炭基肥配施有机肥对风沙土养分含量及酶活性的影响

本文通过3年连续田间试验,研究炭基肥配施有机肥条件下风沙土土壤养分含量及酶活性的变化规律,探讨适宜炭基肥用量及有机替代的最佳配比,为减少化肥投入提供理论依据。试验共设置6个处理:低量炭基肥(C40)、基准用量炭基肥(C50)、高量炭基肥(C60)、有机肥替代20%基准用量炭基肥,以下简称为20%有机替代(C40+M)、40%有机替代(C30+M)和60%有机替代(C20+M)。结果表明,增施炭基肥和炭基肥配施不同比例有机肥均能显著增加花生产量,其中C20+M处理产量最高,为4324.83kg/hm~2。土壤速效养分含量、土壤酶活性在不同处理间存在差异,但在单施炭基肥时,表现为随施用量增加而增加。等养分条件下,配施有机肥处理能够提高土壤中有机碳、碱解氮和有效磷的含量,其中40%有机替代处理效果最佳;配施有机肥处理也可提高苗期土壤脲酶活性并延缓土壤蔗糖酶活性峰值出现的时间。综上所述,有效增加土壤有机碳含量、提高酶活性和增加花生产量的最佳有机肥替代炭基肥比例为40%。     

长期定位施肥对双季水稻产量和土壤钾素形态的影响

在1981-2010年长期肥料定位试验的基础上,研究了不同施肥处理对双季水稻产量和土壤钾素形态及其有效性的影响。结果表明,在氮磷钾养分相等条件下,与单施化肥相比,有机肥与无机肥料长期配合施用可以明显提高双季水稻产量,增产幅度达6.67%～23.29%(2010年),同时还能提高土壤水溶性钾、交换性钾和速效钾的含量,其中以紫云英(早稻基肥)+沼肥(晚稻基肥)+化肥效果最明显,而对土壤缓效钾影响不大。相关分析表明,双季早、晚稻季产量和年总产量与土壤水溶性钾含量均呈极显著直线相关(r=0.9887**、0.9883**和0.9885**);与土壤交换性钾和速效钾含量均呈显著直线相关(r=0.9050*、0.9048*、0.9049*和0.9325*、0.9322*、0.9324*);与土壤缓效钾含量均呈显著抛物线关系(r=0.9391*、0.9398*和0.9395*)。     

不同本田施肥方法对培两优特青制种的影响

探讨了不同本田施肥方法对两系制种的影响。指出施足基肥,有机肥经堆沤腐熟后深施,氮、磷、钾 配合施用,控制后期氮肥用量,适当增加钾肥比重是促进两系制种高产的关键,为两系制种科学施肥提供了依 据。     

杂交水稻施用生物钾肥的效应研究

以冲积母质上发育的潴育型水稻土为供试土壤，以杂交稻Ｖ４８－２为供试材料，探讨了生物钾肥不同施用水平对杂交水稻的增产效果和对水稻土供钾能力的影响。结果表明，施用生物钾肥能明显提高土壤有效磷和速效钾含量，使水稻分蘖期株高伸长加快，显著增加稻谷千粒重和产量。     

复合肥配施不同生物有机肥对土壤肥力及马铃薯产量和品质的影响

马铃薯种植中长期大量施用复合肥,致使土壤有机质含量降低,土壤板结,抗病虫害能力减弱,品质下降,产量也难以进一步提高。为了发挥生物有机肥在马铃薯种植中改良土壤、提高产量和品质的有益作用,试验采用单因素随机区组设计,研究了复合肥配施生物有机肥后对土壤微生物含量、土壤肥力及马铃薯产量和品质的影响。结果表明,捷富宝牌复合肥减量施用和配施不同生物有机肥后均提高了土壤有益微生物数量、有机质含量、马铃薯产量和品质,其中捷富宝牌复合肥配施绿能牌生物有机肥(30 kg/667m~2捷富宝牌复合肥+80 kg/667m~2绿能牌生物有机肥)后土壤有益微生物亚硝化细菌、硝化细菌、乳酸菌和放线菌的数量最高,分别为常规施肥(只施60 kg/667m~2捷富宝牌复合肥)的43.33,4.72,3.25和27.00倍;土壤有机质含量、马铃薯产量、淀粉、干物质和维生素C含量较常规施肥分别增加115.65%、10.14%、84.99%、51.05%和47.37%;土壤有害微生物反硝化细菌和霉菌数量最低,较常规施肥(CK)分别降低了91.88%和93.75%,土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量降幅最低,较常规施肥分别降低了11.57%、22.19%和20.87%。因此,捷富宝牌复合肥配施绿能牌生物有机肥后,不仅可以提高土壤有益微生物数量和土壤肥力,而且可以提高马铃薯产量和品质。     

