3个不同罗勒种叶中香气成分的GC-MS分析

利用GC/MS技术分析罗勒(Ocimum basilicum L.)、台湾罗勒(Ocimum tashiroi Hayata)和丁香罗勒(Ocimum gratissimum)成龄叶的香气成分。结果表明：3个罗勒品种的叶片中香气成分的种类和含量存在明显差异：罗勒中检出37种香气物质,占其总挥发性物质的91.15%;台湾罗勒中检出21种香气物质,占95.08%;丁香罗勒中有29种,占89.49%。其中,烃类和醇类2类化合物在3种罗勒叶片中分别占挥发物总量的84.39%、78.61%和77.88%。β-蒎烯是3种罗勒共有的主要香气成分,桉树脑、茴香脑和环葑烯则分别是罗勒、台湾罗勒和丁香罗勒的主要香气成分。     

5种黔引百里香的形态特征和蒸馏法提取精油的化学型比较研究

对生长在贵州的5种百里香资源进行生物学性状鉴定,并利用水蒸气蒸馏法和气相-质谱联用技术提取分析精油成分。结果表明:5种百里香的茎、叶和花的形态色泽差异明显,大致分为直立型(黔引1#和2#)和匍匐型(黔引3#、4#和5#)2种。精油含量介于0.17%~0.67%,以1#百里香的精油含量最高。5种百里香精油中含有16~34种挥发性物质,占到各自总挥发性成分的93.00%~99.41%。根据精油含有的主要化学物质可以将5种百里香分为3类,第一类为百里香酚型,包括2#、3#和4#百里香,其主要成分百里香酚含量依次为46.10%、29.80%和40.00%;第二类为α-乙酸松油酯型,包含1#百里香,主要成分α-乙酸松油酯含量为42.24%;第三类为香叶醇型,包含5#百里香,主要成分香叶醇含量为45.31%。      

双瓣茉莉5个花期挥发性成分GC-MS分析

采用气质联用仪(GC-MS)对福州双瓣茉莉花小花蕾期、大花蕾期、花开12 h开花期、花开24 h开花期和花败期5个时期挥发性成分进行鉴定,并用峰面积归一化法分析各组分含量。结果表明,开花期是挥发性物质集中释放期,花败期含量急剧下降,小花蕾和大花蕾时期仅少量释放,这符合茉莉花为气质花的特性。萜类和酯类挥发性物质是双瓣茉莉花香主要成分,萜类挥发性物质在盛开时大量释放,酯类挥发性物质通常在花开12 h开花期释放量最高。5个不同时期共鉴定出43种挥发性成分,挥发性物质种类和绝大部分挥发性物质含量均是在开花期最高,其中含量较高的乙酸芳樟酯、α-金合欢烯、乙酸苯甲酯、苯甲醇、γ-依兰油烯、乙酸甲酯、反式-法呢醇和β-罗勒烯等是双瓣茉莉挥发性物质的主要成分。结果将为茉莉花精油的提取及茉莉花制茶的采摘时期提供依据,为开展双瓣茉莉花挥发性物质代谢途径的分子调控机理研究奠定基础。     

香根异唇花挥发性成分的GC-MS研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取香根异唇花[Anisochilus carnos us(Linn.) Wall.]茎、叶和根中的挥发油,经GC-MS分析和标准图谱检索对照,首次从该植物茎和叶挥发油中鉴定出26个化合物,根的挥发油中鉴定出21个化合物,用离子流色谱峰面积归一法计算各化学成分的相对含量,分别占油总量的98.7％和91.24％,根中所含21个化合物为共有成分;两种挥发油鉴定出的化合物主要由烯、醇、酯、酮和酚类物质组成,其中含量前三位的化合物均为α-香附酮(44.48％和36.85％)、香芹酚(18.47％和27.82％)、桔利酮(6.69％和6.31％).     

