维生素E对斑点叉尾鱼回生长性能和消化酶活性的影响

试验研究了饲料中不同含量维生素E对斑点叉尾鱼回生长性能和消化酶活性的影响,并对其机理进行了初步探讨.选取900尾健康的斑点叉尾鱼回,平均体重(5.00±0.50) g,随机分成4个处理组(I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ处理依次分别添加维生素E 0、50、100和1 000 IU/kg饲料),每个处理3个重复,每个重复75尾.试验期105 d.试验结果显示:在一定添加水平内,维生素E能够显著提高斑点叉尾鱼回成活率、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率和摄饵量(P＜0.01).当维生素E添加量为100 IU/kg时,以上四个指标均达最高,分别为97.78%±0.96%,2.99%±0.50%,163.71%±5.62%和(7 478.00±62.01) g/尾,均极显著高于维生素E添加量为0 IU/kg组(P＜0.01);维生素E显著影响斑点叉尾鱼回胃肠道、--肝胰脏蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).100 IU/kg添加组胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性最高,分别达(29.33±1.66) U/(min*mg),(196.52±17.28) U/(min*mg),极显著高于0 IU/kg添加组(P＜0.01)和显著高于1 000 IU/kg添加组(P＜0.05).结果表明,维生素E在一定添加水平内能显著提高斑点叉尾鱼回生长性能和消化酶活性,促进鱼体生长.     

饲料中添加不同水平的维生素E对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)亲鱼繁殖性能及后代质量的影响

在饲料中分别添加0、200、1200 mg/kg的维生素E(DL-α-生育酚乙酸脂形式)配制成Ec、El和Eh三种试验饲料,饲喂3龄半滑舌鳎亲鱼(雌性1.58±0.19 kg/尾、雄性0.20±0.05 kg/尾)70 d,探讨饲料中添加不同水平的维生素E对半滑舌鳎亲鱼繁殖性能的影响。结果显示,饲料中添加1200 mg/kg的维生素E(Eh组)不仅可以促进亲鱼性腺的发育,提高亲鱼产卵量、浮卵率、受精率、孵化率以及初孵仔鱼长度,而且影响仔鱼质量,仔鱼的成活率、12 d仔鱼长度、生存活力等方面均要高于对照组。而饲料中添加200 mg/kg的维生素E(El组)只对亲鱼性腺的发育和初孵仔鱼长度有一定的促进作用,对亲鱼产卵量、浮卵率、受精率、孵化率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。随饲料中维生素E的增加,血清中SOD的活性显著升高(P<0.05),MDA含量则显著下降(P<0.05)。此外,El和Eh试验组卵中干物质、维生素C的含量,以及卵子脂肪酸中PUFA、n-3PUFA、n-3HUFA和n-6PUFA的含量均要高于Ec组,El和Eh试验组之间的没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,在半滑舌鳎亲鱼饲料中添加适量维生素E会亲鱼促进性腺的发育,增加产卵量,提高卵子和仔鱼的质量。在本试验中Eh组(1200 mg/kg)亲鱼的繁殖性能要优于Ec组(0 mg/kg)和El组(200 mg/kg)。     

饲料中添加不同水平的维生素E对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)亲鱼繁殖性能及后代质量的影响

在饲料中分别添加0、200、1200 mg/kg的维生素E(DL-α-生育酚乙酸脂形式)配制成Ec、El和Eh三种试验饲料,饲喂3龄半滑舌鳎亲鱼(雌性1.58±0.19 kg/尾、雄性0.20±0.05 kg/尾)70 d,探讨饲料中添加不同水平的维生素E对半滑舌鳎亲鱼繁殖性能的影响。结果显示,饲料中添加1200 mg/kg的维生素E(Eh组)不仅可以促进亲鱼性腺的发育,提高亲鱼产卵量、浮卵率、受精率、孵化率以及初孵仔鱼长度,而且影响仔鱼质量,仔鱼的成活率、12 d仔鱼长度、生存活力等方面均要高于对照组。而饲料中添加200 mg/kg的维生素E(El组)只对亲鱼性腺的发育和初孵仔鱼长度有一定的促进作用,对亲鱼产卵量、浮卵率、受精率、孵化率没有显著影响(P0.05)。随饲料中维生素E的增加,血清中SOD的活性显著升高(P0.05),MDA含量则显著下降(P0.05)。此外,El和Eh试验组卵中干物质、维生素C的含量,以及卵子脂肪酸中PUFA、n-3PUFA、n-3HUFA和n-6PUFA的含量均要高于Ec组,El和Eh试验组之间的没有显著性差异(P0.05)。结果表明,在半滑舌鳎亲鱼饲料中添加适量维生素E会亲鱼促进性腺的发育,增加产卵量,提高卵子和仔鱼的质量。在本试验中Eh组(1200 mg/kg)亲鱼的繁殖性能要优于Ec组(0 mg/kg)和El组(200 mg/kg)。     

