超声时间对鲢鱼糜凝胶特性和蛋白结构的影响及相关性

为探究超声预处理对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响，并进一步阐明凝胶特性变化与蛋白二级结构之间的相关性规律，本实验对鲢鱼糜进行超声预处理，探究超声过程中(0～50 min)凝胶强度、色泽、水分分布、微观结构、蛋白分子量以及二级结构的变化。结果显示，超声波处理10 min，鱼糜凝胶强度显著提高，束缚水的能力增强，凝胶网络结构更为致密；但随超声时间的增加，凝胶劣化，不易流动水转变为自由水。凝胶电泳及红外光谱结果显示，随着超声时间增加，鱼糜中蛋白未发生降解或聚集；二级结构中α-螺旋相对含量降低，β-折叠、无规则卷曲和β-转角相对含量增加。通过皮尔逊相关性分析可知，超声预处理促进蛋白质结构展开，更利于鱼糜在加工过程中形成均匀的网络结构，提高凝胶强度以及保水能力。研究表明，适量超声预处理可以通过改变鱼糜蛋白结构，改善鱼糜凝胶特性。本研究可为超声波技术在鱼糜制品加工中的应用提供参考。     

氯化铁法回收鱼糜漂洗液中水溶性蛋白质的研究

采用氯化铁(FeCl3)作为絮凝剂进行鱼糜漂洗液中水溶性蛋白质的回收试验。分别通过体系中的pH值、回收温度和FeCl3添加量的单因素试验及该3个因素的正交试验,研究其对蛋白质回收率、透光率的影响。结果显示,FeCl3絮凝法回收鱼糜漂洗液中水溶性蛋白质的最佳条件为:pH值5.0～6.0,回收温度20～25℃,FeCl3添加量为2.0 mL;在此条件下蛋白质回收率为78.34%,透光率88.50%。表明FeCl3絮凝法是一种可用于鱼糜漂洗液中蛋白质回收利用的有效方法。     

鱼排酶解物对鳙鱼鱼糜冻藏过程中蛋白质变性的影响

利用木瓜蛋白酶、低温碱性酶、风味蛋白酶酶解红鱼（Sciaerlops ocellatus）鱼排，分别获得木瓜蛋白酶酶解物（PPH）、低温碱性酶酶解物（LPH）和风味蛋白酶酶解物（FPH）。对3种酶解物化学成分及氨基酸组成进行分析，结果显示，3种酶解物中总氨基酸含量都在70％以上，总氮含量为82．12％～84．61％。酶解物分别以5％（质量比）量加入鳙鱼（Aristichthys nobilis）鱼糜中，冻藏于-20℃。测定冻藏过程中肌原纤维蛋白质盐溶性和Ca^2＋-ATPase活性的变化，同时测量鱼糜凝胶弹性的变化，并对冻藏样品进行扫描电镜观察，抗冻效果同商业抗冻剂（4％蔗糖、4％山梨醇、0．3％多聚磷酸盐混合剂）进行比较。结果表明，各酶解物能够在一定程度上抑制鱼糜蛋白质的冷冻变性，延缓肌原纤维蛋白质盐溶性和Ca^2＋-ATPase活性的下降，鱼糜凝胶质量下降减少，其中木瓜蛋白酶酶解物具有最好的效果。     

鲟鱼鱼糜漂洗工艺优化及其对品质的影响

本研究以鲟鱼(Acipenser sinensis)肉为原料，通过正交实验对鲟鱼鱼糜的漂洗工艺进行了优化，对鱼糜漂洗前后的蛋白质含量及其组成、水分分布、凝胶性能等进行了研究。结果显示，鲟鱼鱼糜的最佳漂洗工艺为：水漂洗1次，盐水漂洗1次，盐的质量分数为0.25%，漂洗时间为1 min。鲟鱼鱼糜经漂洗后，其盐溶性蛋白比例显著升高(P<0.01)；鱼糜中的水分受到的束缚力增加，自由度减小，形成了更为致密的凝胶网状结构；破断力、凹陷距离、凝胶强度、持水力、白度等表征凝胶性能和鱼糜品质的指标明显提升。研究表明，采用恰当的漂洗工艺可显著提高鲟鱼鱼糜的品质。     

