柠檬酸、Nisin-檬酸联合对三种常见水产病原菌的作用

选用嗜水气单胞菌、副溶血弧菌、荧光假单胞菌三种常见水产病原菌，用于测定柠檬酸的抑菌效果及最小抑菌浓度，并研究了柠檬酸抑菌作用的稳定性。三种菌均为革兰氏阴性菌。试验结果表明，柠檬酸对三种菌都有不同程度的抑菌作用，并得到最小抑菌浓度，依次是：0．0011g／mL，0．0008g／mL，0．00125g／mL；在最小浓度下抑菌作用可达6d之久，柠檬酸抑菌效果有一定的稳定性。将Nisin溶于0．00125g／mL，得到复合液的抑菌效果强于柠檬裴单独作用，且稳定性增强。     

41种中草药对3种鲟源病原菌的体外抑菌效果

采用平板打孔法在观察了弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter freundii)、鲁氏耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia ruckeri)、嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)等3种鲟源病原菌对41种中草药敏感性的基础上,进一步采用二倍稀释法测定了具有良好抑菌活性的中草药对3种病原菌的最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度。实验结果表明,3种病原菌对乌梅、石榴皮、地榆、杞子等均高度敏感,对杜仲、柴胡、丹参、熟地黄等均中度敏感,对麦冬、当归、胖大海、玉竹均不敏感。此外,乌梅、石榴皮、地榆、杞子对3种病原菌的最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度分别为7.81 mg/mL和15.625 mg/mL、15.625 mg/mL和31.25 mg/mL、15.625 mg/mL和31.25 mg/mL以及15.625 mg/mL和31.25 mg/mL,而杜仲、柴胡、丹参、熟地黄等中度敏感中草药对3种病原菌的最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度均分别高于31.25 mg/mL和62.5 mg/mL。     

20种中草药对迟缓爱德华氏菌的体外抑菌试验

用琼脂扩散法和二倍稀释法测定了20种中草药对迟缓爱德华氏菌（Edwardsiella tarda）（GD080715-1、GD080715-2）的体外抗菌活性。结果表明,五倍子、乌梅、大青叶、石榴皮的抑菌作用明显,最小抑菌浓度（MIC）〈6.25 mg/mL,最小杀菌浓度（MBC）〈50 mg/mL;吴茱萸和菖蒲有一定的抑菌作用,MBC为50～100 mg/mL;而苦地丁、栀子的抑菌作用不明显,MBC〉200 mg/mL。     

20种中草药对迟缓爱德华氏菌的体外抑菌试验

用琼脂扩散法和二倍稀释法测定了20种中草药对迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)(GD080715-1、GD080715-2)的体外抗菌活性。结果表明,五倍子、乌梅、大青叶、石榴皮的抑菌作用明显,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)<6.25 mg/mL,最小杀菌浓度(MBC)<50 mg/mL;吴茱萸和菖蒲有一定的抑菌作用,MBC为50～100 mg/mL;而苦地丁、栀子的抑菌作用不明显,MBC>200 mg/mL。     

中草药体外抑杀大鲵致病性豚鼠气单胞菌的药效研究

筛选对大鲵致病性豚鼠气单胞菌有抑菌作用的中草药。采用琼脂打孔法,测定中草药在不同pH值时对大鲵致病性豚鼠气单胞菌的体外抑菌圈效果。使用二倍稀释法,测定中草药在不同pH值时对大鲵致病性豚鼠气单胞菌的最小抑菌质量浓度和最小杀菌质量浓度。试验结果表明,200种中草药对大鲵致病性豚鼠气单胞菌的抑菌效果各不相同,其中135种中草药具有一定抑菌作用,其余65种无抑菌作用,而不同pH值时抑菌效果亦有所不同。药液为酸性时,乌梅、五味子、五倍子及诃子的抑菌效果极强,抑菌圈明显。135种中草药对豚鼠气单胞菌的最小抑菌质量浓度和最小杀菌质量浓度亦有所差异,其中,诃子、五倍子、石榴皮、大黄及槐角的最小抑菌质量浓度小于1mg/mL,抑菌作用最强。本试验筛选出具有很强抑菌作用的中草药。     