胡椒叶片挥发性成分HS-SPME-GC/MS分析

以胡椒属种质蒌叶、墨西哥胡椒、假荜拔为材料,利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱和质谱联用（HS-SPME-GC/MS）技术测定3种种质叶片中的挥发性成分及用面积归一法计算其相对含量。结果表明：鉴定出蒌叶、墨西哥胡椒、假荜拔的挥发性成分59种,其中从蒌叶中共鉴定出挥发性成分36种,其含量较高的有安息香醛、荜澄茄油烯和β-石竹烯,相对含量分别为23.56％、9.36％和8.54％;从墨西哥胡椒中鉴定出挥发性成分18种,其中含量较高的有肉桂醛、萜品烯和萜品油烯,相对含量分别为77.98％、5.88％和5.11％;而假荜菝叶片挥发性成分有25种,含量较高的有β-石竹烯、罗勒烯和芳樟醇。挥发性成分的种类在3种胡椒属种质中都不相同,总的相对百分含量也不同,说明不同的种质,叶片挥发性成分有一定的差异。     

基于气质联用技术的“祁门香”特征性成分分析

祁门红茶(以下简称祁红)独特复杂的香气类型被称为“祁门香”。为了研究祁红主要挥发性香气物质与呈香特征,以祁门县历口镇与古溪乡共10份祁红茶样为研究对象,利用SPME-GC-MS技术提取测定茶样的香气成分。结果表明,茶样中共同检测到的31种香气物质,主要包括12种醇类成分(相对含量为67.54%)、11种醛类成分(16.93%)和3种酯类成分(11.36%),它们都表现出花果香且阈值低,对“祁门香”的构成具有重要贡献。分析了“祁门香”的主要贡献因子,主要以香叶醇、苯乙醛、芳樟醇、芳樟醇氧化物、2-己烯醛、正己醛、苯甲醇、水杨酸甲酯等8种香气物质为主,具有甜香、花果香、清香为主的馥郁香气。     

香露兜不同叶位挥发性成分差异性分析

以香露兜（Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.）不同叶位叶片组织为材料,采用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术对其挥发性成分进行鉴定,揭示不同叶位挥发性成分组成变化规律。结果表明：香露兜8个不同叶位叶片挥发性成分由呋喃酮类、吡咯类、呋喃类等10类21种物质组成,3-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮、新植二烯、2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉、叶绿醇、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃、2,4-二叔丁基酚、羟基丙酮、棕榈酸乙酯和亚油酸乙酯9种共有物质的含量均存在极显著差异（P<0.001）。其中,特征挥发性物质2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉平均含量为(94.00±36.66)μg/g,倒5叶位含量最高(122.99±3.48)μg/g,倒1至倒8叶位整体呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。主成分分析结果表明,倒1叶位主要挥发性成分为3-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮、棕榈酸乙酯和甲酸庚酯,倒2、3和4叶位主要挥发性成分为叶绿醇、2-丁基-1-辛醇、3-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮、2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃、新植二烯、角鲨烯、棕榈酸乙酯、亚油酸乙酯和2,4-二叔丁基酚,倒5叶位主要挥发性成分为2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃和角鲨烯;倒6、7、8叶位主要挥发性成分为角鲨烯、新植二烯、2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉和羟基丙酮。香露兜不同叶位挥发性物质组成及含量存在一定差异,将为其标准化采收提供理论依据。     

湖南红茶实物标准样制作及品质分析

茶叶实物标准样对于客观准确地鉴别茶叶品质是不可或缺的,简述湖南红茶实物标准样制备流程,并分析其感官品质特点及生化成分。结果表明,湖南红茶特级标准样氨基酸含量最高,滋味甜醇甘鲜,鉴定出的110种挥发性香气物质中萜类物质含量显著高于其他茶样,香气表现为嫩甜香浓郁持久;湖南红茶一级标准样水浸出物和儿茶素含量最高,滋味醇厚甘爽,鉴定出114种挥发性香气物质,各类挥发性成分含量居中,呈现出纯正甜香;湖南红茶二级标准样滋味成分含量相对较低,滋味甜醇尚浓,鉴定出109种挥发性香气物质,来源于脂肪酸和类胡萝卜素的挥发性物质含量显著高于其他茶样,表现为甜香带花香。本研究可为湖南红茶加工生产提供参考。     

