温度与光照强度对浒苔孢子/配子放散和萌发的影响

通过比较不同温度和光照强度对浒苔(Ulva prolifera)孢子/配子放散和萌发的影响,来探究适合浒苔孢子/配子放散和萌发的温度和光照强度。实验结果表明,适宜浒苔孢子/配子放散的温度和光照强度范围分别为20~30℃和180~300μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。在温度25℃、光照强度240μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时,浒苔孢子/配子的放散量最大。浒苔孢子/配子萌发的适宜温度和光照强度分别为15~25℃和40~160μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),最适温度和光照强度分别为20℃和120μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。本实验揭示了黄海绿潮优势种浒苔繁殖与生长的环境响应过程,为进一步探索黄海绿潮暴发机制提供理论依据。     

鼠尾藻幼孢子体培育条件探究

为探究鼠尾藻Sargassum thunbergii幼孢子体早期生长发育适宜的培养条件,设置了光照度、温度、盐度3个影响因素3个水平的正交实验,以及氮磷营养盐水平实验。研究表明,温度对鼠尾藻幼孢子体的生长影响最显著（P〈0．05）,25℃时幼孢子体比生长速率（sGR）获得最大值,为10．78％,随着温度的降低sGR逐渐降低;盐度对幼孢子体的SGR影响显著（P〈0．05）,盐度30时幼孢子体生长较快,盐度降低SGR也降低;光照度2000～8000lx对幼孢子体的生长影响不显著,SOR极差接近误差水平。氮磷营养盐水平对鼠尾藻幼孢子体的生长影响较大,实验用自然海水中氮素基本可以满足幼孢子体的需求,而磷元素相对缺乏。氮素加富条件下,氮磷比大于15：1时不利于幼孢子体的生长,适宜的氮磷比为10：1～2：1。结果表明,温度25℃、盐度30、光照度20001x是鼠尾藻幼孢子体早期生长发育适宜的条件。培养液氮素含量保持在0．45～1mg/L,磷含量保持在0．3mg/L左右有利于幼孢子体快速生长。     

人工培养条件下环境因子对微小小环藻生长的影响

在实验室培养条件下,研究了温度、光照、盐度、pH值和氮、磷、铁、硅等营养盐对微小小环藻(Cyclotella caspia)生长繁殖的影响。实验结果表明:微小小环藻生长的适宜温度为10～40℃,最适温度为30～35℃;适宜光照为500～10 000 lx,最适光照为2 000～8 000 lx;适宜盐度为2～85,最适盐度为25～50;适宜pH值为4～9,最适pH为8.0～8.5。筛选出微小小环藻培养液配方是每立方米海水加入(NH2)2CO-N 30g,NaH2PO4-P 1 g,FeC6H5O7-Fe 0.1 g,Na2SiO3-Si 25 g。     

光照强度和光照周期对笼目海带配子体发育的影响

通过设置不同的光照强度和光照周期,在实验室条件下检测了笼目海带(Kjellmaniella crassifolia Miyabe)配子体的发育情况。结果显示:光照强度及光照周期均对笼目海带配子体的发育率有显著的影响(P0.05)。结果表明:1)在光照强度条件不同、其他培养条件相同的情况下,经过4周的发育,5～80μmol·m~(-2)s~(-1)条件下大部分配子体进入了生殖生长状态,发育率为60%～80%,其中20～40μmol·m~(-2)s~(-1)光照强度条件下生殖生长明显快于其他组。2)在光周期不同、其他培养条件相同的情况下,培养第12～25天时,20L∶4D条件下发育率为6.68%～69.87%,发育率与16L∶8D实验组差异不显著,但显著大于其余组。培养第32天,光照时间最长的处理组即20L∶4D的发育率(74.54%)最高,且孢子体细胞列数最多。本研究为笼目海带配子体规模化扩增及育苗提供了数据参考。     

盐度-光照强度-温度对角毛藻生长及高不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响

为获知盐度—光照强度—温度对半咸水硅藻——角毛藻SHOU-B98生长及高不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响,实验采用L_9(3~4)正交设计探讨其在不同盐度(6、12和18)、光照强度[10、30和50μmol/(m~2·s)]及温度(10、20和30℃)组合条件下的生长及藻细胞ARA、EPA和DHA含量的变化。结果显示,盐度、光照强度、温度三因素对角毛藻SHOUB98的生长及高不饱和脂肪酸含量均有显著影响,且存在因素间的交互作用。角毛藻SHOU-B98在盐度12、光照强度30μmol/(m~2·s)和温度30℃及盐度18、光照强度50μmol/(m~2·s)和温度20℃的组合条件下生长最快,第4天后这2组做藻的生物量显著高于其他组(P0.05)。角毛藻细胞积累不同高不饱和脂肪酸的最佳培养条件也不同,细胞积累ARA的最优培养组合条件为盐度6、光照强度50μmol/(m~2·s)和温度30℃;细胞积累EPA和DHA的最优培养组合条件为盐度18、光照强度50μmol/(m~2·s)和温度20℃。研究表明,角毛藻SHOU-B98生长快且细胞脂肪酸营养价值高的培养条件为盐度18、光照强度50μmol/(m~2·s)和温度20℃的组合。     