人造蟹肉

主要原料:鱼糜。配料及配比: 马铃薯淀粉为鱼糜重量的4％(下同),糯性淀粉2％,卵蛋白10～15％,蟹揭取物1～2％,蟹味香料1％,味精1％,食盐2.5％,其他调味料     

欧洲和美洲鱼糜制品的发展

日本是世界鱼糜和鱼糜制品的主要生产国。1985年日本鱼糜制品的产量超过980000吨，占世界总产量的95％以上。日本生产鱼糜已有几百年历史，但鱼糜产量迅速发展是在50年代和60年代，几种重要的革新技术，特别是在海上生产和冷冻技术，使渔民能够利用丰富的狭鳕资源生产高质量的鱼糜。     

不同处理条件下鲢鱼糜凝胶水分状态和微观结构的特征

为探讨超高压改善低盐鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)鱼糜凝胶品质的机制,利用低场核磁共振(low field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)、差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimeter,DSC)、傅里叶红外光谱(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FT-IR)以及扫描电镜分析比较了超高压低盐鱼糜凝胶[300 MPa,1.5%氯化钠(NaCl)]与常压低盐鱼糜凝胶(0.1 MPa,1.5%NaCl)以及常压普通鱼糜凝胶(0.1 MPa,2.5%NaCl)在水分状态和微观结构上的差异。DSC结果表明超高压低盐鱼糜凝胶可冻结水的冰点降低,结合水含量(17.58%)较低盐对照组(10.89%)显著提高;LF-NMR表明超高压低盐鱼糜凝胶弛豫时间T21、T23和T24左移,不易流动水的含量(76.65%)较低盐对照组(67.29%)提高了9.39%;超高压处理能使低盐鱼糜凝胶形成光滑、连续、均匀的三维网络结构。因此,超高压处理(300 MPa,10 min)能够提高低盐鲢鱼糜凝胶结合水含量、改善微观结构。     

3种工业废水对牙鲆胚胎的毒性效应

通过室内实验，研究了印染废水、电镀废水、农药废水3种工业废水及其混合物(等体积混合)对牙鲆胚胎的毒性效应。印染废水的主要有毒物为苯胺(20mg/L)和苯酚(24mg/L)，电镀废水主要有毒物为锌(1970mg/L)、铜(9mg/L)和铅(7．5mg/L)；农药废水及混合物主要有毒物为久效磷和亚磷酸盐。实验表明，这4种类型废水对牙鲆胚胎发育孵化有显著影响的最低体积分数分别为0．5％、0．15％、0．25％和0．25％；对牙Gf胚胎起始半数致死浓度(95％可信限，体积分数)分别为3．38％(2．29％—3．87％)、0．81％(0．71％—0．92％)、1．57％(1．37％—1．82％)和1．48％(1．24％—1，76％)。以牙鲆胚胎起始半数致死浓度(体积分数)为指标，这几种工业废水的毒性顺序为电镀废水＞农药废水＞印染废水。     

响应面法优化三氯化铁回收河鲀鱼糜漂洗液中蛋白质的研究

漂洗是鱼糜加工中重要的步骤之一。鱼肉在漂洗过程中会损失大量水溶性蛋白质。对鱼糜漂洗液进行蛋白质回收,可以提高鱼糜利用率,降低污水处理成本,减少环境污染。本试验采用絮凝剂三氯化铁(FeCl_3)对河鲀鱼糜漂洗液中的水溶性蛋白质进行回收,根据不同的单因素变量,研究FeCl_3絮凝法回收鱼糜漂洗液中蛋白质的最佳条件。通过响应面分析法对试验条件进行优化,寻求最佳的组合条件。结果显示,FeCl_3法回收河鲀鱼糜漂洗液中水溶性蛋白质的最佳条件为pH 6、温度65℃、每10 mL鱼糜漂洗液添加1%1.4 mL FeCl_3溶液。     

