2018－2019年我国棉花推广品种纤维品质状况调查

通过对2018―2019年全国14个产棉省（市、自治区）24个综合生态试验站推广示范棉花品种进行抽样，调查棉花主要品种的丰产性和品质指标。结果显示，4项关键的棉纤维品质指标分布范围：衣分31.2%～48.8%，纤维上半部平均长度25.6～37.5 mm，断裂比强度25.5～47.2 cN·tex^－1，马克隆值3.3～5.9。纤维上半部平均长度≥30 mm、断裂比强度≥30 cN·tex^－1（双30）的棉花品种2018年为25个，2019年为26个，共51个品种（包含7个长绒棉品种）。说明我国棉花纤维品质达到“双30”的品种正在得到推广和普及，尤其是新疆。     

2018－2019年我国棉花推广品种纤维品质状况调查

通过对2018―2019年全国14个产棉省（市、自治区）24个综合生态试验站推广示范棉花品种进行抽样,调查棉花主要品种的丰产性和品质指标。结果显示,4项关键的棉纤维品质指标分布范围：衣分31.2%～48.8%,纤维上半部平均长度25.6～37.5 mm,断裂比强度25.5～47.2 cN·tex^－1,马克隆值3.3～5.9。纤维上半部平均长度≥30 mm、断裂比强度≥30 cN·tex^－1（双30）的棉花品种2018年为25个,2019年为26个,共51个品种（包含7个长绒棉品种）。说明我国棉花纤维品质达到“双30”的品种正在得到推广和普及,尤其是新疆。     

安徽省短季棉比较试验品种表现及其评价

2014―2015年按照《安徽省短季棉品种比较试验方案》，在安徽省沿江、江淮丘陵和淮北的8个试点设置短季棉品种比较试验。25个参试短季棉品种的性状总体表现：平均皮棉单产为1 026.0 kg·hm^－2，与春棉相比产量偏低；平均生育期为113 d，苗期生育进程快，现蕾提早22 d；总体抗病性较差，平均枯萎病病指为15.2，黄萎病病指为37.6，属耐枯萎病、感黄萎病级别；平均纤维上半部平均长度29.6 mm，断裂比强度28.7 cN·tex^－1，马克隆值4.8，未达到纤维长度、比强度“双30”的标准。分析了晋级区域试验的短季棉品种综合性状，对短季棉育种目标和审定标准提出了建议。     

保美乐对棉花提质增产示范试验效果评价

通过试验示范,验证保美乐[0.01%（质量分数,下同）芸薹素内酯可溶液剂＋250 g·L^－1吡唑醚菌酯乳油＋63%增产助剂]对新疆生产建设兵团棉花生长发育、抗病、增产、促早熟和改善棉花纤维品质等方面的效果。结果表明：保美乐处理的棉花株高高于对照,茎粗（直径）略低于对照;对黄萎病防治效果达33.25%;单株果枝数较对照增加0.59,单株结铃数较对照增加0.78,铃重较对照增加0.46 g;667 m²籽棉产量为484.55 kg,较对照增产19.88%;吐絮期较对照提前3 d;棉纤维长度整齐度指数、断裂比强度、马克隆值较对照分别提高0.5百分点、1.2 cN·tex^－1、0.2,上半部平均长度、断裂伸长率分别降低0.7 mm、0.4百分点。可见,保美乐对促进棉花生长发育、提高棉花产量和抗病性有较好的效果,可促进棉花早熟、对部分棉花纤维品质指标提升有一定作用。     

特早熟棉花品种纤维品质评价

分析不同棉花品种的纤维品质差异，对制定棉花育种目标具有重要意义。2008―2018年辽宁省共审定特早熟棉花品种18个，多为中、短绒，其中断裂比强度是影响棉花纤维品质的主要因素。多数品种因为断裂比强度指标下降，导致审定品种不得不归为低一级的品质类型，影响了棉花品种的利用价值。在今后的工作中，应加强高断裂比强度棉花资源的利用，以提升棉花纤维品质。     

