不同玉米品种子粒中富集镉、铅特性的比较

选用20个玉米品种为试材,采用盆栽试验研究镉、铅复合胁迫下玉米子粒对镉、铅的积累特性。结果表明,镉、铅复合胁迫下,供试品种子粒含镉、铅量均大幅度提高;所有供试品种的子粒镉含量和9个供试品种子粒的铅含量超过国家规定的粮食卫生标准;丹玉69、富友9号、隆迪2162、农大95的穗粒重与对照相比差异不显著(P<0.05)。     

铅-镉复合胁迫下玉米品种间积累铅、镉的差异

选用25个玉米品种为试验材料,盆栽条件下研究铅-镉复合胁迫下,玉米不同品种积累铅、镉的差异。结果表明,铅-镉复合胁迫下供试玉米品种各器官含铅、镉量总体表现为根>叶>茎>子粒;与对照相比,根、茎、叶的铅、镉含量均大幅度提高;供试玉米品种各营养器官间铅、镉均呈显著相关,但营养器官与子粒间无显著相关;复合胁迫条件下,9个供试玉米品种子粒中铅含量超过了国家规定的粮食卫生标准,所有供试玉米品种子粒中镉含量也超过了国家规定的卫生标准,而且镉的生物富集系数比铅的生物富集系数高,子粒重金属超标程度大的玉米品种,其生物富集系数和转运系数相对较高。     

铅镉胁迫对小麦幼苗抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响

为研究铅和镉对小麦生长发育的影响,以小麦品种德抗961为材料,用CdCl2、Pb(NO3)2分别配制成5个浓度梯度,测定小麦幼苗在不同处理条件下的芽长、根长、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果表明,小麦幼苗在铅和镉胁迫条件下均受到了一定程度的伤害,其芽长和根长均随铅、镉浓度的增加而降低.在500 mg/L铅胁迫下,SOD活性比对照增加了2.79倍(根)和13.75倍(芽),POD活性比对照增加了2.62倍(根)和2.58倍(芽);而在100 mg/L镉胁迫下,SOD活性比对照下降了99.50%(根)和99.54% (芽),CAT活性比对照下降了92.08% (根)和94.82%(芽),说明幼苗中抗氧化酶在铅胁迫下对小麦幼苗起到了保护作用,在镉胁迫下则没有起到明显的保护作用,小麦幼苗对这两种重金属的抗性机理是完全不同的.     

铝胁迫对耐性不同的玉米基因型幼苗光合特性的影响

试验对两个耐铝酸毒害不同的玉米基因型进行了一些与光合特性有关的指标测定,其中包括叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、光合速率、叶片温度、蒸腾速率、细胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度等,研究这些性状与玉米耐酸铝性的关系。结果表明,在铝胁迫下,玉米叶片中的叶绿素含量下降,并且Chla/Chlb的比值也下降,从而造成光合速率明显降低,但敏感品种(C)下降的幅度较大,耐性品种(T)下降的幅度较小;耐性品种的叶片温度低,蒸腾速率也低于敏感品种。     

铅、镉单一及复合污染对11个空心菜品种种子萌发和幼苗生长效应的影响

以11个品种的空心菜种子为研究对象,研究了不同浓度的铅、镉及其复合污染对不同空心菜种子萌发率、幼苗根长、苗高及生物量的影响,比较了不同处理对空心菜种子萌发和幼苗生长抑制效应的品种差异,旨在为重金属中轻度污染农田土壤栽培空心菜的品种选择及农产品质量安全保障提供参考。结果发现：铅、镉单一或复合污染对幼苗生长比种子萌发的抑制作用更明显,其中幼苗根生长对铅镉污染比种子萌发等指标更为敏感,因此将幼苗根生长作为评价重金属铅镉毒害的指标更为合理。随着铅、镉单一及铅镉复合污染浓度的加大,其对空心菜各品种幼苗生长的抑制作用也逐渐增大,且同样浓度下,铅镉复合污染往往比单一重金属污染的抑制率更高,说明铅镉污染存在协同效应。其中,对空心菜各指标的综合抑制效应在铅、镉单一污染下最高达48.78％和42.84％,而在铅镉复合污染时最高达59.73％。另外,不同品种对铅、镉污染的敏感性不同,通过比较,区分了3个耐铅镉污染品种和2个铅镉污染敏感品种。     

茉莉酸对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片生理特性的影响

采用溶液培养方法,研究茉莉酸对玉米幼苗叶片抗镉性的影响。结果表明,镉胁迫显著提高玉米叶片丙二醛(MDA)、H_2O_2含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性,降低过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,降低叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量及生物量。与单独镉胁迫相比,外源茉莉酸处理可显著提高镉胁迫下叶片CAT、POD、APX和GR活性,显著提高叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量及生物量,显著降低镉胁迫下叶片MDA和H_2O_2含量,从而缓解其造成的伤害。结果表明,外源茉莉酸可明显提高玉米幼苗叶片的抗氧化能力和光合色素含量,从而增加生物量的积累,缓解镉胁迫造成的伤害。     

