氮肥与根瘤菌配施对南疆春大豆结瘤和生长的影响

为了探讨最适合南疆地区的氮肥和根瘤菌配施方案,设置3个施氮水平(N0:0 kg·hm-2;N1:90 kg·hm-2;N2:180 kg·hm-2)与3种根瘤菌(SMH12、T6和SN7-2)拌种的田间试验,研究主栽大豆品种新大豆8号结瘤情况、干物质积累及分配、产量及其构成因素对施氮及接种根瘤菌的响应.结果表明:随着施氮量的增加,根瘤数、根瘤干重、干物质积累量及产量均表现为先增加后下降;不施用氮肥不利于大豆生长,供应量过高影响大豆生长代谢、根瘤形成,单施氮肥增产有限,增产幅度为9.41％～14.24％.在相同施氮条件下,接种根瘤菌可使植株各生长指标显著提高,表现为SN7-2＞T6＞SMH12＞CK,施氮配合接种根瘤菌比仅施氮肥增产11.5％～46.3％.N1处理接种SN7-2根瘤菌的效果最佳,产量高达5 115.3 kg·hm-2,比CK增产31.65％,能明显提高大豆根瘤数、根瘤干重以及单株和各器官的干物质积累.施氮配合接种根瘤菌是提高南疆大豆结瘤生长和产量的有效措施.     

大豆根瘤菌接种效应及竞争结瘤能力分析

为了筛选获得竞争结瘤能力强且对大豆生长发育、产量有积极影响的大豆根瘤菌菌株,以前期分离、鉴定、纯化的10株根瘤菌菌株为材料,对高匹配性大豆品种进行了田间接种试验。于大豆盛花期测定根瘤菌的结瘤数量及固氮酶性能。同时,对接种供试菌株及分离获得的根瘤菌菌株进行BOX-PCR并比较不同菌株之间的BOX分子指纹图谱,以此获得供试菌株的田间占瘤率。于成熟期测定大豆的主要生育特征、产量构成因子。结果表明:大豆接种根瘤菌后在整个生长期,叶片表现为颜色深绿,质地鲜嫩;根瘤菌可以显著促进大豆根系结瘤,增加单株根瘤数目。接种处理I4(即接种菌株112-1)的单株根瘤数最多,比不接种对照处理I0多32.95%,差异显著。接种根瘤菌处理的根瘤干重均显著低于不接种对照处理。其中,接种处理I4的根瘤干重最高。接种处理I6的固氮酶活性最高,与接种处理I4之间差异不显著;接种菌株的占瘤率为10%~90%,占瘤率变化幅度较大,平均占瘤率为50%。I4处理占瘤率最高为90%,I6处理(即接种菌株113-1)的占瘤率次之,为75%;菌株占瘤率与单株根瘤数呈极显著的正相关(r=0.82**),单株瘤干重与菌株占瘤率、单株根瘤数、固氮酶活性均呈现负相关(r=-0.387,r=-0.50,r=-0.13);I6处理株高最高,I4处理次之,两处理之间差异并不显著;I2、I4、I6处理的单株荚数、单株粒数相对较高,3处理之间差异并不显著;I4处理的大豆百粒重均显著高于其它菌液处理。根据接种根瘤菌对大豆结瘤固氮性能、产量等方面的影响,结合各根瘤菌株的竞争结瘤能力,筛选获得适于黑龙江哈尔滨地区大豆生产有广阔利用价值的高效大豆根瘤菌株112-1和113-1。     

1970—2020年间黄淮海夏大豆部分育成品种(系)结瘤能力鉴定

为了确定黄淮海地区大豆育成品种(系)的结瘤能力差异，本研究以1970—2020年黄淮海地区育成的143份大豆品种(系)为试验材料，在盆栽条件下接种根瘤菌菌株USDA110,以单株根瘤数、单株根瘤干重作为结瘤能力鉴定指标，筛选结瘤能力强和弱的大豆种质。同时比较黄淮海地区不同省市参试材料的结瘤差异，分析结瘤差异与产量、育成年份、蛋白含量、油分含量和蛋油总含量的相关性。结果表明：参试的不同大豆品种(系)间单株根瘤数最大值为35个，最小值为6个，均值为17个，单株根瘤干重最大值为124.89 mg,最小值为26.44 mg,均值为53.81 mg。筛选出结瘤能力前5%品种(系),包括安豆1311、灌云大四粒、沿大粒、太丰6号、商豆7号、黄豆ZDD08405和08Y观205,作为培育强结瘤能力品种的亲本。不同地域来源参试材料间结瘤能力也存在差异：江苏省材料单株根瘤干重和单株根瘤数最大，分别为64.30 mg和20个；山东省材料单株根瘤干重最小，为48.50 mg;山西省和安徽省材料单株根瘤数最小，均为15个。单株根瘤干重与籽粒蛋白含量成正相关。研究结果可为黄淮海地区大豆育种提供强固氮亲本材料。     

大豆根瘤菌结瘤作用统计方法的建立及其对接种效果的统计分析

利用发光大豆根瘤菌ＨＮ０１ＬＣ０２接种大豆黑农３９,通过对发光根瘤在大豆根系上的数量和位置分布进行分析,对根瘤菌的结瘤作用建立了一种新型统计方法,并用这种统计方法分析了不同接种技术对豆科植物结瘤作用和植物生长的影响。     