硒和维生素E对牙鲆生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加维生素E(VE)(60mg/kg标为e或300mg/kg标为E)和硒(Se)(0mg/kg标为s或2.5mg/kg标为S),制成4种试验饲料(s/e,s/E,S/e,S/E)分别饲喂初始体重为38.5±0.15g的牙鲆70d,观察其对生长性能、肝脏及血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、非特异免疫力以及抗病力的影响。结果表明,饲喂添加高剂量VE的两组饲料(s/E,S/E),牙鲆的特定生长率和吞噬率明显地提高(P0.05)。饲喂添加硒的两组饲料(S/e,S/E),牙鲆血液和肝脏的GSH-Px活性显著升高(P0.05)。70d投喂实验结束后,利用鳗弧菌进行攻毒试验,不添加硒和低剂量VE(s/e)使牙鲆的累积死亡率明显高于其他3组。     

饲料中添加酵母硒对草鱼生长性能的影响

以草鱼为试验对象,研究在草鱼饵料中添加不同剂量的酵母硒对其生长性能的影响.试验选取600尾体重相近、健康无病的的草鱼随机分成4组,每组10个重复,每个重复15尾草鱼.对照组草鱼饲喂基础饵料,试验组草鱼饲喂分别在基础饵料中添加1 mg/kg(试验1组)、2 mg/kg(试验2组)、4 mg/kg(试验3组)的酵母硒,试验...     

饲料维生素E添加量对花鲈生长、组织中维生素E积累量和免疫指标的影响

采用单因子试验设计方法,进行了饲料中添加维生素E对花鲈生长(增重率、存活率、特定生长率、饲料效率)、组织中维生素E积累量和免疫指标(血清中溶菌酶活性和总补体活性)影响的研究,设计了5个不同维生素E水平(0.6、24.7、49.0、98.8、198.2 mg/kg)的等氮等能饲料,对花鲈进行为期8周的生长实验,每个水平含3个重复,每个养殖单元放养初始体重为10.1 g左右的花鲈20尾.饲养试验在海水网箱(1.5 m×1.0 m×1.0 m)中进行.结果表明:饲料中未添加维生素E组的增重率、饲料效率、特定生长率以及存活率显著低于维生素E添加组,随着饲料中维生素E添加量由0.6提高到49.0 mg/kg时,花鲈的增重率和特定生长率显著提高,以增重率和特定生长率为指标,花鲈最佳生长性能的饲料维生素E添加量为60.5 mg/kg左右;对鱼体生物学指标的分析表明,饲料中维生素E添加量达到49 mg/kg时能显著影响鱼体的肝体比指数,鱼体水分、粗脂肪不受饲料中维生素E添加水平的影响,然而对鱼体粗蛋白含量的影响显著;随着饲料中维生素E添加量由0.6提高到49.0 mg/kg时,花鲈肌肉和肝脏中维生素E的积累量显著升高,但当维生素E添加量达到49.0 mg/kg后,肌肉和肝脏中维生素E的积累量变化不显著;饲料中未添加维生素E组的花鲈血清溶菌酶和总补体活性显著低于维生素E添加组,花鲈血清溶菌酶和总补体活性随着维生素E添加量的增加而显著升高,饲料维生素E添加量达到98.8 mg/kg时,血清溶菌酶和总补体活性较高.综上所述,花鲈生长和免疫的维生素E适宜添加量为60.5～98.8 mg/kg.     