铅和镉复合胁迫对玉米吸收铅特性及产量影响

盆栽条件下,以富友1号玉米品种为试验材料研究铅、镉复合胁迫下,玉米对铅的吸收特性及产量影响。结果表明,复合污染条件下,铅在玉米体内分布的一般规律是根>下叶>茎>上叶>子粒,且植株根铅含量低于铅单因子污染。但在同浓度铅处理条件下,随土壤中投放镉浓度由0～40mg/kg的增加,植株根铅含量呈升高趋势。从玉米的生育进程来看,玉米在3个生育时期内的铅含量分配特点是成熟期>拔节期>开花期。     

低氮胁迫对不同氮效率玉米品种苗期叶片碳氮代谢的影响

研究低氮胁迫对不同氮效率玉米品种幼苗生长及叶片碳氮代谢的影响,分析比较不同氮效率玉米品种对低氮胁迫响应的差异。采用水培方法,以氮高效品种郑单958、正红311和氮低效品种川单428、先玉508为试验材料,在低氮胁迫(0.04 mmol/L)、正常氮(4 mmol/L)和低氮恢复处理3个氮水平下,分别测定苗期干物质积累量、叶片碳氮代谢产物含量及碳氮代谢相关酶活性,比较不同氮效率品种间的差异。结果表明,低氮胁迫显著降低玉米叶片和整株干物质重量、叶片氮代谢指标(硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量),提高根系干重、根冠比、叶片碳代谢指标(蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性、可溶性总糖和淀粉含量)。不同品种间各指标的变化幅度随着时间的延长表现出不同规律,氮高效品种在氮素胁迫下对碳氮代谢的平衡能力更强,受低氮环境影响较小,植株的恢复能力较强,对胁迫环境具有更强的耐性和适应性。     

铅镉复合污染对不同品种蕹菜生长和重金属累积特性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究铅镉复合污染胁迫下11个蕹菜品种在生物量、铅镉吸收量及其对铅镉转运系数等的品种间差异。结果显示：不同品种蕹菜的生物量受重金属铅镉复合污染胁迫的影响不同,其中品种K1、K2、K4和K9的地上可食部分生物量被抑制,抑制率在11.8%～44.1%,而其他7个蕹菜品种地上可食部分生物量均有所提高,促进率在11.2%～72.6%。在铅镉复合污染胁迫下,地上可食部分生物量依然较高的蕹菜品种有K2、K3、K6、K7、K8、K10和K11;吸收Pb、Cd能力均较高的蕹菜品种有K4、K7和K8,吸收Pb、Cd能力均较低的蕹菜品种有K2和K11。所有品种蕹菜对重金属Cd的转运系数平均值为60%,而对Pb的转运系数平均值为26%,说明Cd由蕹菜根部转运到其地上可食部分的能力更强,对蕹菜的毒害作用更强。研究还表明,不同品种蕹菜在重金属铅镉复合污染胁迫下其生物量、铅镉累积量和转运系数存在差异性,以产量高、铅镉吸附量低为原则,蕹菜品种K2青梗大叶空心菜和K11半青白空心菜是栽培在重金属铅镉复合污染土地上相对较好的选择。     

镉胁迫对不同水稻品种种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为研究不同浓度镉胁迫对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响及其不同水稻品种的镉胁迫抗性差异,采用52个不同遗传背景的水稻品种(系)种子,研究了0(蒸馏水,CK)、0.5、1.0、2.0 mmol/L等4种不同镉胁迫浓度对不同水稻品种(系)种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、胚芽长、胚根长、胚芽鲜重与干重等萌发期性状的影响。结果表明:(1)镉胁迫对水稻种子的萌发及幼苗生长具有抑制作用,且随着镉胁迫浓度的增高,其受到的抑制作用逐渐加强;(2)不同镉胁迫浓度对幼苗根生长的影响大于对幼苗芽生长的影响;(3)镉胁迫下,各水稻品种(系)种子各萌发性状指标间的相互关系密切;(4)镉胁迫对水稻种子的活力指数、幼苗根长的抑制程度较大,而对发芽势、发芽率的抑制程度较小;(5)不同水稻品种(系)对不同镉胁迫浓度的耐受性存在显著差异,根据镉胁迫各浓度处理条件下各供试水稻品种(系)在萌发期内的各项萌发性状指标与对照的相对值用聚类方法进行分析,可将52个参试水稻品种(系)分为镉胁迫敏感型、中间型和耐受型等3种类型。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.