稻田和池塘养殖禾花鲤肌肉营养与品质分析

为评估不同养殖环境对禾花鲤(Cyprinus carpio)肌肉营养与品质的影响,采用国标法检测稻田和池塘2种养殖环境下禾花鲤肌肉常规营养成分、质构特性、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成。结果显示,池塘组禾花鲤肌肉粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著高于稻田组(P<0.05),水分含量显著低于稻田组(P<0.05),灰分含量2组差异不显著(P>0.05);池塘组肌肉粘性显著高于稻田组(P<0.05),内聚性和剪切力显著低于稻田组(P<0.05),其他质构指标2组间差异不显著(P>0.05);肌肉氨基酸测定结果显示,池塘组氨基酸总量(?TAA)、鲜味氨基酸(DAA)、必需氨基酸(EAA)、非必需氨基酸(NEAA)显著高于稻田组(P<0.05),?EAA/TAA和?EAA/NEAA显著低于稻田组(P<0.05),2组禾花鲤必需氨基酸构成比例均符合FAO/WHO标准;在鲜味氨基酸含量方面,池塘组主要的4种呈味氨基酸含量均显著高于稻田组(P<0.05)。根据氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)标准,2组禾花鲤肌肉第一、二限制性氨基酸均分别为色氨酸(Trp)和缬氨酸(Val);在脂肪酸测定结果中显示,池塘组单不饱和脂肪酸(∑MUFA)含量显著高于稻田组(P<0.05),但多不饱和脂肪酸(∑PUFA)、EPA+DHA和∑n-3PUFA/ ∑n-6PUFA显著低于稻田组(P<0.05)。综上所述,池塘和稻田养殖条件下,禾花鲤均为优质的蛋白质来源,但不同养殖环境对禾花鲤肌肉营养与品质有显著影响。从常规营养成分、氨基酸评分方面看,池塘养殖条件下禾花鲤肌肉营养价值更高;从脂肪酸角度来看,稻田养殖禾花鲤肌肉具有较高的EPA+DHA含量以及n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸比例,更适合高血脂和心血管疾病等患者食用,从质构性来看,稻田养殖环境下禾花鲤肌肉更具嚼劲。     

Replacement of corn by rice grits,with or without phytase supplementation,in diets for silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) juveniles

The replacement of corn by rice grits, at different levels (with or without phytase supplementation), in diets for silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) juveniles was evaluated. We distributed 360 juveniles in a completely randomized 2 × 5 factorial design (with or without phytase supplementation and rice grit replacement levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg), with three repetitions. Each experimental unit was composed of 12 fish (approximately three months of age and an initial length of 17.60 ± 1.29 cm). At the end of the experiment (50 days), the productive performance (weight gain, feed conversion ratio, survival, specific length, condition factor and specific growth rate), body composition (moisture, ash, lipid and protein), muscle growth and morphometry of the intestinal folds were analysed. There was no interaction (p > .05) between the levels of rice grits and the supplementation or not of phytase for all parameters evaluated. However, regardless of phytase supplementation or not, a linear reduction (p < .05) in the height of intestinal folds was observed as the level of rice grits increased. We can conclude that the replacement of up to 100 g/kg of corn by rice grits can be used in diets for R. quelen regardless of enzyme supplementation.     

Comparison of rice straw and bamboo stick substrates in periphyton-based carp polyculture systems

