氮素对小麦不同叶位叶片叶绿素荧光参数的调控效应

为了解氮素对小麦不同叶位叶片光合能量利用的影响,测定和分析了旱地和水地小麦品种在3个氮素水平下不同叶位叶片的叶绿素荧光参数.结果表明,随氮素水平的提高,小麦幼苗叶片最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)和非光化学猝灭系数(qN)都呈上升趋势,而光化学猝灭系数(qP)则呈下降趋势;但旱地品种叶片荧光参数对氮素更敏感,旱地品种小麦幼苗叶片的Fm、Fv、 Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和qN均高于水地品种,qP低于水地品种.旱地和水地品种在不同氮素处理下各叶位叶绿素荧光参数表现不同,光合能量利用随叶位的降低逐渐升高.     

不同大豆品种幼苗叶片光合及叶绿素荧光 特性对套作遮荫的响应

选用4个耐荫性有差异的大豆品种为材料,通过与单作比较,研究了不同大豆品种幼苗叶片光合及叶绿素荧光特性对套作遮荫的响应差异。结果表明,套作遮荫提高了大豆叶片叶绿素含量、总叶绿素与类胡萝卜素比值（Chl(a+b)/Car）、胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）、水分利用效率（WUE）、叶片初始荧光（Fo）、PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量（Fv′/Fm′）和实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）;使叶绿素a与叶绿素b比值（Chla/b）、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、气孔限制值（Ls）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）、光化学荧光猝灭系数（qP）、非光化学荧光猝灭（NPQ）呈减小趋势。套作遮荫降低了大豆地上部分干物质积累量,其干物质积累量与Pn呈极显著正相关。耐荫性相对较好的材料,如贡选1号和南豆12在套作遮荫下Pn下降较少,且有着相对较高的Chlb、Car分子组成比例、Fo和Fv/Fm。     

甘蔗叶片叶绿素荧光参数日变化研究

为探索甘蔗光合作用及光合能力的规律性,为甘蔗高光效品种选育与栽培,高光效亲本筛选提供理论参考。本文以甘蔗常用核心亲本93-159、CP72-1210和ROC26为材料,采用PAM-2500便携式荧光仪对甘蔗叶片叶绿素荧光参数原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、实际原初光能捕获效率Y(Ⅱ)、非光化学淬灭系数NPQ、光化学淬灭系数qP和光响应曲线参数(α、ETRm、Ik)值进行日变化研究。结果显示,甘蔗具有较强的光呼吸能力和光抑制自我保护能力,较高的光能利用效率,较低的饱和光强,吸收的光能较少地分配到热耗散,能保证吸收的光能最大程度进入电子传递系统进而进行碳固定。     

低温胁迫对玉米幼苗电导率和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以3个玉米品种为试验材料,通过盆栽试验,研究低温胁迫下电导率和叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明,3个品种的抗低温性为金玉5>兴垦3>吉单198,随着低温处理时间的延长,3个品种叶片电导率和初始荧光(F0)上升,Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、NPQ整体上均呈下降趋势。说明低温胁迫使叶绿素所吸收的光能被用于光合作用的部分减少,玉米叶光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)活性中心受损。     

不同栽培环境对耐冬山茶生长及荧光参数的影响

8 个月和 12 个月苗龄的耐冬山茶（Camellia japonica L.）为研究材料，研究 8 种不同栽培环境对耐冬山茶生长和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：耐冬山茶小苗在简易塑料大棚（二层遮阴网）的环境下生长最好，而大苗在平顶荫棚的环境下营养生长最好，说明耐冬山茶大苗和小苗对最佳生长环境要求不同。耐冬山茶的主要叶绿素荧光参数中，耐冬山茶在简易塑料大棚（二层遮阴网）环境中的最大荧光（Fm）、PSII 实际光量子效率[Y(II)]、表观电子传递速率（ETR）及非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）最大，PSII 非调节性能量耗散[Y(NO)]最小。说明遮阴处理有利于耐冬山茶的生长，简易塑料大棚（二层遮阴网）环境下耐冬山茶的叶绿素荧光效应最好，叶片吸收和传递光能的能力较强，植物光能利用效率和转化效率较高。     

水稻叶片氮含量与荧光参数的关系

在3个供氮水平和2个水稻品种(华粳2号和武香粳9号）的田间试验条件下,测试分析了不同处理水稻顶部4张完全展开叶片氮含量及对应的荧光参数。不同供氮水平的水稻叶片氮含量和荧光参数差异明显,均随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势。叶片荧光参数随生育期推迟呈抛物线型变化,以抽穗期为界先上升后下降,直到成熟期降为最低。叶片荧光参数随不同叶位的变化规律为：顶1叶>顶2叶>顶3叶>顶4叶。同一水稻品种各叶位叶片氮含量分别与荧光参数呈极显著相关,且华粳2号的相关性高于武香粳9号。综合水稻品种的不同叶位,叶片氮含量与荧光参数ΦPSⅡ、qP均呈良好的线性相关。基于ΦPSⅡ和qP宜采用不同的回归方程来反演不同叶位叶片氮含量。因此,荧光参数ΦPSⅡ和qP有可能用来估算水稻叶片氮含量。     