新疆不同植棉区细绒棉纤维品质的差异

选取棉花品质的主要指标作为样本,利用单因素试验统计分析方法对2017年新疆不同地区的细绒棉品质数据及其差异进行分析。结果表明,除轧工质量外,新疆各地州棉花其他品质指标均存在显著性差异。东疆棉花品质指标总体处于南疆、北疆之间;南疆、东疆棉纤维颜色级优于北疆;吐鲁番的轧工质量较差,南疆和北疆各地差异不大;马克隆值除博尔塔拉蒙古自治州（博州）较差外,南疆和北疆其他地区差异不大;除博州外,北疆其他地区棉纤维长度优于南疆。北疆、东疆断裂比强度优于南疆;从棉纤维长度整齐度指数来看,除吐鲁番较差外,新疆其他各地（州）都较好。北疆长度（mm）和断裂比强度（cN·tex^－1）均高于“29”级别的棉花比例大于南疆。南北疆棉纺企业可开展差异化纺纱,避免恶性竞争。     

新疆近年机采棉发展过程中的棉纤维品质变化

为了解近年新疆机采棉发展过程中棉纤维品质现状，利用2008－2016年我国新体制棉花公正检验质量数据，比较分析全国5大植棉省（区）的棉纤维品质及其等级分布的变化特征。结果表明，纤维长度以新疆地方的最长，高出全国均值0.20 mm；断裂比强度则以新疆兵团和新疆地方的最低，仅为28 cN·tex^－1。新疆棉花长度在27 mm级的比例虽有所降低，但29 mm级比例逐年降低且波动较大；断裂比强度的“强级”和“很强级”所占比例全国最低，仅占20%和3.0%左右，“差级”比例则是全国最高，约占10%。马克隆值以新疆最优，但近几年呈明显升高的趋势。因此，各指标差级棉纤维比例增加和强级比例降低是新疆原棉品质的基本状况，尤其是断裂比强度。     

种植模式对棉花农艺及产量和品质的影响

通过设置常规模式（行距（66＋10）cm）和等行密植模式（行距76 cm）2种机采棉种植模式，调查了2种种植模式棉花生长发育、产量、纤维品质和含杂等关键指标。结果表明，等行密植模式生育期比常规模式早3 d左右，在盛花期比常规模式果枝和开花果枝多了0.5个和1个。与常规模式比，等行密植模式机采籽棉的纤维长度、断裂比强度分别提高了0.4 mm和0.4 cN·tex^－1，加工皮棉纤维长度、断裂比强度分别提高了0.2 mm和0.3 cN·tex^－1，并且在一定程度上降低了含杂率。因此，等行密植模式具有一定的推广前景。     

陆地棉高品质分离群体中纤维产量和品质性状遗传多样性分析

为了进一步揭示高产优质棉花品种的纤维产量和品质性状之间的遗传关系，筛选高产优质的陆地棉新品系，以纤维品质优异的中棉所127与高产的中棉所60杂交并自交构建的F₂、F_2∶3分离群体和重组自交系F_6∶8群体为材料，运用简单相关分析、多元逐步回归分析和通径分析对纤维产量与品质性状进行分析评价。简单相关分析结果表明，纤维上半部平均长度在3个群体中均与衣分呈极显著负相关，断裂比强度在2个低世代群体中均与衣分呈极显著负相关，纤维上半部平均长度在3个群体中均和断裂比强度呈极显著正相关，铃重与其他各性状在3个群体中的相关性差异较大。在多元逐步回归分析中，F₂和F_2∶3群体断裂比强度均与衣分呈负相关关系。通径分析结果表明，在F₂群体中，断裂比强度对衣分的直接负效应最大；F_2∶3群体中纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度和马克隆值对衣分的直接效应均为负，其中纤维上半部平均长度的直接效应最大。综合简单相关分析、多元逐步回归分析和通径分析的结果认为，主要的品质性状纤维上半部平均长度和断裂比强度与产量性状衣分存在负相关关系。进一步通过对重组自交系F_6∶8群体和F₂、F_2∶3分离群体的表型数据分析，筛选出8个从低世代分离群体到重组自交系群体均表现稳定，衣分较高，纤维上半部平均长度在29.10 mm以上、断裂比强度在29.80 cN·tex^－1以上的优质品系，为高产优质棉花新品种的选育及基础研究提供了资源材料。     

黄河三角洲无膜短季棉轻简化绿色栽培技术

<正>短季棉是指生育期短、生长发育进程快、开花结铃集中、晚播早熟的棉花品种类型。近年来,我国短季棉育种取得巨大成就,育成的短季棉品种不仅早熟、丰产和抗逆,而且衣分和纤维品质也得到显著改善,较好地解决了早期短季棉品种存在的衣分低、品质差等缺点。中棉所50、中棉所67、新陆早42号、鲁棉532等短季棉品种的衣分可达38%,纤维上半部平均长度≥28 mm,断裂比强度≥28 cN·     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.