An experiment was conducted to compare rice straw mat and kanchi (bamboo sticks) as substrates in periphyton‐based polyculture systems. The experiment had three treatments: (a) no substrate (control), (b) rice straw as a substrate (3 × 2.7 kg pond^?1) and (c) kanchi as a substrate (390 kanchi pond^?1). Fingerlings (n=40) of rohu, Labeo rohita (24.5±0.5 g); mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (25.1±0.6 g); catla, Catla catla (25.8±0.5 g); common carp, Cyprinus carpio (27.6±0.6 g), and silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (30.4±0.9 g) were stocked at a 3:2:2:2:1 ratio and cultured for 90 days. There were no differences in the number of plankton, periphyton and macro‐zoobenthos among the treatments. The total plate count of bacteria was higher in the rice straw treatment (41 320 million cfu m^?2) than that in the kanchi treatment (11 780 million cfu m^?2). Growth and the final mean weight of rohu, catla and common carp were higher in the substrate treatments than those in the control. Rice straw and kanchi treatment, respectively, resulted in 38% and 47% higher combined total weight gain over control. Gross margin analysis showed that rice straw treatment resulted in more profit than the control and kanchi treatment. Therefore, rice straw has the potential to be used to increase production in the low‐input rural aquaculture.     

Effect of fish in rice-fish culture on the rice yield

Rice-fish culture, which means the simultaneous culture of rice and fish, is one of the best options to increase food production from limited land and is practiced in many countries in the world. Although many researchers and farmers believe that the rice yield is increased by fish farming in paddy fields, this hypothesis has never been fully tested. Here, we report ecological processes leading to higher rice yields in the rice-fish culture using crucian carp (Carassius complex), which have adapted to the paddy field ecosystem in Japan. We compare the rice-fish and rice-only plots in the experimental paddy field for biota, water quality, and rice yield. Coverage of duckweed and densities of zooplankton and benthic invertebrates in the rice-fish plots were lower than those in the rice-only plots, indicating that fish utilized them as food. NO₃–N concentration in the rice-fish plots was higher than that in the rice-only plots, indicating that the increase in NO₃–N concentration results from excretion of unutilized food nutrients by the fish. Consequently, rice yield in the rice-fish plots was 20% higher than that in the rice-only plots. The fertilizing effect of the fish excrement probably increased rice yield.     

不同水稻栽培密度下青田稻—鱼共生系统的土壤肥力

作为联合国粮农组织的首个全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)试点保护项目,青田稻—鱼共生系统以其独特的优势受到越来越多的关注。为了更好地保护这一亚洲首个GIAHS项目,实验观察了青田稻—鱼共生系统在不同水稻栽培密度下的土壤肥力情况。结果显示,调查区域稻田土壤的pH值为5.50~6.13,呈弱酸性;土壤养分(全氮、有机质、有效磷和速效钾)含量随水稻生长均呈先减少后增加趋势,且在拔节期—抽穗期达到最低值,但在水稻收割前的成熟期均能恢复至不低于初始的较高水平,表明青田田鱼的活动有助于维持土壤肥力。根据水稻产量与土壤养分的关联度分析结果,发现与水稻产量关系最密切的因子是土壤pH和速效钾;相比于含量丰富的全氮、有效磷和有机质,轻度缺乏的速效钾和较低的pH值限制了水稻的生长和最终产量。研究表明,在本季种养过程中,水稻栽插密度对稻田土壤肥力的影响不显著。     

Fish culture in rainfed rice fields of northeast Thailand

Adoption of rice-fish culture by farmers in the rainfed areas of northeast Thailand is examined with reference to recent field research and extension in the region. The practice is placed in perspective with the development of aquaculture per se and the human and agricultural ecology of this heterogeneous region. Rice-fish culture is a recent activity in the region and has been promoted by government and non-government agencies with variable success among small-scale farmers. The widespread availability of private hatchery-produced fish seed and perceived decline in wild fish have been important stimuli. Rainfed rice fields are marginal agricultural environments and lack of water constrains both rice and fish production. Wild swamp fish are tolerant of these conditions and traditional systems for their management and capture have expanded greatly in recent years. In much of the region ‘trap’ ponds are used more for catching wild fish than as refuge sumps or ponds for fish culture per se; wild fish typically constitute between 20 and 80% of the total yields in stocked systems. Widespread availability of fish seed allows more farmers to try rice-fish culture but the small size of seed at purchase is still a problem particularly where carnivorous, wild fish are prevalent. Appropriate on-farm nursery techniques may improve success and adoption of hapa nursing has been high in some parts of the region. Species ratio and density of fish stocked depends mainly on their availability from fry traders; the major species stocked in rice fields are the silver barb (Puntius gonionotus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Farmers adapt rice fields for fish culture as part of their whole farm strategy; benefits to rice, vegetable and fruit and livestock may be considered more important than fish yields. The high value attached to even small quantities of fresh fish is a major incentive for rice-fish culture, but women who are decision makers in terms of changes to rice fields and household consumption have often not been fully considered during promotion of rice-fish.