浓香型烟叶成熟期质体色素的变化特征研究

为探明湖南浓香型烟叶质体色素在生育后期不同阶段和不同叶位间的差异,对云烟87在打顶期、打顶后10 d、打顶后20 d三个时期和上部、中部及下部叶三个叶位间的色素含量变化及叶绿素含量与SPAD值的关系进行了研究。结果表明：同一时期不同叶位叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量都表现为：上部叶〉中部叶〉下部叶,除打顶期上部叶和中部叶差异不显著外,不同叶位差异达极显著水平;同一叶位不同时期叶绿素含量变化为,打顶期后下部叶逐步明显减少,中部叶先明显减少后少量增加,上部叶则先增加后降低。不同叶位类胡萝卜素的含量变化在同一时期都表现为：上部叶〉中部叶〉下部叶,且叶位间存在显著性差异。叶绿素a与叶绿素b含量比值和总叶绿素与类胡萝卜素比值在相同时期都表现为：上部叶〉中部叶〉下部叶,但前者在打顶期后呈逐渐降低趋势,后者则先增加后明显减少。上部叶、中部叶及下部叶的叶绿素含量均与相应SPAD值具有极显著正相关性。     

打顶对芝麻不同叶位光合特性的影响研究

在大田管理条件下,以不打顶为对照,研究了打顶对芝麻不同叶位叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明：芝麻叶片在打顶后通过调节合适的气孔开度来控制对蒸腾强度的调节,使气体交换达到一个经济合理的阈值,从而提高光能利用效率(LUE)和水分利用效率(WUE)。打顶使芝麻各部位叶片蒸腾强度（Tr）和气孔导度（Gs）都同时下降,平均比不打顶的分别下降4.71%和8.81%,而光合速率和水分利用效率分别比不打顶的高出5.97%和13.96%。打顶与不打顶各叶位间比较,上、中、下三叶位叶片光合速率（Pn）、叶片光能利用效率、叶片水分利用效率、蒸腾强度和气孔导度都达极显著水平。打顶后,在生育后期中、下部叶位叶片仍具有较高的光合效率、光能利用效率与水分利用效率。     

低氮对不同茶树品种叶绿素荧光特性的影响

叶绿素荧光参数经常用来评价植物抗逆胁迫强弱,反应植物胁迫的生理状态等。为灵敏检测和判断茶树品种低氮胁迫的差异,科学指导施肥,本研究以前期筛选的相对氮高效茶树品种黄旦与相对氮敏感茶树品种本山为试验材料,检测不同供氮处理下叶绿素荧光参数及生物量的变化,结果发现低氮条件下茶树叶片氮含量显著偏低,但该条件下黄旦品种叶片氮含量明显高于本山品种;低氮条件下茶树叶片最小荧光F_o、调节性能量耗散的量子产额Y(NPQ)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)、非调节性能量耗散的量子产额Y(NO)等显著增加,黄旦品种在低氮条件下F_o、Y(NPQ)、Y(NO)及NPQ参数都要小于本山品种;而参数最大荧光(F_m)、光系统Ⅱ最大光合效率(F_v/F_m)、光化学淬灭系数(qP与qL)、实际光合效率Y(Ⅱ)显著下降,其中本山品种低氮下明显小于黄旦。总之,氮高效茶树品种黄旦能减缓低氮胁迫对植株造成的损害,并维持相对较高的光合效率,保证了低氮条件下有较高的产量。     

冬季喷施多效唑对荔枝叶片叶绿素荧光特征的影响

为弄清多效唑(PP333)对荔枝叶片光合能力的影响,于2011年12月对‘妃子笑,荔枝整株喷施PP333(500 mg/L),研究其对叶片叶绿素指数和叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响.结果表明:喷施PP333可显著增加荔枝叶片的SPAD值,且使Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ、ETR、PCR等叶绿素荧光参数有所增加,而NPQ则降低;从光响应曲线可以看出,Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ和qP随光化光强度的增加呈下降趋势,而NPQ、PCR和ETR随光化光强度增加而增加;从PSⅡ反应中心能量分配比率上看,PP333处理后P、E增加,D减小,更有利于能量进入PSⅡ反应中心,促进光化学效率提高;PP333处理可以增加PSⅡ反应中心的开放比例,推动光合电子传递,提高荔枝叶片的光合性能.     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.