维生素E对斑点叉尾鮰生长性能和消化酶活性的影响

试验研究了饲料中不同含量维生素E对斑点叉尾鮰生长性能和消化酶活性的影响，并对其机理进行了初步探讨。选取900尾健康的斑点叉尾鮰，平均体重(5.20±0.15)g，随机分成4个处理（I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ处理依次分别添加维生素E 0、50、100和1000IU/kg饲料），每个处理3个重复，每个重复75尾。试验期105d。试验结果表明：在一定添加水平内，维生素E能够显著提高斑点叉尾鮰成活率、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率和摄饵量(P＜0.01)。当维生素E添加量为到100 IU/kg时，以上四个指标均达到最高，分别为97.78±0.96％，2.99±0.50％，163.71±5.62％和7478.00±62.01 g/尾，均极显著高于维生素E添加量为0 IU/kg组(P＜0.01）；维生素E显著影响斑点叉尾鮰胃肠道和肝胰脏蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性（P＜0.01 or P＜0.05）。当饲料中添加维生素为100IU/kg时，胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性最高，分别达29.33±1.66 U•min－1 •mg－1，196.52±17.28 U•min－1 •mg－1，极显著高于维生素Ｅ添加量为0 IU/kg组(P＜0.01）和显著高于维生素Ｅ添加量为1000IU/kg组(P＜0.05）。由本试验结果可以看出，维生素E在一定添加水平内能显著提高斑点叉尾鮰消化酶活性，促进此鱼生长，且其适宜添加量为100 mg／kg。     

饲料中添加酵母硒对史氏鲟幼鱼生长性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化能力的影响

以酵母硒(总硒含量2 000 mg/kg)的形式分别向基础饲料(硒含量0.78 mg/kg)中添加0、2、4、6 mg/kg(饲料中硒总含量为0.78、2.42、4.26和6.73 mg/kg)的硒，研究饲料中添加酵母硒对史氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)幼鱼(25.89±0.74) g生长性能、肌肉品质及抗氧化能力的影响。实验选取360尾体质健康的史氏鲟幼鱼，随机分配至12个养殖缸(30尾/缸),养殖周期为10周。结果显示：(1)饲料中添加酵母硒对史氏鲟幼鱼肌肉硒含量、水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量及饲料转化率(FCR)、内脏比(VSI)、肝重比(HIS)没有显著性影响，但肥满度(CF)显著升高；与对照组相比，6.73 mg/kg添加组的史氏鲟幼鱼增重率(WGR)和特定增长率(SGR)显著升高，肌肉蒸煮损失、冻融损失和滴水损失均显著降低；(2)对史氏鲟幼鱼投喂添加2.42～6.73 mg/kg的酵母硒饲料，其肌纤维密度显著增加、肌纤维直径显著降低；(3)添加6.73 mg/kg的硒显著提升了肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GP_X)活性。结果表明，饲料...     

不同类型硒对黑鲷幼鱼生长及血清免疫指标的影响

在水温(27±1)℃下,将初始体质量为(13.00±0.20)g的黑鲷幼鱼放入容积为310L(水体260L)的微流水玻璃缸内,投喂含蛋白41.57%、脂肪13.63%等氮等能基础饲料(对照组)及在其中添加2.35mg/kg硒化多糖和0.88mg/kg的亚硒酸钠(使外源硒添加量均为0.4mg/kg)的试验饲料8周,研究了不同类型的外源硒对黑鲷幼鱼生长性能、体组成和血清免疫指标的影响。试验结果显示,黑鲷幼鱼摄食添加了硒化多糖和亚硒酸钠的饲料时,其特定生长率、血清免疫球蛋白M、补体C3、补体C4的含量以及肝脏和肌肉中硒的含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05),且添加硒化多糖组的上述指标显著高于添加亚硒酸钠组(P0.05);饲料中添加硒化多糖和亚硒酸钠对黑鲷幼鱼的形体指标和体组成无显著影响(P0.05)。试验结果表明,添加适量的外源硒能显著提高黑鲷幼鱼的生长性能和血清免疫活性,且有机硒的生物利用率显著高于无机硒。     