The relatively small areas of riceland that farmers can stock and harvest fish, low yields per unit area and high consumption of fish reduces the importance of rice-fish culture in many rural households. The analysis suggests that stocking fish in rice fields in areas with poor access to wild fish supplies from community water bodies would have most impact.

Although rice-fish culture can contribute to subsistence requirements, the high labour demand often means that intensified capture of wild fish or pond-based culture of fish are more attractive for poorer and better off farmers, respectively.     

Growth performance of Trichogaster pectoralis Regan in intensively cultivated rice fields

Trichogaster pectoralis Regan is often cultured successfully in rice fields in South‐east Asia. However, since the advent of high‐yielding rice varieties and intensive rice cropping, several reports suggest poorer growth performance of the species. In this paper, we investigated the growth performance of T. pectoralis in rice–fish systems characterized by intensive rice culture and extensive to semi‐intensive polyculture of Oreochromis niloticus (L.), Cyprinus carpio L. and Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker). In these systems, T. pectoralis recorded negative net productions. This was mainly the result of a negative specific growth rate (SGR) when fish had to stay in the trench (?0.519% body weight day^?1) or when fish had free access to the rice crop (?0.081). Only when harvested rice plants were allowed to generate new tillers (ratooning) did T. pectoralis perform slightly better (0.453% body weight day^?1). The SGR of T. pectoralis was low owing to a lack of food in intensive rice systems. The other species, all with SGR values higher than 1% body weight day^?1, clearly had a competitive advantage over T. pectoralis. We concluded that intensification of rice cropping did indeed result in poor T. pectoralis growth. Successful T. pectoralis culture is only possible in areas of traditional rice cropping.     

Survival rate and growth performance of Cyprinus carpio L. in intensively cultivated rice fields

In the freshwater area of Vietnam's Mekong Delta, Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker), Cyprinus carpio L. and Oreochromis niloticus (L.) are often reared together in rice fields. The survival rate and specific growth rate (SGR) of C. carpio showed a large variance. To understand the underlying reasons for this variation, we used multiple regressions for the variables SGR and survival rate, using the results of eight experiments in such polycultures at the Co Do rice–fish experimental station. The SGR of C. carpio declined with increasing rice density. Interspecific competition with O. niloticus also had a negative effect on C. carpio SGR. When fertilizer or manure is added to the trench of the rice–fish field or when extra food can be given to the fish, O. niloticus seems more appropriate than C. carpio. The survival rate of C. carpio depended on season, C. carpio stocking weight and density and the biomass of wild fish species. To obtain higher survival rates, one should stock fewer fish but of a larger size, after thorough eradication of wild fish species.     

“一稻多渔”综合种养新模式初探

为充分利用生物间互利共生关系、减少水稻病害和杂草,发挥稻田湿地养殖效能,形成全天候、多层次、多级利用的互济共生的生态体系,于2020年8月—2021年12月在上海市崇明区开展了综合“稻虾轮作”与“稻鱼种养结合”的“一稻多渔”(水稻-瓯江彩鲤-克氏原螯虾)综合种养新模式试验。结果表明：“一稻多渔”模式的稻田平均产值为150 112.5元/hm²,与传统的“稻虾轮作”或“稻鱼种养结合”相比较,分别提高了26.84%和159.60%。试验说明,“一稻多渔”模式能够显著提高养殖效益。     