硅钙钾镁土壤调理剂对五常水稻长势及产量的影响

以当地农户的常规施肥为对照,探讨将硅钙钾镁土壤调理剂做基肥施入土壤后对五常稻花香水稻长势及产量的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,施用土壤调理剂后对水稻的农艺性状及产量有较大影响,可降低水稻株高8~12 cm,增强抗倒伏能力;提高水稻穗粒数20~30粒,有效穗数提高7.0%~12.6%,千粒重增加0.8~1.1 g;施用土壤调理剂后水稻增产可达10%以上,为农民增收约3750元/hm^2。     

闽清县茶园土壤养分分析及施肥建议

闽清县茶园土壤分析结果表明:茶园土壤pH值强酸性的占51.7%,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量中低水平的分别占77.6%、91.4%、60.3%、82.8%。根据茶树营养特点,提出改良土壤pH值,增施有机肥,推广配方施肥合理施用氮、磷、钾等措施。     

施用8种野百合属绿肥后砖红壤速效钾含量随时间的动态变化

研究施用8种野百合属绿肥后砖红壤速效钾含量随时间的动态变化。结果表明,施用不同的绿肥对土壤速效钾含量的影响不同,但对土壤速效钾含量影响的基本规律一致。施用绿肥后的不同时间内能不同程度的提高土壤速效钾的含量,提高幅度最大的为埋田一个月,且施用绿肥后的土壤速效钾含量显著高于对照(不施用绿肥的土壤)。     

杂交稻制种田九二○用量与种子中GA3含量及F1代产生徒长苗的关系

以杂交水稻组合汕优63为材料进行研究。结果表明,杂交稻制种抽穗期施用九二Ο,在其所产种子中会有一定量的GA₃积累,其GA₃的含量与制种时抽穗期九二○施用量呈正相关。试验和检测证明,制种田抽穗期九二Ο用量在每667 m² 8～18 g范围内,其种子中的GA₃含量在49.5～63.5 ng/g之间,均大大低于能引起幼苗徒长的GA₃含量(946 ng/g)。可以认为,生产中杂交稻田产生的徒长苗与制种时抽穗期施用九二Ο无关。经在制种田花期喷雾接种稻恶苗病菌(Fusarium moniliforme)孢子的试验证明,杂交稻幼苗中产生的徒长苗是由恶苗病菌经花器侵染后种子带菌所引起的,杂交稻中产生徒长苗与抽穗期九二○的施用无关。     

解磷细菌Burkholderia的分离鉴定及对香草兰生长和P吸收的影响（英文）

香草兰为喜磷作物,从香草兰种植园中分离筛选到一株解磷微生物——伯克霍尔德氏菌V-29。在NBRIP液体培养基中摇床振荡培养5d后可溶性磷含量达475.3μg/mL,培养基pH下降。通过大田试验研究了接种绿色荧光蛋白标记后的解磷菌株V-29及其与有机肥发酵制得的微生物有机肥对香草兰生长和磷素吸收的影响。结果表明:单独接种V-29或施用微生物有机肥可显著增加香草兰植株干重、土壤有效磷含量;移栽4个月后,标记菌株V-29在香草兰根际土壤中的含量可达106 cfu/g土壤。由此可见,伯克霍尔德氏菌V-29可单独作为生物菌剂或与有机肥发酵制得微生物有机肥后用于农业生产中,以减少化肥施用量。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.