25种中草药对普通变形杆菌的体外抑菌试验

为了探究中草药提取物对普通变形杆菌(Proteus vulgaris)的体外抑菌效果,为防治该菌引发的人、畜、水产动物疾病提供参考依据,采用琼脂扩散法检测了秦皮、熟地、乌梅等25种中草药提取物对普通变形杆菌(201901145、201901146)的体外抑菌活性,并用二倍稀释法测定了具有抑菌效果的中草药对该菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果显示:乌梅、石榴皮对普通变形杆菌的抑菌效果较好,苏木、黄芩、艾叶具有一定的抑菌作用,其他中草药则未表现出抑菌作用;秦皮、鸡血藤、女贞子、覆盆子的抑菌作用表现出明显的菌株差异。试验结果表明,在这25种中草药中,乌梅的抑菌能力最强,当其质量浓度为15.625 mg/mL时对普通变形杆菌具有杀灭作用,可用于防治该菌引发的疾病。     

五倍子对3种致病菌的体外抑菌和急性毒性试验

采用试管两倍稀释法测定五倍子水煎煮液对3种鱼类常见致病菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）,并进行了对鲤鱼的急性毒性试验.结果表明,五倍子煎煮液对温和气单胞菌、爱德华氏菌、柱状屈挠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为6.250 mg/mL、3.125 mg/mL、0.781 mg/mL;最小杀菌浓度分别为12.500mg/mL、12.50.mg/mL、3.125 mg/mL.五倍子对鲤鱼的48 h半致死浓度为1.1015g/kg,安全浓度为0.1102g/kg.五倍子具有较好的杀菌防病效果.     

22味中草药对创伤弧菌和灿烂弧菌体外抑菌作用筛选

研究了22 味中草药对创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus)和灿烂弧菌(V. splendidus)的体外抑菌作用.结果显示,22味中草药对其均有不同程度的抑制作用;其中,黄连和连翘对创伤弧菌的抑菌和杀菌效果最好,最小抑菌浓度分别为0.49 mg/mL和 1.95 mg/mL,最小杀菌浓度与最小抑菌浓度相同;黄连、黄芩、连翘和黄柏对灿烂弧菌的抑菌和杀菌效果较好,最小抑菌浓度分别为0.98、1.95、1.95和3.90 mg/mL,最小杀菌浓度分别为0.98、1.95、1.95和7.81 mg/mL.     

乳酸杆菌LH对水产常用药物的敏感性

采用试管法,以金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25922为质控菌,研究乳酸杆菌LH菌株对氟苯尼考、土霉素、二氧化氯、二溴海因、强力碘的敏感性。结果显示,在5.0×105cfu/mL时,最小抑菌浓度分别为2μg/mL、4μg/mL、16μg/mL、32μg/mL、32μg/mL,最小杀菌浓度分别为16μg/mL、64μg/mL、128μg/mL、128μg/mL、128μg/mL;最小抑菌浓度随着菌悬液浓度(104~107cfu/mL)的增大而升高;在杀菌曲线中,药物对菌的抑制作用随着作用时间的延长而逐渐减弱。     

47种中草药体外抑杀嗜水气单胞菌的药效研究

用琼脂扩散法(打孔法)测定了石榴皮等47种中草药对嗜水气单胞菌的抑制作用,并用二倍稀释法测定28种有抑菌作用的中草药对嗜水气单胞菌的最小抑菌质量浓度和最小杀菌质量浓度。结果显示石榴皮的抑菌和杀菌效果最好,其抑菌圈直径超过20mm,最小抑菌质量浓度和最小杀菌质量浓度均为7.81mg/mL;赤芍次之。虎杖等26种中草药有一定的抑菌和杀菌效果;陈皮等19种中草药无抑菌作用。石榴皮对嗜水气单胞菌的体外抑制效果最好。     

Desalted Cod Spoilage Flora Inhibition by Citric Acid and Potassium Sorbate Combination

ABSTRACT

Desalted cod spoilage isolates were tested in culture broth for growth inhibition by citric acid and potassium sorbate. Preservative effect was also evaluated in refrigeratedcod juice and desalted cod spiked with Shewanella putrefaciens and Pseudomonas fluorescens orputida. Combination of 0.15% citric acid and 0.1% potassium sorbate inhibited growth of approximately 60% of isolates, including the former two strains. Total inhibition was observed for S. putrefaciens and partial inhibition was noticed for P. fluorescens or putida, in both treated juice and desalted cod. Preservatives delayed growth of halotolerant bacteria in cod. Citric acid plus potassium sorbate addition lowered the pH to extend desalted cod shelf life.     