Microbial and chemical properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">aji-no-susu</Emphasis>, a traditional fermented fish with rice product in the Noto Peninsula,Japan

Aji-no-susu is a Japanese fermented fish product prepared from salted horse mackerel Trachurus japonicus, and cooked rice. We studied the organic acid and free amino acid contents and microflora in 12 aji-no-susu products to clarify their features as a lactic-acid-fermented food. Salinity of the samples was approximately 7.0% (rice portion) and 6.0% (fish portion) (w/w). Water activity was approximately 0.9, and pH was approximately 4.4 and lower. In the rice portions, lactic acid content was very high (57 mg/g sample). The predominant amino acids were alanine (2.3 mg/g rice portion) and lysine (2.1 mg/g). In the case of long-fermented (4 and 12 months) aji-no-susu, a high content of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 1.5 and 1.4 mg/g) was detected. Total viable counts in rice and fish portions were 7.7 and 7.4 log colony-forming units (cfu)/g, respectively. The number of lactobacilli in the rice and fish portions was 7.3 and 7.1 log cfu/g, respectively. Yeasts were detected in eight samples. Furthermore, acid-tolerant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (Lactobacillus plantarum), GABA-producing LAB (Lactobacillus sp.), and halophilic or halo-tolerant yeast (Debaryomyces hansenii) were isolated and identified. Results in this study indicate that aji-no-susu is a typical traditional lactic-acid-fermented fish product.     

Polyculture of silver barb, Puntius gonionotus (Bleeker), Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), and common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., in Vietnamese ricefields: feeding ecology and impact on rice and ricefield environment

Rice production, ricefield environment and the feeding ecology offish were studied in an experiment conducted at a rice-fish station in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. In total, six treatments (three replicates) were investigated: four different polyculture combinations of small sized silver barb, Puntius gonionotus (Bleeker), Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), and common carp, Cyprinuso carpio L.; one treatment with pre-grown fingerlings; and a control treatment in which no fish were stocked. No insecticides or fungicides were utilized before or during the experiment. Frequent fertilization of the water and a low rice plant biomass during the early vegetative growth phase stimulated the development of phytoplankton and zooplankton. The total weed biomass was low (maximum = 5.3 g dry weight m^?2) and not significantly (P < 0.05) different between the treatments. A major component of the silver barb diet consisted of rice plants and accessible grains. However, the introduction of silver barb only had a significant effect on the number of rice tillers in the ratoon crop and not on the paddy yield. The quantitative differences in the diets of tilapia and common carp were minimal: both species fed mostly on detritus. Ricefields without silver barb produced the highest paddy yield (3120 kg ha^?1). The total yield of introduced fish increased after increasing the stocking density of silver barb from 319.9 to 494.1 kg ha-¹. The highest fish yield (541.8 kg ha-1) was obtained by stocking pre-grown fingerlings in the ricefields.     

Performance of common carp,Cyprinus carpio L. and Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in integrated rice–fish culture in Bangladesh

Irrigated rice fields have enormous potential for expanding the aquaculture production in rice producing countries. Two field experiments were carried out at the Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, to optimize the productivity of integrated rice–fish systems using Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), and common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Both experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates per treatment and regular rice monoculture as control. In the first trial, carp and tilapia were tested in single culture and in mixed culture with supplementary feeding at 2× maintenance level. The highest fish yield was obtained in the carp/tilapia mixed culture (586 ± 125 kg ha^− 1), followed by tilapia alone (540 ± 65 kg ha^− 1), and carp alone (257 ± 95 kg ha^− 1). Carp had significantly lower yield than the other two fish groups (p < 0.05) due to high mortality and inefficient feed utilization. As the carp/tilapia combination performed the best in the first experiment, it was tested with different inputs in the second trial, i.e. regular urea fertilization and two different feeding levels. The feeding levels were: continuous feeding at 2× maintenance level (feed level I) and a declining feeding schedule from 4× to 2× maintenance level (feed level II). The highest fish yield was obtained in feed level II (935 ± 29 kg ha^− 1), followed by feed level I (776 ± 22 kg ha^− 1), and the non-fed group (515 ± 85 kg ha^− 1). Yield differences between the treatments were significant at p < 0.05. Rice yields showed controversial effects between the rice–fish treatments and were dependent on the inputs provided. The highest rice production (4.2 t ha^− 1) was obtained from rice–fish plots with regular urea fertilization. Various significant effects of fish on water quality parameters were observed. Fish decreased the dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH value compared to rice only, especially when supplementary feed was provided. Moreover, fish stimulated the growth of phytoplankton and increased chlorophyll-a concentration. In conclusion, carp/tilapia mixed culture with supplementary feeding was found to be optimal for maximizing the output from rice–fish culture.     

