不同氮水平对马铃薯产量构成和土壤NO_3~--N含量的影响

在滴灌条件下对比研究了不同氮水平下马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L).的产量构成和土壤NO3--N含量的动态变化。结果表明,随着氮素水平的升高,产量和商品率都先上升后下降,氮水平在180 kg N.hm-2时最高;大部分块茎大小分布都集中在4.5～7 cm范围内,还有一定的增产空间;氮素量对薯块的大小影响很大,而对畸形薯所占比例的大小没有规律性影响;随着施氮量的增加,氮淋失程度加深,土壤中的NO3--N含量逐渐增加,各施氮水平下随着土层的加深又有不同程度的递减。     

利用15N标记研究铵态氮与硝态氮对大豆的营养作用

以东农47为材料,采用15N示踪技术,利用组培的方式进行了铵态氮与硝态氮营养作用研究.结果表明,在无菌条件下,以NH4+-N为唯一氮源大豆表现出了铵盐毒害;以NO3--N和混合态氮作为氮源时,大豆可以正常生长.以混合态氮为氮源植株总生物量最大,以NO3--N为氮源次之,以NH4+-N为氮源的处理生物量最小,不同形态氮之间生物量差异达到显著水平.随氮素水平增加,外源氮在植株中比例增加,当培养基中NH4+-N与NO3--N比例为1∶1时,大豆吸收NH4+-N与NO3--N比例为1.5∶1,叶片、茎、根NH4+-N与NO3--N吸收比例分别为1.6∶1、1.4∶1和1.6∶1,说明硝态氮的存在能够解除铵盐毒害并促进大豆对氮素的吸收利用.     

施氮量对橡胶园土壤NH4+-N和NO3--N垂直分布的影响

以尿素为氮源,研究不同施肥量对土壤中NH4+-N和NO3--N垂直分布的影响。结果表明：施肥可显著增加0～40 cm土壤中NH4+-N和NO3--N的含量;当施肥量超过0.6 kg/株时,增加施肥量不会显著增加0～40 cm土壤中NH4+-N和NO3--N的含量;施肥量越大,淋溶到80～100 cm土层土壤的NH4+-N和NO3--N的量越大。     

氮肥运筹对夏玉米氮素利用及土壤无机氮时空变异的影响

研究不同施氮量及基肥追肥比例对土壤无机氮时空分布及玉米氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同施氮量和基追比显著影响土壤剖面硝态氮含量。各施氮处理不同生育期0～60 cm土层硝态氮含量均显著高于不施氮肥处理,且随施氮量的增加土壤中硝态氮含量增加。夏玉米生长季土壤铵态氮含量较低,且时空变化不明显。玉米氮素农学效率（NAE）、氮素利用效率（NUE）随施氮量的增加显著降低;氮素表观回收率（NRE）有相同的变化趋势,但差异不显著;氮素收获指数（NHI）随施氮量的增加显著增大。相同施氮水平下,“50%基肥+50%大喇叭口肥基追比”的NAE、NUE、NHI和玉米产量显著高于其他处理。因此,在玉米生产中应避免播种时一次性大量施用氮肥,增加后期施氮比例可显著提高氮肥利用效率和玉米产量。     

施氮量对木薯氮素营养特性及产量形成的影响

采用大田试验,研究了不同施氮水平下木薯氮素营养特性的变化及其对产量形成的影响。试验设置0、120、240、360 kg/hm24个氮水平,综合分析了各生育期木薯根、茎、叶等组织中的氮含量、氮素积累量、氮素吸收强度、氮素分配和干物质积累分配、产量品质以及经济效益等指标的变化。结果表明:施氮能显著增加木薯根、茎、叶等组织的氮含量和氮积累量,提高氮素吸收强度,并改变氮素养分的分配特性;此外,随着施氮量的增加,木薯块根干物质积累量、鲜薯产量、淀粉产量、经济效益等均显著提高。综上所述,最佳施氮量为240 kg/hm2,适宜的施入比例为:幼苗期∶茎秆分叉期∶块根形成期∶块根膨大早期∶块根膨大中期=1∶1.71∶1.33∶0.73∶0.57。     

水稻土壤碱解氮与脲酶活性对不同氮素水平的响应

在常规栽培条件下,采用盆栽模拟试验方法,研究了土壤脲酶活性和碱解氮含量在不同施氮水平下随水稻生长的动态变化,结果表明:随着施氮量的增加,土壤碱解氮含量增加,高氮处理的含量最高;而脲酶活性则表现为中氮处理的整体水平高于高氮处理,施氮量在0~214.65 kg/hm2的范围内,脲酶活性随着氮素水平的升高而增强,两种水稻品种相比较,弯穗型不抗倒伏的秋光对氮素的敏感程度显著高于直立穗型抗倒伏的07425。     