不同施氮量及施氮方式对大豆根瘤生长及产量的影响

以宁夏地区主推品种中黄30为主要研究对象,采用再裂区试验设计,通过接种高效根瘤菌,探讨根瘤菌、施氮量和施氮方式对大豆根瘤干重、根瘤数量以及大豆产量的影响。结果表明:施氮量显著影响大豆结瘤和大豆产量;各处理随着每次施氮量的增加,根瘤干重和根瘤数量的变化趋势均为先增加后下降;产量表现为分次施氮各处理产量一次性施氮各处理产量不施氮(B1)产量;接种根瘤菌处理较不接种根瘤菌处理的根瘤数量及大豆产量显著增加;是否接种根瘤菌与施氮量互作、施氮量与施氮方式互作以及是否接种根瘤菌、施氮量和施氮方式互作对大豆产量均产生极显著影响,中黄30产量最佳组合是A2B3C2(接种根瘤菌、施氮量在75 kg·hm~(-2)且分次施氮)的前提下,产量最高,达到6 020.37 kg·hm~(-2),较不施氮增产8.36%。     

植物生长调节剂BR和SHK-6对大豆生物产量和根瘤固氮活性的激素调控研究

应用快生根瘤菌(S inorhizobium xinjiangensis,CCBAU110T)和慢生根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicumT,USDA6T)接种大豆,在无菌沙培条件下叶面喷施植物生长调节剂BR和SHK-6研究调节剂对大豆植株及根瘤固氮的激素调控效应.结果表明:1)不同根瘤菌接种条件下,BR和SHK-6处理大豆根干重和茎干重得到显著增加,提高了根瘤数、根瘤重和根瘤固氮活性.2)BR和SHK-6处理提高了根瘤固氮能力,根瘤、根和茎的含氮量得到明显提高.3)BR和SHK-6处理通过改变激素平衡来调控根瘤固氮,其中CTK/GA、CTK/IAA对根瘤固氮有正调控作用,IAA/ABA和GA/ABA有负调控作用.     

大豆根瘤菌与黑龙江省主栽大豆品种共生匹配的研究

应用大豆根瘤菌与黑龙江省几个主栽大豆品种的最佳共生进行匹配研究。结果显示：接种的根瘤菌（USDA 110）能够很好地与供试大豆品种结瘤固氮，其有效结瘤数，地上部分干重等指标明显高于对照植株及接种分离的土薯根瘤菌（HL1-2、HL2-1、HL8-1、HL9-1、HS1-1）的植株，接近或略高于氮肥对照植株。试验结果表明，接种的根瘤菌（USDA 110）的结瘤宿主范围广，结瘤数量多，因氮能力强，有望成为商品化大豆根瘤菌接种剂菌种。     

根瘤菌和复合促生菌对大豆结瘤和生长的影响

为了研究不同根瘤菌和复合促生菌单独使用及复合后对大豆结瘤和生长的影响。采用大豆单独接种2种快生大豆根瘤菌、2种慢生大豆根瘤菌及根瘤菌分别与复合促生菌交叉接种,再种植的方法,观察大豆结瘤与生长情况。结果表明:(1)大豆结荚初期大豆快生和慢生根瘤菌处理的大豆地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重、结荚数、豆荚鲜重等生物学性状显著优于其它处理;快生根瘤菌处理的大豆结瘤率显著高于其它处理,慢生根瘤菌处理的总根瘤数和根瘤重量显著高于其它处理;(2)大豆结荚后期,对照处理的地上部鲜重、根鲜重显著高于其它处理,慢生根瘤菌和复合促生菌处理的根瘤数显著高于其它处理,快生根瘤菌剂处理的大豆粗蛋白含量显著高于其它处理,而复合促生菌处理的大豆产量显著高于其它处理。虽然快生根瘤菌两处理有利于地上部、地下部、有效根瘤数、土壤碱解氮的提升,但复合促生菌处理的大豆产量、土壤速效磷和土壤有效钾都显著高于其它处理,因此表明复合促生菌处理能增加大豆产量。     

大豆根瘤菌HH103ΩNopAAΩNopD双突变体构建及结瘤能力鉴定

大豆—根瘤菌的共生模式为大豆提供了丰富的氮源。根瘤菌Ⅲ型效应因子是影响共生结瘤的关键信号分子之一,通过对HH103ΩNopAA与HH103ΩNopD的结瘤鉴定表明两个突变体对绥农14和ZYD00006的宿主亲和性不同,而后通过三亲杂交方法在HH103ΩNopAA基础上构建HH103ΩNopAAΩNopD的双突变体。利用绥农14与野生豆ZYD00006对突变体进行结瘤鉴定,HH103ΩNopAAΩNopD的根瘤数与根瘤重与HH103ΩNopAA无显著性差异。而后利用前期收集的100份大豆资源进行结瘤鉴定,分析NopAA与NopD的突变在不同遗传背景下的大豆品种的结瘤特性,绝大多数品种根瘤数明显减少,部分品种根瘤数在接种单突变体与双突变体存在显著差异。该研究为后续解析NopAA与NopD的共生信号传导以及根瘤菌与大豆品种亲和性提供新的思路。同时可以根据基因型的差异,筛选与不同根瘤菌均有较高亲和性的大豆品种,为进一步培育高结瘤、高固氮的大豆品种提供支撑。     

硝态氮对大豆根瘤性状的影响

选取黑龙江省第三积温带主栽大豆品种黑农35为材料,采用水培方法,在大豆移栽后28、35、42、49 d取样,对根瘤的物理性状(根瘤干重、根瘤数和单个根瘤干重)进行动态分析,研究了硝态氮对大豆根瘤性状的影响.结果表明:从移栽后第28天开始生物固氮处理根瘤数明显增加,而施用硝态氮根瘤数基本不变,硝态氮抑制了大豆根瘤形成,而单个根瘤干重增加较大.从根瘤密度来看,硝态氮降低大豆根瘤在根系上分配密度,在第28天生物固氮处理每个根上结瘤124.84个,而施用硝态氮每个根上结瘤22.84个.     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.