对虾抗菌肽转基因水稻抑制饲料腐败和防治罗非鱼细菌病害的初步研究

探讨了以植物生物反应器开发利用抗菌肽类物质防治水产动物病害的效果和机理。以携带中国明对虾抗菌肽—对虾素3-2的转基因水稻米糠制作罗非鱼饲料,研究其对饲料腐败和吉富罗非鱼嗜水气单胞菌肠炎的抑制效果。通过测定米糠和饲料中的霉菌总数、细菌总数,发现水稻中表达的对虾素3-2能有效抑制饲料中的霉菌与细菌的繁殖,对于保持饲料品质具有显著的效果。选取规格一致、体质健壮的吉富罗非鱼,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,分别投喂含20%非转基因米糠的饲料与含不同质量比(10%、20%、30%)的转基因米糠的饲料。通过嗜水气单胞菌攻毒保护实验,结果发现,转基因米糠对罗非鱼嗜水气单胞菌肠炎具有显著的保护效果。对吉富罗非鱼的肠道主要微生物数量、中肠石蜡切片的进一步分析发现,摄食转基因米糠饲料组的罗非鱼肠道内大肠杆菌比例降低,乳酸菌比例提高,肠道微绒毛的结构完整性显著改善。由此推断抗菌肽转基因水稻的防病效果可能与肠道微生物的改变和对肠道结构的保护作用有关。但是石蜡切片发现过量添加转基因米糠(30%)也会导致吉富罗非鱼肠道上皮细胞损伤。     

Growth responses and nutrient digestibility in mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed different levels of cassava and rice

Mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings were fed for 10 weeks on isonitrogenous diets containing 15%, 30% or 45% of either cassava or rice and a control containing neither of these digestible carbohydrates. Nutrient digestibility, food utilization and tissue composition were studied. Results revealed that fish grew best on the 45% rice diet. Carbohydrate digestibility when cassava or rice was added to diet was high and ranged between 86% and 97%, but was very low (17%) when no cassava or rice was added. Protein digestibility was slightly raised from 76% (in the control) to between 83.5% and 88% with the addition of cassava or rice to the diets. Absence of appreciable quantity of digestible carbohydrate from diet probably led to the fish metabolising more fat for energy. Slight hypoglycaemia resulted when fish were fed diets devoid of appreciable quantities of digestible carbohydrate. Dietary energy as carbohydrate is well utilized by mirror carp.     

Effects of different fertilization and feeding regimes on the production of integrated farming of rice and prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man)