鱼糜制品的紫外线杀菌技术

鱼糜是水产食品的重要原料，用以制成的水产食品如杀菌处理不当，对其质量的影响极大；对食用者的健康也会造成危害。目前，国外发达国家，为使鱼糜食品达到卫生标准的要求，都普遍利用紫外线杀菌技术，进行二次性杀菌，其效果是良好的。紫外线二次性杀菌技术，我国目前尚未普遍利用，为提高我国鱼糜食品的质量，很值得推广和借鉴。     

Algal biomass accrual in relation to nutrient availability and limitation along a longitudinal gradient of a karst riverine system

Textural property of surimi products is a prime factor in determining the acceptability of consumer as well as market value. Gelatin is one of the most popular biopolymers widely used in food industry as gelling agent with the unique textural properties. Therefore, the addition of gelatin along with the use of protein cross-linkers could be a means to modify the texture of surimi gel, which can fit the demand of consumers. Surimi from the threadfin bream (Nemipterus bleekeri) was added with bovine gelatin (BG) and bovine/fish gelatin mix (BFGM; 1:1, 2:1, 1:2, 4:1, and 1:4) at 10% protein substitution in combination with and without microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) at 1.2 units/g surimi. Textural properties, whiteness, expressible moisture content, protein pattern, and microstructure and sensory properties of gels were determined. When MTGase at 1.2 units/g surimi was incorporated, the increases in breaking force and deformation were noticeable in both surimi gels, with and without 10% BG added ( p < 0.05). On the other hand, surimi gels added with BFGM at all bovine/fish gelatin ratios had the higher breaking force and deformation, compared with that added with BG, when MTGase was incorporated. Addition of BG or BFGM lowered the expressible moisture content and whiteness of surimi gel ( p < 0.05). Based on SDS-PAGE, band intensity of myosin heavy chain and actin of surimi gel decreased when surimi gel was added with all gelatins, regardless of MTGase addition. The microstructure study revealed that surimi gel network became finer and denser with the addition of MTGase (1.2 units/g surimi), but the coarser and irregular structure was obtained when gelatin was incorporated. Gelatin, especially bovine/fish gelatin mix, at an appropriate level could be used as the protein additive in surumi gel in conjunction with MTGase in order to improve the textural and nutritive properties of the products.     

Gelation Characteristics of Surimi Gel from Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) by Application of Acid-Alkali Processes

Textural characteristics of silver carp surimi gel prepared from acid- and alkali-produced protein isolates were investigated and compared to the surimi gels derived by conventional methods. The acid-aided method showed the most efficiency to recover proteins (86.2%) in comparison to the alkaline-aided (79.8%) and conventional (76.7%) methods. In the washing of fish mince, every step resulted in reduction of sarcoplasmic protein, and consequently the myofibrillar fraction became more concentrated, as shown by the protein patterns in wash water. Some myofibrillar proteins (mainly actin and myosin) were removed along with sarcoplasmic proteins during washing, reducing yield efficiency during the conventional method of making surimi. During the pH shifting process, myosin heavy chain (MHC) was degraded during low (2.5) pH solubilization, whereas there was only a minimal loss of MHC by either hydrolysis or proteolysis during alkaline solubilization. The breaking force and breaking distance of surimi gel prepared in the pH-shifting processes were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than those of surimi gel made by conventional methods, as were expressible moisture, cohesiveness, and springiness. In conclusion, the pH-shifting technique can be considered as an efficient alternative process in recovery of greater quantities of functional protein from silver carp fillet.     