蛭弧菌海水菌株Bdh5221裂解特性及生长影响因子研究

对利用双层琼脂平板法分离纯化获得的蛭弧菌海水菌株Bdh5221裂解特性及生长影响因子进行了初步研究,为其在生物防治上应用提供理论依据。研究结果表明,蛭弧菌海水菌株Bdh5221对嗜水气单胞菌、副溶血弧菌、鳗弧菌、溶藻弧菌、哈维氏弧菌、大肠杆菌、荧光假单胞菌、迟钝爱德华氏菌等革兰氏阴性菌有较好的裂解作用;对八叠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽胞杆菌等革兰氏阳性菌的裂解能力较弱;对木糖葡萄球菌和啤酒酵母菌不裂解;可在超声波破碎后的G+菌和酵母菌上生长。蛭弧菌Bdh5221在宿主菌浓度106~109cfu/ml下均可正常生长,高浓度宿主菌更有利于蛭弧菌生长;Bdh5221最适生长的pH在7.0~7.5之间,盐度为20~30左右;Bdh5221增殖速度与起始接种浓度影响不大,起始接种浓度101~103pfu/ml下经过5~7d生长可增殖104左右。     

Transmission of protease genes into a protease-deficient mutant of Aeromonas salmonicida in river sediments

Abstract. The transformation of Aeromonas salmonicida with DNA fragments from bacterial cell-free sonicates was investigated with intraspecific, interspecific band intergeneric fish pathogenic bacteria including Aeromonas salmonicida, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseiidomonas fluorescens and Vibrio anguillarum strains as donor bacteria. A phenotypic marker for transformation was extracellular protease production since a protease-deficient mutant NTG-1 induced from pathogenic A. salmonicida strain A-7301 by mutagenesis was used as a recipient. This mutant was non-pathogenic to rainbow trout. The mutant was incubated with each sonicate at 20°C for 20 days with a nutrient-poor medium containing a trace (5 μg/ml each) of both humic acid and tryptone in the presence of clean river sand (100 g/100 ml medium) corresponding with an environment of rivers. During the incubation, the survival of mutant NTG-1 cells was observed and protease positive NTG-1 cells were isolated from each culture. The protease production of the isolates was due to the transmission of protease genes of the donor strains. The activity of proteases produced by the transformants extra-cellularly was determined. These transformants induced with the sonicates of the parent strain, intraspecific strain and with the sonicates of the interspecific A. hydrophila strain were pathogenic to rainbow trout, whereas the transformants derived with the sonicates of the intergeneric strains P. fluorescens and V. anguiUarum showed non-pathogenicity, although all the donor strains, with the exception of the P. fluorescens strain, were pathogenic. These findings are interesting since they demonstrate that trausformation in A. salmonicida occurs with considerable ease even intergenencally and interspecifically, as well as intraspecifically in river environments, and that there is a large difference in the lethal toxicity of extracellular protease produced by these bacteria.     

Action of selected antibiotics on four common bacteria associated with diseases of fish

Abstract. Four bacteria commonly associated with diseases of fish ( Aeromonas hydrophila complex, Aeromonas salmonicida, Flexibacter columnaris -like organisms and Pseudomonas fluorescens ) were evaluated in a serial dilution system for susceptibility to four antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of bacterial fish diseases (chloramphenicol, erythromycin, furpyrinol and oxytetracycline). Findings were expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Furpyrinol was found to have the lowest MIC and MBC against A. hydrophila complex, A. salmonicida and F. columnaris-like organisms. MIC and MBC's for oxytetracycline were complicated by the presenceof R-plasmids, but were less than 4.0 mcg/ml for those without plasmids. Pseudomonas fluorescens was susceptible only to oxytetracycline. MIC for all groups of organisms using chloramphenicol was generally less than 16.0 mcg/ml. Susceptibility to erythromycin by these groups of organisms was greater than 16 mcg/ml.     

单过硫酸氢钾粉对5种水产常见致病菌的体内外抑菌作用

研究了单过硫酸氢钾粉对5种水产常见致病菌的体内、外抑菌作用,测定了体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)及以保护率为指标的体内抑菌效果。结果表明,体外抑菌实验中,单过硫酸氢钾粉对爱德华氏菌Edwardsiella、温和气单胞菌Aeromonas sobria、嗜水气单胞菌Aeromonas hydrophila、迟钝爱德华氏菌Edwardsiella tard、荧光假单胞菌Psudomonas fluorescens均有明显的抑制作用,其对5种菌的MIC分别为1、0.25、0.125、0.25、0.5μg/ml;MBC与MIC相同。而体内抑菌实验中,随着单过硫酸氢钾粉浓度的增加,由5种致病菌引起鲫鱼的死亡率逐步降低。统计分析发现,使用0.25μg/ml单过硫酸氢钾粉药浴鲫鱼,即可对由5种致病菌引起的鲫鱼病害有治疗的作用。     

