不同增氧处理对水稻分蘖期生长特性的影响

为解决水稻因根系缺氧而减产的问题,以深优9586为试验材料,采用盆栽试验,通过白天和夜间气泵增氧增加水稻根际土壤的含氧量,探索不同增氧处理下水稻的生长特性。结果表明,各处理均效果明显,增氧有利于水稻分蘖的早发生,光合作用及根系活力增强,A1处理(白天2 d气泵通氧1次)效果最佳,分蘖始期、盛期、终期的分蘖数分别较CK增加27.3%、28.5%和10.8%;分蘖盛期的光合速率较CK提高26.6%,TTC还原强度在分蘖始期、分蘖盛期、分蘖终期分别较CK高23.6%、30.3%和20.9%。较高的分蘖数、光合速率和根系活力有利于水稻后期的生长。     

水稻生殖生长阶段不同时期高温热害对产量损失的影响

在人工气候室采用盆栽模拟水稻生殖生长阶段的高温胁迫热害,研究不同时期及不同持续时间的高温胁迫对水稻产量及产量特征的影响。结果表明,超级杂交水稻Y两优1号与常规优质稻桂育9号,以抽穗扬花期计为0 d,分别在-9 d、-6 d、-3 d、0 d、3 d、6 d、9 d、12 d不同生育时间遭遇高温胁迫时的颖花结实率变化趋势相当,抽穗扬花期当天遭遇高温胁迫处理的颖花结实率最低,且随胁迫处理时间的延长,损害加重;在持续处理5 d的条件下,-3 d期的高温处理对颖花结实率的降低也很严重,甚至低于抽穗扬花当天高温胁迫处理3 d时的结实率。不同时期的高温胁迫处理的损害在品种间存在显著差异,选择耐热性较强的品种有利于应对局部生态点易发生的热害天气。     

水分胁迫对节水抗旱稻产量形成和根系形态生理特性的影响

【目的】探究节水抗旱稻组合旱优73在不同灌溉条件下产量形成特点及其根系形态生理的变化情况。【方法】以节水抗旱稻旱优73和高产水稻H优518为材料,通过根管试验设置三种水分处理(常规灌溉、轻度水分胁迫、重度水分胁迫),调查株高、分蘖、根系形态特征和生理特性以及产量构成因素,分析性状之间的关系,探究不同程度水分胁迫对旱优73和H优518产量形成和根系形态生理的影响及其差异。【结果】两年的重复试验结果表明,与常规灌溉相比,在轻度水分胁迫下,旱优73的产量及其构成因素无显著变化,H优518的产量在两年内平均减少了25.6%,每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重也显著降低;在重度水分胁迫下,两品种产量及其构成因素均显著降低,其中,旱优73的产量两年内平均减少了28.8%,H优518产量减少了46.1%。与常规灌溉相比,轻度水分胁迫下旱优73的根系总吸收表面积、活跃吸收表面积、根体积、根直径、根尖数、根系抗氧化酶活性均无显著变化,而重度水分胁迫下则显著降低;在两种水分胁迫下,H优518根系形态生理指标均显著下降。【结论】节水抗旱稻旱优73在轻度水分胁迫下可维持较高的产量,在重度水分胁迫下产量降幅明显低于高产水稻H优518,良好的根系形态和较强的根系活力是其抗旱稳产的重要原因。     

水分管理对免耕抛秧水稻根系生长及产量的影响

研究了水分管理对免耕水稻根系生长和产量的影响。结果表明,干湿交替灌溉对根系的伸长、生长、生理及分布具有较大影响,水稻各生育期干湿交替灌溉处理水稻单株根干质量、单株生物量、根半径、根表面积、总根数、根系活力、超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于淹水淹灌。干湿交替灌溉处理实收产量显著高于淹水淹灌,增产主要因子是有效穗数、每穗粒数和结实率。灌浆盛期干湿交替灌溉处理单株生物量、根半径、根表面积、总根数、超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于湿润淹灌,水稻产量差异则不显著。     

不同生育期玉米干旱-复水补偿效应的品种差异研究

以抗旱性不同的两个玉米品种郑单958和户单4号为材料,研究不同生育期干旱-复水对产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,各生育期干旱-复水后,两个品种产量均低于对照处理,尤以扬花期干旱-复水最低;两个品种水分利用效率在扬花期干旱-复水最低;郑单958的产量、水分利用效率均高于户单4号,两者耗水量基本相等。分析两个品种株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累等在复水之后的变化表明,各生育期干旱-复水后,两个品种均存在一定的补偿效应,且郑单958的补偿效应明显较强。因此,郑单958在干旱-复水后补偿能力强,从而保持较高的产量和水分利用效率。     

分蘖期水分胁迫对水稻生长发育的影响

采用单因素重复试验。研究了分蘖期水分胁迫对水稻生长发育的影响。试验结果表明,分蘖期水分轻度胁迫,植株的根、叶、茎、穗和地上部分的干重及总干重较对照均在一定的程度上得到增加,而重度胁迫则显著降低,分蘖期重度胁迫严重制约着水稻株高的生长、叶面积的扩展、水稻分蘖数降低。轻度胁迫可增加水稻的实粒数、千粒重及结实率,水稻产量提高3．02％,耗水量降低6．56％,水分利用率提高10．0％,而重度胁迫则水稻产量降低14．6％,耗水量降低11．2％,水分利用率下降4．0％,产量下降幅度高于耗水节约幅度。     