多肋藻雌配子体种质保存和扩培的温光条件研究

跟踪观察了温度和光照强度双因子对多肋藻雌配子体生长的影响,旨在探明其适宜的种质保存与扩增培养的温光条件。试验设置3个温度,分别为10、15和20℃,每个温度下设5个光照强度,分别为10、20、40、60和80μmol/(m~2·s),实验进行了4个月。结果表明,配子体在10℃,光强≤10μmol/(m~2·s)时适宜种质保存,15～20℃、20μmol/(m~2·s)时适宜短期扩增培养,15℃、20μmol/(m~2·s)时适宜长期扩增培养。     

利用液相氧电极技术研究“海天1号”海带(Saccharina japonica)幼孢子体光合及呼吸速率

"海天1号"海带是南方耐高温品种与北方高产品种杂交后,经过几代选育获得的海带新品系,具有产量高、耐高温、成熟稍早等特点(暂命名为"海天1号"海带)。为探究"海天1号"海带幼孢子体在不同环境因子下的生理适应性,设置了温度、光强及营养盐3个单因素实验,利用液相氧电极技术研究其对"海天1号"海带幼孢子体(1–2 cm)表观光合速率(Pn)和呼吸耗氧速率(R)的影响,并测定相对生长速率(Relative growth rate,RGR)。结果显示:(1)温度为14℃、光强为80μmol photons/(m~2·s)、氮营养盐为6 mg/L(N/P=10∶1,下同)环境下,幼孢子体的RGR和P_n均较大。在温度为22℃、光强为100μmol photons/(m~2·s)、氮营养盐浓度为10 mg/L条件下,R最强。(2)22℃组的幼孢子体生长受到抑制,其RGR显著低于14℃组(P0.05)。20μmol photons/(m~2·s)与80μmol photons/(m~2·s)光强组的RGR存在显著性差异(P0.05)。单因素方差分析显示,5个营养盐浓度组之间幼孢子体的RGR无显著性差异(P0.05)。(3)随着温度、光强、营养盐浓度增加,幼孢子体的P_n呈先上升后下降的趋势,14℃组P_n显著高于其他温度组,氮营养盐浓度4 mg/L和6 mg/L组的P_n显著高于2、8和10 mg/L组(P0.05)。在本实验条件下,R和P_n呈负相关。(4)光强对幼孢子体P/R(总光合速率/呼吸耗氧速率)的影响较小,温度和营养盐浓度对其影响较大。正交实验结果显示,适宜"海天1号"海带幼孢子体培养的条件为光强50μmol photons/(m~2·s)、温度16℃、氮营养盐浓度5 mg/L。     

翼茧形藻的培养条件

在实验室条件下通过单因子和正交试验,研究了温度、光照、盐度、pH值和氮、磷、铁、硅等营养盐对翼茧形藻(Amphiprora alata)生长繁殖的影响。结果表明:翼茧形藻生长的适宜温度为10～38℃,最适温度为30℃;适宜光照为500～10 000 lx,最适光照为5 000～10 000 lx;适宜盐度为2～80,最适盐度为60;适宜pH值为4～9,最适pH为7.5。经方差实验,在天然海水中添加10 mg.L-1NaNO3-N、2 mg.L-1NaH2PO4-P、0.2mg.L-1FeC6H5O7-Fe、40 mg.L-1Na2SiO3-Si,培养效果最佳。     

四爿藻培养条件的研究

在实验室模拟条件下,研究了温度、光照、盐度、pH值和营养盐对四爿藻生长繁殖的影响。结果表明:四爿藻生长的适宜温度为5~30℃,最适温度为20℃;适宜光照为500~10 000 lx,最适光照为4 000~7 000 lx;适宜盐度5~85,最适盐度为35;适宜pH值为4~9,最适pH值为7。筛选出四爿藻的培养液配方是,天然海水加入(NH2)2CO-N60 g/m3;KH2PO4-P 2 g/m3;FeC6H5O7-Fe 0.4 g/m3;维生素B11 g/m3和维生素B120.000 5 g/m3。     

萱藻丝状体的种质保存技术

采用液体保存法和胶囊化低温保存法对萱藻丝状体进行保存,探讨了液体培养法中温度、光照强度以及胶囊化低温保存法中胶球含水量对萱藻丝状体种质保存的影响。结果显示:(1)在液体保存法中,温度对萱藻丝状体的保存影响较小,当光强为5.4μmol/(m2·s)时,6~18℃均可实现萱藻丝状体的长期保存;(2)光照强度对萱藻丝状体的液体保存影响显著,16.2μmol/(m2·s)及以上的光强不利于种质的保存,5.4μmol/(m2·s)对萱藻丝状体的液体保存最有利;(3)在6~18℃,5.4μmol/(m2·s)条件下保存萱藻丝状体60 d后,萱藻丝状体细胞状态良好且存活率仍在97%以上;(4)胶球含水量过高或过低均会降低萱藻丝状体胶囊化低温保存后的存活率,15%是萱藻丝状体胶球的最适含水量,在该条件下,萱藻丝状体保存1个月后的存活率仍在50%以上。研究证明,在适宜条件下,液体保存法和胶囊化低温保存法均可实现萱藻丝状体的种质保存。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.