积深度的变化不明显。     

益生菌的应用对鳗鲡池塘水质变化的影响

在鳗鲡养殖池中应用益生菌,研究其对池塘水质变化的影响。结果表明,在鳗鲡养殖池中添加芽胞杆菌、光合菌及EM菌,能有效降低养殖水体的氨氮(NH4+-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)及化学耗氧量,有利于水质净化和微生态环境的修复。     

循环养殖系统中牙鲆生长及营养盐状况研究

研究了一个包括鱼池、沉淀池、硝化滤器和大型海藻滤器的循环养殖系统长期运行的水质状况及养殖牙鲆的生长状况。报道了该系统中的牙鲆在一定时间内的生长情况,建立了牙鲆体重(抽样平均湿重)与生长时间的回归方程:W=4.654 e0.0181 t。同时监测系统中的NH4 -N、NO2--N、NO3--N、PO43--P浓度,其NH4 -N在实验时间内一直保持在0.4 mg/L以下,NO2--N低于0.2 mg/L以下,NO3--N、PO43--P在开始时有一定积累,后来有下降趋势。实验表明,该循环养殖系统可以满足牙鲆工厂化循环养殖的要求。     

基于^15N稳定同位素技术的斜生栅藻对硝氮和氨氮吸收研究

硝氮（NO3--N）和氨氮（NH4＋-N）是水体中无机氮的主要形态。利用15N稳定同位素技术研究了斜生栅藻（Scendesmus obliquus）对NO3--N和NH4＋-N的吸收特征。结果显示,在相同浓度条件下,斜生栅藻对NH4＋-N的吸收速率显著高于对NO3--N的吸收率,在180min的试验中,对15NH4＋-N的吸收速率为0.62～1.15μmol/（g·min）;对15NO3--N的吸收速率为0.08～0.15μmol/（g·min）。在NO3--N和NH4＋-N2种形态氮源同时存在的混合组中     

高温季节鳜及饵料鱼池塘水质调查研究

于高温多雨季节对广东省清远市鳜（Siniperca chuatsi）养殖基地的6个鳜及饵料鱼养殖池塘发病、用药情况及水质进行调查分析。结果表明,单独施用抑菌类药物,鳜出血病容易复发,而同时施用增强动物免疫力与减少应激行为药物及抑菌类药物,鳜出血病不易复发。鳜及饵料鱼塘发病期间,水中氨氮（NH4＋-N）质量浓度始终高于1.0 mg.L-1,亚硝酸盐氮（NO2--N）质量浓度高于0.18 mg.L-1,氮磷比（N/P）也有偏高的情况发生,而所调查的6个池塘硝酸盐氮（NO3--N）质量浓度均随养殖时间延长而逐渐下降。NH4＋-N与NO2--N质量浓度过高可能预示鳜的细菌性疾病即将发生。可按实际情况种植浮萍等植物吸收过量NH4＋-N;开增氧机保持水中高溶解氧（DO）以降低NO2--N质量浓度或投放减少动物应激行为的药物。N/P过高可适当释放磷肥以调节水质。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检,进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验,并采用病毒检测等方法,以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明,斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性,体表光洁,肌肉透亮,肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜,健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力,而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象;虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低,随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低,随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min,成活率近100％;在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好,而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测,可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.