鲢鱼糜与淀粉复合系统的微波糊化特性

在2 450 MHz频率的微波处理条件下,为了考察添加鲢鱼糜对小麦粉面团糊化的影响,将小麦粉、鲢鱼糜、NaCl和去离子水按比例混合制成鲢鱼糜面团,面团中鲢鱼糜含量分别为0%,10%,20%和30%(w/w,质量百分比),对样品面团中淀粉的介电特性和糊化特性进行研究。结果表明,对于相同尺寸的面团样品,添加鲢鱼糜可改善面团样品在电磁场中的加热均匀性。随着温度的升高,面团的介电常数和介电损失率分别在20~23和9~12内波动并呈下降趋势,微波的穿透深度因淀粉的糊化略有上升。淀粉的糊化速率随温度的升高而下降。降低样品中淀粉的含量,会使面团糊化活化能由113.54 kJ/mol下降至59.96 kJ/mol。     

Quality Characteristics of Tilapia Surimi: Effect of Single Washing Cycle and Different Washing Media

Surimi was prepared by washing with single washing cycle with cold water (T-1), alkaline saline (0.2% NaHCO₃ and 0.15% NaCl; T-2) solution, and with calcium chloride and salt (0.2% CaCl₂ and 0.1% NaCl; T-3), respectively, and compared with conventional washed (CW) surimi. T-2 exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased moisture content, which correlated with increased yield, pH and also significantly decreased lipid and ash content. A significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in expressible moisture content was also observed in T-2, which suggested higher water holding capacity compared to other treatments. Heat-induced surimi gels exhibited highest L* (p ≤ 0.05), followed by surimi in all the treatments. In the case of L*, T-1 showed highest lightness, followed by T-2, which was comparable to CW. The lowest myoglobin content was exhibited by CW surimi (p ≤ 0.05), which is due to repeated washings. T-2 gel showed higher elasticity, texture, and overall acceptability than others (p ≤ 0.05), except for the whiteness. In all the aspects, T-2 was comparable with CW. Washing with one cycle of T-2 solution can not only improve the quality of surimi but can reduce the wastage of water that is released into the environment without further treatment.     

软包装即食醉鱼制品细菌学品质安全分析

对上海市场常见品牌的软包装即食醉鱼制品感官、理化、细菌学品质状况进行定性和定量研究,并对潜在病原菌安全性进行评价。结果表明,产品水分含量、水分活度、pH和盐分含量分别为43.50%~56.97%,0.93~0.97,6.07~6.73,2.41%~6.63%,差别较大;细菌菌落总数、耐热菌落总数分别是1.8×102~4.2×105cfu/g,38~3 800 cfu/g;厌氧菌落总数和金黄色葡萄球菌均低于10 cfu/g。由细菌总数计数平板分离256株细菌,鉴定残存主要细菌菌群为芽孢杆菌(34.0%)、葡萄球菌(27.3%)、玫瑰小球菌(14.0%),并出现少量的棒状杆菌(5.5%),表明热杀菌强度不足。产品中残存有一定数量的蜡样芽孢杆菌,对其潜在危害有待进一步研究。     

近红外光谱技术在鱼糜定性和定量上的应用

以海水鱼糜(包括狭鳕、带鱼、鲷和混合鱼糜)以及淡水鱼糜(包括鲢和草鱼鱼糜)为研究对象,应用傅立叶近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学对鱼糜进行定性和定量分析。用聚类分析和线性判别的方法建立海水和淡水鱼糜的定性鉴别模型,并应用偏最小二乘法(PLS)分别建立海水鱼糜水分含量和蛋白质含量的近红外定量分析模型。结果表明,海水和淡水鱼糜的定性鉴别模型预测率达100%;建立的近红外定量分析模型中,海水鱼糜的水分和蛋白质的模型的相关系数分别达0.98和0.96以上,模型能较为准确、快速地预测定海水鱼糜中水分和蛋白质含量,有很大的潜力可应用于实际生产。     