饲料中维生素A对黄鳝生长性能、肠道微生物组成和肠道组织结构的影响

为研究饲料维生素A(VA)水平对黄鳝生长性能、肠道微生物组成和肠道结构发育的影响,实验以VA醋酸酯(50万IU/kg)作为添加源,制作添加水平分别为0(3 201)、500(3 620)、1 000(4 010)、2 000(4 730)、4 000(6510)、8 000(9720)、16 000(16 890)IU/kg(括号内为VA在饲料中的实测值)7种不同水平饲料,编号为A～G组,用7种不同水平饲料分别投喂(7.32±0.02)g的黄鳝,每组4个重复,每重复45尾,养殖70 d。实验结束后比较七组黄鳝生长性能、肠道组织结构,并基于生长性能比较A组、D组、G组肠道微生物变化。结果显示：与A组相比,B～D组黄鳝增重率、特定生长率显著提高;B～G组绒毛高度和C组微绒毛高度显著升高,C～D组肌层厚度和C～E组粘液细胞数量显著升高。以黄鳝特定生长率为评价指标,得出黄鳝VA适宜需求量为3 849.96 IU/kg。A、D、G三组的优势菌门均为变形菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门。其中D组黄鳝肠道菌群的物种多样性和丰富度最高,提高了黄鳝肠道厚壁菌门、放线菌门等有益菌的丰度,降低了变形菌门、邻单胞菌属...     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Effect of Salinity on Embryonic Development,Hatchability, and Growth of African Catfish,Clarias gariepinus,Eggs and Larvae

Abstract

Effects of salinity on embryonic development and growth of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, eggs and larvae were studied. Eggs were incubated at 27-29°C in 2,4,6,8, and 10 ppt sodium chloride. Rate of embryonic development was delayed in all salt solutions by 15, 15,28 and 30 minutes, in 2,4,6, and 8 ppt sodium chloride, respectively, when compared with the control group (0% salt); total mortality occurred at 12 hours after gastrula stage in the 10 ppt concentration. Percentage hatching was 45.1,47.7, 59.5,49.2, and 26.6% while percentage deformity was 10.4, 16.1, 52.0, 28.6, and 71.6% in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppt salt treatments, respectively. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in the hatching percentage and in deformity percentage between 4, 6, and 8 ppt. Rate of yolk absorption was significantly faster in the control and 2 ppt salt treatments, but slower in 4, 6, and 8 ppt. Rate of increase in length was slower with increasing salinity. The optimum salinity for African catfish eggs and was between 0-2 ppt and acceptable up to 6 ppt. The results suggest that increasing salinity delayed hatching and development of African catfish eggs and larvae, respectively, as well as increased the deformity of the larvae.     

Effect of Temperature on Growth,Energy Budget,and Physiological Performance of Green,White, and Purple Color Morphs of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

As an intertidal species, Apostichopus japonicus is subject to diel and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Color variation is a distinct characteristic of A. japonicus, and a new color morph, purple A. japonicus, was recently found on the coast of Rushan, Weihai City. This study was conducted to compare the performance of green, white, and purple color morphs of A. japonicus at different water temperatures to help improving aquaculture technology and management. In this study, green, white, and purple color morphs of juvenile A. japonicus (1.5 ± 0.1 g) were cultured at 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 C for 60 d, according to the suitable temperature range for sea cucumber growth. Temperature was shown to have a significant effect on growth, energy budget, and physiology of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Specific growth rates, feed conversion efficiencies, and the proportion of energy allocated to growth of all three color morphs were optimal at 18 C. Activities of the enzymes related with oxidative stress, immune response, and digestion were determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and trypsin activities generally reached a maximum in all three color morphs at 18 C. The purple color morph of A. japonicus was higher in growth rate, food conversion efficiency, and proportion of energy allocated to growth than green and white color morphs at 18 and 22 C, consistent with its higher trypsin and SOD activity, indicating the mutual effect of growth and physiology. At 18, 22, and 26 C, the green color morph had the highest level of lysozyme activity and purple color morph had the lowest, indicating possible infection by external pathogens of green color morph, which might be caused by high temperature. These results suggested that the optimum temperature for culture of the three color morphs was approximately 18 C, the purple had a better adaption to high temperature, and the green and white color morphs may be more susceptible to thermal stress than the purple color morph.     

Influence of density and background color to stress response, appetite, growth, and blind-side hypermelanosis of flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