黄连素对3种水产动物致病菌的抑制作用研究

文章研究了黄连素对副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyticus）、溶藻弧菌（V.alginolyticus）和嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）等3种致病菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）,检测了黄连素对病原菌菌体形态和生长曲线的影响,并以此解析黄连素对这3种致病菌的抑制特点和抑菌机制.结果显示,黄连素对副溶血弧菌、溶藻弧菌、嗜水气单胞菌的MIC和MBC分别为0.391 mg·mL^-1和0.391 mg·mL^-1、0.391 mg·mL^-1和0.781 mg·mL^-1、0.781 mg·mL^-1和1.563 mg·mL^-1,说明黄连素对3种致病菌均有明显的抑制作用,其中对副溶血弧菌的抑制效果最佳.同步结果显示,1.00 mg·mL^-1黄连素不仅会严重破坏致病菌的菌体形态,而且使致病菌的迟缓期延长2～7h,这暗示黄连素可能通过影响致病菌的细胞结构和生长繁殖来达到抑菌的效果.由此可见,黄连素在防治水产类细菌性疾病上有很好的应用潜力.     

对虾养殖池中一株弧菌拮抗菌的分离鉴定

从对虾养殖池中分离出1株编号为2013082515(简称菌株15)的菌株,以鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)、哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)和副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)为指示菌,分析了菌株15对指示菌的抑菌效果及最低抑菌浓度,同时,分析了菌株15对其他7株弧菌的抑菌效果.结果显示,菌株15对3株指示菌均具有抑菌效果,对鳗弧菌、哈维氏弧菌及副溶血弧菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为2.50×104、2.50×105、2.50×105 CFU/ml;对其他弧菌也具有一定的抑菌效果.采用注射及浸泡感染方法分析了菌株15对对虾的生物安全性,结果显示,在高浓度时,菌株15对对虾具有潜在毒性.分别用细菌全细胞脂肪酸气相色谱法和16S rDNA序列分析比对法对该菌进行分类鉴定,表明菌株15为一株假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.).     

Commensal bacteria and their possible relationship to the mortahty of incubating salmonid eggs

Abstract. Eggs of female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), were fertilized and subsequently exposed to high eoncentrations of Pseudomonas fluorescens or Cytophaga sp. (10⁶ cells/ml) for 45 min during water hardening. Eggs were placed in horizontal hatchery trays alongside sterile water-treated eggs and mortality rates were observed daily throughout incubation. Numbers and species of bacteria present on egg surfaces and within egg contents were monitored at the green stage (unfertilized), after hardening, and at 12h, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days incubation. Surfaces of the incubating eggs of all groups, irrespective of treatment at water hardening, were eventually colonized by considerable numbers of Cytophaga sp., P. fluorescens and to a lesser extent Pseudomonas sp. and Aeromonas hydrophila. Few bacteria were recovered from inside eggs. Overall, no correlation was found between bacteria on the egg surface and egg death. However, a significantly higher 'rate' of egg death during early stages of incubation was found amongst eggs exposed to P. fluorescens at water hardening. Thus, high numbers of P. fluorescens on egg surfaces during initial stages of incubation might pose a potential threat to egg survival. Therefore, it is suggested that strenuous efforts are made at time of hardening to obtain the purest available source of water.     

沙市地区暴发性传染病病原研究

1991年6—9月,从湖北省沙市市及江陵县患暴发性传染病的鲢鱼、鳙鱼、团头鲂、白鲫和鲤鱼体内分离到10多株病原菌;这类细菌能够使多种淡水鱼致病,20℃—28℃时,LD_(50)为10~(4.2)—10~(5.0),能够产生溶血毒素和细胞毒素。经鉴定嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)亦是沙市地区暴发性传染病病原之一。     

In vitro antibacterial effect of berberine hydrochloride and enrofloxacin to fish pathogenic bacteria

Berberine the main antibacterial substance in the rhizome of Coptis chinensis Franch, is used as an antimicrobial agent for a long time. This study was carried out to investigate the potential of berberine alone or in combination with enrofloxacin against six common fish pathogens for use in fish disease management in aquaculture. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of berberine hydrochloride against Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Vibrio vulnificus, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae were determined and to be >500, >500, >500, 300, 400 and 100 μg mL^?1 respectively. The minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of berberine hydrochloride to E. coli, E. ictaluri and S. agalactiae were 300–500 μg mL^?1. In combination with enrofloxacin, the MICs and MBCs of berberine hydrochloride significantly decreased against E. coli and E. ictaluri but not against Streptococcus dysgalactiae. These results demonstrated that the berberine hydrochloride enhanced the bactericidal effect of enrofloxacin and vice versa. The synergistic bactericidal effect of berberine hydrochloride and enrofloxacin suggest its potential use in fish disease management in aquaculture. This is the first study on the inhibitory effect of berberine hydrochloride against fish pathogenic bacteria.