采用HS-SPME/GC-MS/GC-Olfactometry/RI对绿茶和绿茶鲜汁饮料香气的比较分析

采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)提取绿茶和绿茶鲜汁饮料样品中的挥发性成分,用气相色谱/质谱联用技术(GC-MS)结合气相色谱-嗅觉测量法(GC-Olfactometry)以及挥发性化合物的保留指数(RI),鉴定了绿茶和饮料中的主要风味化合物,并对二者香气组成及相对含量差异进行了比较。结果表明：采用GC-MS/GC- Olfactometry/RI法能有效地鉴别和确认绿茶和绿茶鲜汁饮料中香味化合物的类别、香味强度及其对总体香气的贡献;绿茶和绿茶鲜汁饮料的香气成分在组成和含量上存在差异,绿茶中有34种嗅感物质,其中叶醇、2-乙基己醇、苄醇、1-辛醇、芳樟醇、芳樟醇氧化物、苯乙醇、己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、苯甲醛、苯乙酮等是其主要呈香物质;绿茶鲜汁饮料含有37种嗅感物质,主要呈香物质为芳樟醇、芳樟醇氧化物、苯乙醇、香叶醇、橙花醇、橙花叔醇、(Z)-2-庚烯醛、苯甲醛、苯乙酮等。     

冷榨和热榨亚麻籽油挥发性成分比较

采用顶空固相微萃取法提取冷榨和热榨亚麻籽油中挥发性成分,借助气相质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析并比较了挥发性成分相对含量变化.研究发现,冷榨亚麻籽油主要挥发性成分有正己醇、2-丁醇、2-甲基丁醇、戊醇、正己醛、2-乙基呋喃等,其中醇类物质相对总含量可达66％;相比而言,热榨亚麻籽油挥发性成分中醇类物质相对含量下降,出现大量美拉德反应产物糠醛及以吡嗪、吡咯、吡啶为主的芳香杂环类化合物,致使醛类(140℃,25.1％)和杂环类(140℃,41.68％)物质相对含量快速升高,这些特征挥发性成分赋予热榨亚麻籽油浓郁的烤香气味;但据研究这些芳香杂环化合物及其复合物对人体生理机能具有一定的毒理作用,因而影响到热榨亚麻籽油的食用安全性,相比较而言,冷榨亚麻籽油食用更为安全.     

山苍子雌花和雄花精油成分分析及抗氧化研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别从山苍子雌花和雄花中提取精油，并通过GC-MS气质联用仪对其成分分析，从山苍子雌花精油中鉴定出47种化合物，占总峰面积的98.44％，山苍子雄花精油中鉴定出43种化合物，占总峰面积的98.04％。采用体外抗氧化活性测定法，表明山苍子雌花和雄花精油具有一定的抗氧化活性。还原力测定IC50值，雄花为2.330 mg/mL，雌花为1.473 mg/mL；清除DPPH自由基IC50值，雄花为41.62 mg/mL，雌花为9.663 mg/mL；清除羟自由基IC50值，雄花为56.95 mg/mL，雌花为77.98 mg/mL。     

Comparative seasonal variation and chemical composition of essential oils from the leaves and stems of Schefflera heptaphylla using microwave-assisted and conventional hydrodistillation

Two different isolation techniques, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and conventional hydrodistillation (HD), were used to extract the volatile constituents from the leaves and stems of Schefflera heptaphylla (L.) Frodin harvested during four different seasons, which were subsequently analyzed via gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. MAHD is more advantageous than HD in terms of energy savings and extraction time (60 min vs. 180 min for MAHD vs. HD). Large variations in the composition among the different oils were observed. The seasonal changes in the percentages of the main constituents of the oils were irregular; this affected the quantity and composition of the oil. Oil yield was affected by the method of extraction and seasonal changes. It ranged from 0.11% to 0.27%, with the maximum amount of oil extracted from the leaves using MAHD in winter and the minimum from the stem oil extraction using HD in spring. The essential oil content varied significantly with the season. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons constituted the major portion of the essential oils. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were highest in the leaf oil extraction by HD during winter (88.6%) and lowest in the stem oil extraction by HD during spring (56.3%). Microwave irradiation did not adversely affect the composition of the essential oils. MAHD, indeed, is a modern, green, and fast technology.     