不同生育时期干旱胁迫对水稻产量与碾米品质的影响

以粳稻品种农大3号为材料,利用盆栽的方式人工控制土壤水分(水势),研究了不同生育时期干旱胁迫对水稻产量及碾米品质的影响。各时期干旱均导致产量下降,其敏感程度依次为：孕穗中期（抽穗前11~20 d）>孕穗后期（抽穗前1~10 d）>分蘖中期（移栽后11~20 d）>孕穗前期（抽穗前21~30 d）>分蘖初期（移栽后1~10 d）>分蘖后期（移栽后21~30 d）>乳熟期（抽穗后31~40 d）>抽穗开花期（抽穗后1~10 d）>灌浆期（抽穗后21~30 d）>蜡熟期（抽穗后41~50 d）。抽穗前干旱胁迫的敏感时期主要是孕穗中期、孕穗后期和分蘖中期。抽穗后,抽穗到乳熟期均较蜡熟期对干旱敏感,但对土壤水分变化较抽穗前迟钝。抽穗前干旱胁迫对糙米率和精米率影响最大的时期为孕穗中期,其次为孕穗后期。灌浆期到蜡熟期干旱胁迫,糙米率和精米率明显下降,抽穗后11~40 d干旱胁迫对整精米率的影响最大,其次为抽穗前1~20 d,其他时期干旱虽对整精米率有一定影响,但影响较小。     

不同秧龄及剪根程度对杂交水稻生长特性和产量的影响

以超级杂交稻F优498为材料,采用两因素裂区试验设计,在25 d和40 d秧龄下,设剪根1/3和2/3以及全部剪根3种剪根处理,以未剪根处理为对照,研究不同秧龄和剪根处理对杂交稻生长特性及产量的影响。结果表明,秧龄处理对有效穗数、总颖花量和千粒重的影响明显大于剪根处理,而剪根处理对主要生育时期干物质积累量、抽穗后根干重及结实率的影响更显著。2种秧龄下剪根1/3处理均能提高根干重,促进分蘖发生,提高干物质积累量以及齐穗后Pn,最终促进增产,其中以25 d秧龄下剪根1/3处理产量最高。而2种秧龄下,剪除全部根系的处理会导致各生长指标及总颖花量、结实率不同程度低于对照,进而导致产量显著降低。不同秧龄和剪根处理下,水稻各生育时期根干重、拔节前和抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量以及齐穗后Pn与产量均呈显著或极显著正相关。剪根程度与产量呈极显著开口向下的二次曲线关系,25 d和40 d秧龄下,移栽的伤根程度分别在39.28%和32.63%时能达到最佳的增产效果。     

不同淹水时间对分蘖期中稻生育动态及产量的影响

通过盆栽定植试验,研究了中稻(徽两优6号、两优1128)在分蘖末期受不同淹水时间胁迫后生长发育和生理特性的动态变化,并同时考察了其产量结构。结果表明,淹水胁迫下,两个品种水稻生育期推迟,始穗到齐穗历时增加,且随淹水时间的增加而延长;淹水后短期内植株株高降低,但成熟前7 d时淹水2 d、4 d的处理株高反而略高于对照;植株绿叶数、绿叶面积、根长、根表面积、根体积、根系活力和相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)均随淹水胁迫加重而显著减少(淹水2 d处理植株根系活力升高);但经过恢复生长,淹水胁迫后20 d,各淹水处理SPAD值已和对照非常接近,并且一直保持到成熟前7 d,其他各指标数值在轻度淹水胁迫(淹水2 d和4 d)下和对照接近而无显著差异,重度淹水胁迫(淹水6 d、8 d和12 d)下和对照差距缩小,成熟前7 d,由于淹水胁迫早衰严重而差距重新拉大;两个水稻品种减产幅度均随淹水时间的延长而加剧,淹水6 d处理的产量已经降至对照的50%左右,产量下降的原因是总粒数减少、空秕粒数增加和结实率降低等因素综合作用的结果。     

耐盐性不同水稻品种对盐胁迫的响应及其生理机制

【目的】阐明耐盐性不同水稻品种对盐胁迫的响应差异及其生理机制。【方法】耐盐水稻品种连鉴5号、盐稻16Z38和盐敏感水稻品种华粳5号、连粳17号生长于盆钵，盆栽土设置2个不同盐浓度处理：0 g/kg (对照)；3 g/kg(盐胁迫)。【结果】与对照相比，在盐胁迫下两类品种均有不同程度的减产，耐盐品种减产的幅度明显小于盐敏感品种。耐盐水稻品种具有较高的产量主要在于较高的颖花量和结实率。与盐敏感品种相比，耐盐水稻品种在分蘖中期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆中期叶片中超氧化物歧化酶等抗氧化酶活性较高，拔节期和抽穗期具有较高根系脯氨酸含量、脯氨酸合成酶活性和较高的K⁺/Na⁺值，分蘖至拔节以及抽穗至成熟期具有较高的作物生长率，抽穗期具有较高的叶面积指数和叶片SPAD值，抽穗至灌浆中期具有较高的根系氧化力。【结论】在盐胁迫下耐盐水稻品种较高的总颖花量、较强的抗氧化和渗透调节能力、较高的根系氧化力和K⁺/Na⁺值是其获得较高产量的重要原因。在盐胁迫下叶片超氧化物歧化酶活性较强和根系氧化力较高可作为评定水稻品种耐盐性的重要...     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.