添加圆苞车前子壳粉的鲢鱼糜凝胶工艺优化及其凝胶特性

圆苞车前子壳粉(psyllium husk powder, PHP)是一种富含膳食纤维的食品亲水胶体。为了解其在鱼糜制品中的作用,本实验以冷冻鲢鱼糜为研究对象,以凝胶强度和持水性(water holding capacity, WHC)为考察指标,研究了PHP的添加量、凝胶化温度和凝胶化时间3个因素对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,进行了三因素三水平的正交试验和验证试验。正交试验结果得到最佳工艺条件:PHP添加量0.1%,凝胶化温度45°C,凝胶化时间2 h。单因素试验结果表明,添加适量PHP (0.1%～0.3%)能够增加鱼糜凝胶的硬度和WHC,但对破断距离有不利影响;根据验证试验中蒸煮损失率、SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE)和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)分析,PHP的添加降低了较高凝胶化温度时凝胶的蒸煮损失,PHP或许可以促进肌球蛋白重链(myosin heavy chain, MHC)分子间交联,减缓蛋白质降解,形成更加致密的凝胶结构。本研究对PHP作为一种新型食品原料应用于开发优质健康鱼糜制品进行了初步的探究,以期为丰富亲水胶在影响鱼糜凝胶特性中的应用研究提供一定的参考。     

Cryoprotective effects of shrimp head protein hydrolysate on gel forming ability and protein denaturation of lizardfish surimi during frozen storage

ABSTRACT:   The effects of shrimp head protein hydrolysate (SHPH) from three species of shrimp (northern pink shrimp [ Pandalus eous ], endeavour shrimp [ Metapenaeus endeavouri ], black tiger shrimp [ Penaeus monodon ]) on gel forming ability and protein denaturation of lizardfish surimi during frozen storage at −25°C were evaluated. The quality of lizardfish surimi with 5% (dried matter) of any of the three SHPH or sodium glutamate (Na-Glu) was examined in terms of gel strength, whiteness, Ca-ATPase activity and the amount of unfrozen water, comparing with those of surimi without additive as the control. The residual Ca-ATPase activity and gel strength of surimi with SHPH were higher than those of the control throughout 180 days of frozen storage, regardless of shrimp species. The highest effect was found in surimi with Na-Glu. The gel strength and Ca-ATPase activity found a high positive correlation. The addition of SHPH to surimi also increased the amount of unfrozen water by approximately 1.29–1.36 fold higher than the control, however kamaboko gels of the control was significantly whiter. From these results, freeze-induced denaturation of lizardfish muscle protein could be lessened by the addition of SHPH, resulting in a high gel strength and Ca-ATPase activity.     

An Evaluation of the Suitability of Selected Waste Products in Feeds for Three Fish Species

ABSTRACT

Five types of aquatic food industry waste products (carp offal, carp roe, fish frames, trout offal and surimi processing waste) together with fish meal were evaluated for their suitability as potential fish meal replacements, partially or wholly, in diets for three species (rainbow trout, Murray cod and shortfin eel) cultured in Australia, using a number of criteria.

The proximate composition of the ingredients on a dry matter basis including protein content, lipid and ash, varied considerably. The essential amino acid (EAA) contents of the waste products and fish meal decreased in the order: carp roe > fish meal > carp offal > ‘surimi’ processing waste > fish frames > trout offal. The results of cluster analysis of A/E ratios of waste products and fish whole body fell within three clusters. The EAAI of whole body tissue of Murray cod, rainbow trout and Australian shortfin eel however, were closest to fish meal, followed by fish frame waste and/or ‘surimi’ waste. The results on A/E ratios and EAAI did not conform to the raw data on TAA and EAA. Therefore, the study emphasizes the need to have a multi-prong approach to determine the suitability of ingredients for incorporation into fish feeds.