Variation in essential oil and fatty acid composition in different organs of cultivated and growing wild Ruta chalepensis L.

The essential oil and fatty acid composition of two provenances of Ruta chalepensis from four organs (leaves, flowers, stems and fruits) was determined. The effect of the plant part on total fatty acid contents, essential oil yields, fatty acid and volatile constituents was significant.Fatty acid profiles varied significantly among the studied provenances and organs. Linolenic acid had the highest amount in leaves of the two provenances. From R. chalepensis, in all organs, the main fatty acids were palmitic (13.10-25.31%), followed by palmitoleic (0-15.72%), stearic (1.03-6.85%), oleic (1.90-24.04%), arachidic (0.11-4.03%), eicosatetraenoic (0.10-5.60%) and behenic (0.47-6.09%) acids. Saturated fatty acids had the highest amounts in growing wild R. chalepensis flowers, and cultivated R. chalepensis stems were characterized by the predominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oil composition of all studied organs has a healthy and nutritionally value. Essential oil yields varied from 0.39% to 2.46% and showed a remarkable variation with plant organs. Thirty-six volatile compounds were identified in different analyzed essential oils; 2-undecanone, 2-nonanol and 2-dodecanone had the highest percentages.     

Geographical origin and drying methodology may affect the essential oil of Lippia alba (Mill) N.E. Brown

Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown, the ginger grass, is a medicinal and aromatic plant widely used in Latin America. In this work the effect of the geographical origin and different drying methodologies on L. alba leaves production, essential oil content and composition were evaluated. Field experiments were conducted in three different municipalities (Amargosa, Cruz das Almas and Santo Antônio de Jesus) from Bahia region (Brazil) and two drying methodologies (traditional and artificial with controlled conditions) were assessed. Fresh and dried leaves essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation and their volatiles were determined by gas chromatography.The geographical origin affected the mass production, essential oil content and both qualitative and quantitative fractions of their composition. Leaves from Cruz das Almas had higher yield in essential oil content. Overall, 26 oil constituents were identified. Carvone, germacrene D and limonene were the main oil constituents. The drying methodologies combined with the geographic origin influenced essential oil composition showing that L. alba constituents were influenced by post-harvest treatments. Some constituents were sensitive to both methods applied, while some enhanced their content like germacrene D.     

Comparative analysis of essential oil components of two Cryptomeria species from China

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves of Chinese native Cryptomeria japonica and Cryptomeria fortunei were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Fifty-seven compounds were identified in the essential oils of C. japonica with α-elemol (20.12%), kaur-16-ene (14.84%), β-phellandrene (5.97%), β-elemene (5.87%), α-eudesmol (5.62%) and β-eudesmol (5.03%) as main constituents. Forty components were identified in the oil of C. fortunei with kaurene (34.04%), α-elemol (13.34%), γ-eudesmol (10.80%), β-eudesmol (10.16%), α-pinene (2.75%) and γ-cadinene (1.92%) as the most abundant components. This study demonstrated the occurrence of α-elemol chemotype in C. japonica and kaurene chemotype in C. fortunei from China. The essential oil compositions of two Cryptomeria samples were shown that they can be used for green plant protection, pharmaceutical, perfume and food industries.     