An experiment was conducted in rice field plots each of 30 m² to determine the appropriate combination of feeding and fertilization regimes for the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) cultured along with rice in rice fields. There were four treatments: rice culture only with regular fertilization (A, control); rice–prawn integrated culture with regular fertilization (B); rice–prawn integrated culture with basal fertilization and commercial feed (C) and rice–prawn integrated culture with regular fertilization and commercial feed (D). Juvenile prawns of 1.5‐g size were stocked on the third day after rice transplantation at a density of 2 prawns m^?2 and fed twice daily at 5% reducing to 2% of body weight during the experiment. The rice yield in treatment D (0.42 kg m^?2) was significantly higher than that in other treatments (0.34, 0.36, 0.34 kg m^?2 in treatments A, B, C respectively). Prawns grew significantly faster (P<0.05) in treatments C and D (23.8±0.9 and 22.0±1.7 g prawn^?1 respectively) than in treatment B (14.7±1.6 g prawn^?1). Prawn production in treatment C (347±13 kg ha^?1 crop^?1) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that (234±30 kg ha^?1 crop^?1) in treatment B, while in treatment D (296±53 kg ha^?1 crop^?1) it was not significantly different from that in treatments B and C (P>0.05). Treatment C gave the highest economic returns among all treatments, followed by treatments D and B, indicating that the combination of basal fertilization and commercial feed is the most appropriate nutrient input regime for the rice–prawn integrated culture system.     

Rice with fish culture in the semi-deep waters of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: interaction of rice culture and fish husbandry management on fish production

Fish husbandry and rice culture management factors influencing the yield of introduced fish in ricefields of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta were studied by multiple regression analysis. A significant (P < 0.001) regression model was computed in which feed input and duration of culture period positively and ricefield area, rice seeding rate and the year of the survey negatively affected the yield of introduced, as well as indigenous, fish. The negative impact of larger ricefields is probably the result of the escape of fish. This is also probably the reason for the year of survey since the average yield of introduced fish was 92.5 kg ha^?1 in 1995 (because of an extreme flood) as compared to 164.8 kg ha^?1 in 1994. A high seeding rate of rice results in a dense stand which suppresses the growth of fish. Opportunities for improvement of fish production are proper ricefield construction, reduced seeding rates, stocking fingerlings early in the dry season and more intensive feeding.     

池塘和稻田两种养殖模式下建鲤肠道菌群、免疫酶活性及肌肉氨基酸比较分析

为了综合评价稻田和池塘两种养殖模式下建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. jian)的肠道健康及肌肉风味, 在夏秋两季对这两种养殖模式下建鲤的肠道菌群、肠道免疫酶活性及肌肉氨基酸含量进行比较分析。结果显示, 与养殖模式相比较,建鲤肠道菌群受季节的影响更显著。夏秋两季两种模式下建鲤肠道的优势菌群为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria), 且池塘模式下秋季肠道菌群多样性显著高于夏季(P<0.05)。建鲤肠道免疫酶活性夏季比秋季显著降低(P<0.05), 其中夏季和秋季池塘的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著高于稻田模式(P<0.05)。建鲤肌肉中共检测出18种游离氨基酸, 其中肌肉中天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸及苯丙氨酸的含量在稻田模式显著高于池塘模式(P<0.05), 且鲜、甜及苦3种呈味氨基酸总体含量均高于池塘模式(P<0.05)。综上所述, 与池塘养殖建鲤相比, 稻田养殖的建鲤肠道菌群更稳定, 肌肉具有更强烈的呈味特性。     

适于稻作的水处理系统构建及运行效果

为了处理和资源化利用池塘养殖废水,结合生物滤池和水上稻作技术,设计并构建了一种适合于水稻种植的水处理系统。系统运行试验结果表明:在水力负荷为0.29~0.58 m/d,气水比为2~4时都可以获得比较好的水处理效果。将池塘养殖有机结合形成的循环水养殖系统中,在水力负荷为0.58 m/d,气水比为2的条件下,系统对养殖废水中TAN、TN、TP和CODMn的去除率分别为33.75%~34.31%、59.21%~64.53%、68.43%~73.75%和71.66%~74.37%。与此同时,水处理系统获得7 127.01 kg/hm~2的水稻产量。由此实现养殖废水资源化利用,是一种可持续的水产养殖方式,可为我国渔农混作区池塘养殖废水的处理和循环利用提供一种新方法。     

Niche processes and conservation implications of fish community assembly in a rice irrigation system

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