我国2007―2018年转基因抗虫棉品种审定情况评析

通过对我国2007－2018年黄河流域和长江流域主要植棉省审定的品种分析可以看出，黄河流域棉区审定的品种数量高于长江流域棉区；黄河流域棉区常规抗虫棉和杂交抗虫棉并重，而长江流域棉区以杂交抗虫棉为主，近几年常规抗虫棉有增加的趋势；两大棉区的研究团队仍以公益性研究团队为主，科研院（所）是抗虫棉育种研究的主力军，并且各省审定品种的育种单位区域性比较强； 两大棉区都呈现植棉面积大幅度下滑的局面。目前，选育的抗虫棉品种性状还比较单一；因此，创制多样性的资源材料，培育多样性丰富的新品种，以适应不同棉区多样化的生态环境，朝着高产高品质的方向努力，是中国转基因棉花育种发展的根本途径。     

棉花苗期病害防治前景

棉花苗期病害防治前景孙君灵，宋晓轩，刘学堂（中国农业科学院棉花研究所河南安阳：４５５１１２）我国棉花苗期病害危害范围广，尤以长江和黄河流域两大棉区更为严重，在棉苗病害发生严重的年份，可造成烂种、毁苗以至田间成片死苗，甚至毁种重播；发病轻时延缓生长，形...     

棉花主产区生产比较效益及其影响因素分析

棉花生产比较效益是棉农收益、棉花生产布局和产业发展的主要影响因素。基于1989―2016年面板数据,分析了我国棉花主产区生产比较效益及其影响因素和作用方向。结果表明：（1）西北内陆棉区生产比较效益最优,黄河流域棉区次之,长江流域棉区较低。（2）棉花生产比较效益变化受棉花播种面积、产量、国家政策、价格和竞争作物等多重因素影响,且各因素影响程度和作用方向存在差异。（3）棉花价格和政策对主产区棉花生产比较效益的影响最显著,自然灾害、机械化水平、植棉收入占比、棉经产值比等较显著。鉴于此,提出完善棉花生产支持政策,健全棉花价格波动预警和发布机制,及时把握各因素的影响程度和差异等建议。     

全国棉花高产创建活动 力促我国棉花稳定生产

为强化棉花生产科技支撑，加速棉花高产实用技术推广，提高棉花单产和效益，促进棉花生产稳定发展，农业部决定2009年在13个主产省（区、市）和新疆生产建设兵团的198个县（团场）建立200个万亩连片的棉花高产创建示范点，通过集成技术、集约项目、集中力量，进一步挖掘棉花单产潜力，带动大面积平衡增产，力争黄河流域棉区示范点皮棉产量达到1500kg／hm^2，长江流域棉区1800kg／hm^2，西北内陆棉区2250kg，hm^2，总体上比非示范片增产20％以上。     

高温胁迫影响棉花生长及产量品质的生理与分子机理

每年的6―8月是长江流域棉区棉花生长的关键时节，通常伴随着高温胁迫。环境温度过高，棉花种子存活率、发芽率，苗期植株的生长速率、株高、茎粗、叶片数量，花铃期的开花率、结铃率，以及皮棉产量、籽棉产量等都会受到严重影响，最终导致棉花减产甚至植株死亡。通过分析国内外相关研究进展，解析高温对棉花的种子萌发、植株营养生长、生殖生长及产量、品质、主要代谢过程的影响，同时探究棉花生理生化和分子的适应机理，为筛选耐高温棉花种质资源和选育耐高温棉花新品种提供有效方法和理论依据。     

麦后直播特早熟抗虫棉新品种——中棉所74

中棉所74（原代号中603）是由中国农业科学院棉花研究所与生物技术研究所合作,以棉花研究所选育的转Bt＋CpTI双价基因的抗虫棉中501为母本,以特早熟综合性状优良的育种中间材料92—047为父本,经生化辅助育种和系统选育而成的麦后直播特早熟棉花新品种。2006—2007年参加黄河流域棉区早熟棉花品种区域试验,2008年参加黄河流域棉区早熟棉花品种生产试验（B组）,     

棉花苗期桃蚜为害损失及防治指标研究初报

桃蚜（ＭｙｚｕｓｐｅｒｓｉｃａｅＳｕｌｚｅｒ）是甘肃棉区棉花苗期的优势种群。自５月中旬迁入杯田，６月中旬为发生高峰期，此后数量锐减。桃蚜为害棉花后主要导致荷铃脱落率增加，总铃数下降而减产，对棉花品质无显著影响。苗期单株蚜量ｘ与产量损失率ｙ的关系式为：ｙ＝７．４４８８＋０．０４７４９ｘ（ｒ＝０．９８１￣）。提出甘肃河西地区苗期桃蚜的防治指标为百株蚜量４０００头。     

浅析新形势下黄河流域、长江流域棉花产业发展方向

分析了黄河流域、长江流域棉花生产面临的新形势与现实问题，提出了提升两大流域棉区生产能力建设的有效措施，对我国棉花稳定均衡发展、缓解供需矛盾具有重要意义。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉品种的推广利用与棉铃虫的抗性治理

介绍了我国现有的转 Bt基因抗虫棉种质材料 ,它们对棉铃虫初孵幼虫都表现出显著的抗虫性。抗虫棉在不同生育期抗虫性表现程度不同。苗期 (10片主茎叶以下 )叶片饲喂初孵幼虫的死亡率一般达 10 0 % ,生育后期抗虫性则有所下降。Bt基因转入棉花后能稳定遗传给后代。通过室内汰选 ,烟芽夜蛾等害虫很容易对 Bt杀虫晶体蛋白产生抗性 ,但在目前我国长江流域、黄河流域棉区棉花栽培制度下以及抗虫棉的多方面表现 ,转 Bt基因抗虫棉推广利用后棉铃虫不会很快产生抗性。还讨论了延缓棉铃虫产生抗性的一些抗性治理策略。     

中国棉花产需状况及发展对策

４０多年来我国棉花生产有很大发展，并逐渐形成了长江流域棉区、黄河流域棉区和西北内陆棉区三足鼎立的棉花布局格局。然而，棉花生产不稳定是一大问题，从而导致产需矛盾尖锐。文内从提高棉花单产和质量；重点抓好鲁、豫、冀、苏、皖、鄂和新疆７个主要产棉省区的棉花生产，论述了稳定棉花生产的对策。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.