海南产木薯茎和叶挥发油的化学成分及其生物活性(英文)

为研究木薯茎和叶的挥发油成分,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用方法对其化学成分进行分析,鉴定了茎的挥发油中25个成分和叶挥发油中22个成分,分别占总挥发油含量的83.53%和83.46%。其中茎挥发油主要成分为棕榈酸(31.39%)、油酸(8.94%)、亚油酸(5.57%),叶挥发油主要成分为棕榈酸(16.85%)、植醇(15.02%)、异植醇(11.21%)。用滤纸片琼脂扩散法测定茎和叶挥发油的抗金黄色葡萄球菌活性和抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MASA)活性,结果表明:茎的挥发油具有抗金黄色葡萄球菌活性;叶的挥发油具有抗MASA活性。细胞毒活性结果表明,茎的挥发油对人慢性髓原白血病细胞K562有显著细胞毒活性,其IC50值为7.0μg/mL。     

Chemical variation in essential oil of Cryptomeria fortunei from various areas of China

Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation from the leaves of Cryptomeria fortunei from the principal habitats in China. The essential oil yields of samples from various locations ranged from 0.61 to 1.66% (w/w). GC-MS analysis revealed eighty-seven compounds, constituting 85.89-94.75% of the total essential oils. The main constituents were kaurene (0-44.69%), phyllocladene (0.07-32.98%), kaur-16-ene (0-32.28%), elemol (5.28-18.92%), α-cadinol (0-11.39%), α-eudesmol (0-11.21%), α-pinene (2.32-9.15%). The samples were separated into 3 chemotypes by hierarchical cluster analysis, according to the composition of the corresponding essential oils. Chemical composition of essential oils was significantly related to nine geographic distributions among populations. Our results revealed chemical polymorphism in the essential oils of the C. fortunei leaf in China. The chemical variability could be attributed to genetic and environmental factors. The chemical diversity of the oils offers opportunity to choose C. fortunei leaves and essential oils with preferential compound for green plant protection, pharmaceutical, perfume and food industries.     

互叶白千层（Melaleuca alternifolia）不同类型叶片精油组分差异比较

利用 MTBE 方法结合气相色谱—质谱联用（GC-MS）技术比较了互叶白千层嫩叶与老叶精油的挥发性组分差异。研究发现,在互叶白千层不同类型叶片精油中共检测到 10 种单萜、16 种倍半萜、5 种单萜衍生物及 1 种倍半萜衍生物共 32 种挥发性物质。互叶白千层不同类型叶片精油组分亦不同,互叶白千层老叶精油含量达5000.79 ng/g,嫩叶精油含量仅为 3 470.38ng/g。单萜类衍生物是互叶白千层精油的绝对含量及相对含量最高的一类化合物。松油烯-4-醇、松油烯、d-杜松萜烯及 2-蒈烯在互叶白千层精油中含量较高。互叶白千层不同叶片精油组成不同,以倍半萜类化合物种类最多。互叶白千层叶片的成熟度与松油烯-4-醇的含量亦相关。     

Extraction of Cinnamomum longepaniculatum deciduous leaves essential oil using solvent-free microwave extraction: Process optimization and quality evaluation

The optimal process conditions for solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of essential oils from Cinnamomum longepaniculatum deciduous leaves after moisture conditioning were established by response surface methodology (RSM). A Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to evaluate the effects of three independent variables: moisture content (A: 54%–74%), microwave power (B: 300–500 ​W) and microwave time (C: 20–40 ​min), on the extraction yield of essential oil. The compounds of the essential oils obtained by SFME, hydro-distillation and microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MADE) were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the total lipids of C. longepaniculatum fresh leaves and deciduous leaves were analyzed. The correlation analysis of the response regression model indicated that quadratic polynomial model could be employed to optimize the extraction of essential oil. The optimal extraction condition was A: 58%, B: 400 ​W and C: 28 ​min. In the optimal condition, the maximum extraction yield was 4.475 mL/100 ​g dw and higher than that by MADE. The main compound of the essential oil was eucalyptol (63.54%), and total oxygenated compounds was 78.95%, mainly caused by SFME and the metabolism of endophytic bacteria with decreasing content of phospholipids and fatty acids. Analysis of variance under the extraction condition illustrated high fitness of the model and the success of RSM for optimizing and reflecting the expected process condition. SFME combined with moisture regulation was an effective method for extracting essential oil from C. longepaniculatum deciduous leaves.