不同基因型马铃薯产量和氮素吸收利用差异

采用大田试验,以氮高效型马铃薯品种云薯401和氮低效型马铃薯品种云薯304为试验材料,研究3种氮素水平下(0、105和210 kg/hm^2)马铃薯产量、产量构成、氮素积累量和氮效率的差异。结果表明,云薯401和云薯304分别在中氮和高氮水平下产量达到最大值,云薯401产量均大于云薯304;云薯401植株成熟期氮素积累量、氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率均高于云薯304。云薯401耐低氮能力强,适合广泛种植,云薯304适合于高氮条件下种植。成熟期植株氮素积累量可作为氮高效型马铃薯品种筛选指标,发掘和利用具有较高的氮素吸收效率和利用效率的马铃薯品种,有助于筛选和培育马铃薯氮高效品种。     

太湖流域施氮量对小麦 土壤系统氮素利用的影响

为给南方麦区小麦合理施氮提供理论依据,在太湖流域典型地区的两年3季稻麦施肥量定位试验基础上,研究了施氮量与小麦产量、小麦吸氮量、土壤剖面无机氮素含量的关系。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,小麦的产量、干物质积累量和氮素积累量都呈增大趋势,而氮肥的表观利用率、生理利用效率和农学利用效率都减小,施氮量225~300 kg·hm-2是小麦高产、氮相对高效的适宜施氮量。小麦不同生育时期土壤剖面无机氮素主要集中在0~30 cm土层,且随着施氮量增加而增加。30~100 cm土层无机氮素对施氮量300~375 kg·hm-2有明显的响应,拔节期以后已有明显的淋溶现象。施氮量300~375 kg·hm-2土壤中无机氮素的残留量一直较高,小麦成熟期土壤无机氮量与播种前的相比,除施氮量375 kg·hm-2处理仍在增加外,施氮量小于300 kg·hm-2的处理均有所减少。小麦土壤系统氮素表观损失量随着施氮量的增加而增大,施氮处理75和375 kg·hm-2的损失量分别为26.20和168.64 kg·hm-2,损失率（占相应的施氮量）分别为34.93％和44.97％。施氮量225 kg·hm-2是本地区小麦生态安全的临界施氮量。     

施氮量对稻季氨挥发特点与氮素利用的影响

 在砂土和黏土两种土壤类型上,研究了施氮量对田面水NH4+ N浓度、氨挥发损失量、水稻产量、氮肥利用效率和土壤剖面氮素含量的影响。施氮后田面水NH4+ N浓度和氨挥发量都随着施氮量的增加而增加,且在施氮后1~3 d达到峰值,黏土要低于砂土;氨挥发损失量为分蘖肥时期＞倒4叶穗肥期＞基肥时期＞倒2叶穗肥期;黏土上稻季氨挥发总损失量为10.49~87.06 kg/hm2,占施氮量的10.92％~21.76％;砂土上稻季氨挥发总损失量为11.32~102.43 kg/hm2,占施氮量的11.32％~25.61％;施氮后氨挥发峰值和田面水铵态氮峰值同步出现,以分蘖肥时期最大,两者比值范围为23.76％~3365％;随着施氮量的增加,水稻产量增加,氮素积累量也增加,而氮肥利用效率降低;黏土上的水稻产量和氮素积累量要略高于砂土上的;土壤氮素含量在土壤深度40~50 cm处最低,相应各层土壤氮素含量随着施氮量的增加而提高,黏土要高于砂土。从氨挥发损失的角度来看,当施氮量超过250 kg/hm2时,氨挥发损失总量将跃增; 而从水稻获得高产的角度来看,施氮量应为300 kg/hm2左右,因此,试验条件下水稻高产且环境安全的适宜施氮量为250~300 kg/hm2。     

秸秆还田与施氮肥对松嫩平原玉米氮素吸收及产量的影响

针对松嫩平原玉米生产特点,设置玉米秸秆不还田、秸秆还田两种条件和3个施氮水平,研究秸秆还田与施氮肥对松嫩平原玉米氮素吸收及产量的影响。结果表明,除收获期玉米植株氮素含量变化规律不明显外,其余时期玉米植株氮素含量、干物质量、氮积累量及产量均随氮肥用量的增加而增加。在玉米3叶期,供试的3个施氮水平下,秸秆还田处理均使玉米氮素含量和吸收积累量降低,至拔节期秸秆还田处理对玉米植株氮素含量的不利影响消失。在不施氮肥条件下,秸秆还田处理提高了拔节期玉米植株氮素的含量;玉米的氮素吸收积累量在不施氮肥条件下仍低于秸秆不还田处理。在玉米收获期,秸秆还田处理增加了玉米子粒的氮素含量与氮素吸收积累量。在3个施氮水平下,秸秆还田处理玉米产量与秸秆不还田处理差异不显著。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.