To study the relevance of density and background color to stress response, appetite, and growth in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, we reared two duplicate groups of juveniles (total length 4.46 ± 0.06 cm, body weight 0.77 ± 0.03 g) in flat-bottom aquaria with dark-green (control) and white backgrounds for 120 days. We measured cortisol and glucose levels in blood and calculated the daily food intake, food conversion efficiency, survival rate, and growth rate. To study the relevance of density and background color to malpigmentation (hypermelanosis) on the blind side, we also compared malpigmented ratios and prepro-melanin-concentrating hormone mRNA activities in the brain between the dark-green and white background groups, as well as between a relatively lower density (60 days) and higher density (120 days). Although we measured relatively higher levels of cortisol and glucose in the white background group and over 200 % of coverage area [PCA]), the bright background failed to induce an acute stress response of more than 20 ng/ml cortisol and 40 mg/dl glucose both in 60 days and 120 days, but did enhance appetite and growth. Also, a bright background color delayed hyperpigmentation only at a low density below 200 % PCA, but did not inhibit malpigmentation at a high density of more than 200 % PCA. In addition, below 200 % PCA, expression of MCH mRNA was significantly higher in the white group, but the level was reversed and was lower in the white group at more than 200 % PCA. In conclusion, although did not induce a high stress response over 200 % PCA, the bright background color resulted in a moderate increasing of cortisol level in blood below 20 ng/ml and enhanced appetite and growth. Moreover, at a density below 200 % PCA, the bright color inhibited hypermelanosis with high MCH mRNA activity, but at more than 200 % PCA did not inhibit malpigmentation, and the fish showed low MCH mRNA activity, indicating that the inhibitory effect of a bright background color on hypermelanosis is density dependent.     

Compositional differences,antioxidant activity,angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition,and sensory characteristics of kamaboko fermented in wheat,rice, brown rice,and soybean koji

Fisheries Science - Fermentation of kamaboko in koji with wheat (KW), rice (KR), brown rice (KB), or soybean (KS) was performed by simulation of tofuyo processing. Moisture and protein content...     

Effects of Dietary Savory and Myrtle Essential Oils on Growth,Survival, Nutritional Indices,Serum Biochemistry,and Hematology of Farmed Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,Fry

The effects of diets containing different levels of essential oils from savory Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad and myrtle Myrtus communis L and an immunity complement were investigated on growth, survival, nutritional indices, serum biochemistry, and hematology of farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fry (n = 4500; 5 ± 2 g). The essential oils were dosed as 300 and 500 mg/kg diet. After 60 d, the fish fed 300 mg/kg of the essential oils showed the highest counts of white blood cells (P < 0.05). The same treatment revealed the greatest levels of hematocrit, total protein, and albumin, but glucose and cholesterol values significantly decreased compared with the control (P < 0.05). Feeding fish with 300 mg/kg of the essential oils led to highest records of specific growth rate and survival rate but the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR), and those fed with immunity complement attained the lowest values of growth parameters. The fry fed with immunity complement and 300 mg/kg of myrtle essential oil achieved the highest and lowest FCR values, respectively. The results indicate that dietary supplementation of 300 mg/kg of the above essential oils exert positive impacts on the growth performance, feeding efficiency, and hematological factors in O. mykiss.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Ctenocephalides canis and Ctenocephalides felis infestations of dogs and cats. Biology of the agent, epizootiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis and control

A review is presented of the biology, epizootiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of canine and feline Ctenocephalides canis and C. felis infestation. Also data are given on the prevalence of fleas in dogs and cats during a year at the 1st Animal Medical Hospital, Munich Veterinary Faculty. 5.5% of the dogs and 18.9% of the cats were infested with fleas.     

Effects of levamisole,echinacea, and thyme oral administration on growth factors,blood parameters,and immunity in beluga,Huso huso

A total of 180 fish (95.50 g) were fed with 0.1% levamisole, 0.5% thyme, and 0.5% echinacea crude extract for 60 days. The control group received no stimulant. The results of growth parameters indicated a significant positive effect of levamisole in comparison with the control group, though it was not significantly different from echinacea and thyme treatments (P > 0.05). No mortalities were observed in the treatments. Feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio did not differ significantly between the treatments. The highest numbers of white and red blood cells and the greatest amounts of hemoglobin and hematocrit were detected in the levamisole treatment, showing significant differences with the other groups in the percentage of hemoglobin only (P < 0.05). The highest levels of MCH and MCHC were also measured in the levamisole treatment. Differential count of white blood cells revealed no significant differences in neutrophil and lymphocyte levels with the control. There was a significant increase in the percentage of eosinophil in the levamisole treatment alone. No significant differences were recorded in total protein, albumin, and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzymes. Levamisole treatment displayed the highest activities of glutathione peroxidase and lysozyme as well as the greatest amount of immunoglobulin. So 0.1 levamisole yielded better results in the growth, blood, and immunity parameters and can be used as a stimulant without injuring body organs.