马铃薯施用缓控释肥、生物有机肥肥效试验

为研究缓控释肥、生物有机肥对马铃薯的增产增收效果,以当地主推品种‘合作88’为试验材料,以当地农民习惯施肥为对照,研究了施用推荐施肥、缓控释肥和生物有机肥对马铃薯产量、产量构成因素和经济效益的影响。结果表明,马铃薯施用缓控释肥、生物有机肥对改善马铃薯产量构成因素不明显,但是可以明显提高产量和经济效益。产量增幅在7.88%~14.92%,其中处理4(施用推荐施肥减20%+生物有机肥80 kg/667m~2)的产量最高,较处理1(习惯施肥)增产428 kg/667m~2,达到3 297 kg/667m~2,增产14.92%;马铃薯经济效益增加幅度在1.73%~13.81%,其中处理4(推荐施肥减20%+生物有机肥)较处理1(习惯施肥)增加收益605元/667m~2;使用生物有机肥的经济效益要高于使用缓控释肥和常规肥料;建议在种植马铃薯时,可以适当减少化肥的使用量,增加生物有机肥的使用量,起到减肥增收的作用。     

复合肥配施不同生物有机肥对土壤肥力及马铃薯产量和品质的影响

马铃薯种植中长期大量施用复合肥,致使土壤有机质含量降低,土壤板结,抗病虫害能力减弱,品质下降,产量也难以进一步提高。为了发挥生物有机肥在马铃薯种植中改良土壤、提高产量和品质的有益作用,试验采用单因素随机区组设计,研究了复合肥配施生物有机肥后对土壤微生物含量、土壤肥力及马铃薯产量和品质的影响。结果表明,捷富宝牌复合肥减量施用和配施不同生物有机肥后均提高了土壤有益微生物数量、有机质含量、马铃薯产量和品质,其中捷富宝牌复合肥配施绿能牌生物有机肥(30 kg/667m~2捷富宝牌复合肥+80 kg/667m~2绿能牌生物有机肥)后土壤有益微生物亚硝化细菌、硝化细菌、乳酸菌和放线菌的数量最高,分别为常规施肥(只施60 kg/667m~2捷富宝牌复合肥)的43.33,4.72,3.25和27.00倍;土壤有机质含量、马铃薯产量、淀粉、干物质和维生素C含量较常规施肥分别增加115.65%、10.14%、84.99%、51.05%和47.37%;土壤有害微生物反硝化细菌和霉菌数量最低,较常规施肥(CK)分别降低了91.88%和93.75%,土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量降幅最低,较常规施肥分别降低了11.57%、22.19%和20.87%。因此,捷富宝牌复合肥配施绿能牌生物有机肥后,不仅可以提高土壤有益微生物数量和土壤肥力,而且可以提高马铃薯产量和品质。     

不同释放期缓控释复合肥和氮磷钾比例施用下冬作马铃薯产量及经济效益

为了解决广东省种植户普遍存在的冬作马铃薯生育前期供肥过猛、后期脱肥严重和肥料养分供需不平衡等问题,采用随机完全区组设计方法,以‘费乌瑞它’品种马铃薯为供试作物,在不同氮磷钾比例下,研究不同释放期缓控释复合肥对冬作马铃薯产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明,当氮磷钾比例为N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=1.0∶0.5∶2.0时,配施CRF60d的缓控释复合肥处理的冬作马铃薯的总产量、较CK（无肥处理）增产率、经济效益和较CK增效率都为最高,分别达到56 550 kg/hm ²、68.24%、92 575元/hm ²和69.12%;其次,当氮磷钾比例为N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=1.0∶0.5∶2.0时,配施CRF90d的缓控释复合肥处理的总产量、较CK增产率、经济效益和较CK增效率分别为55 034 kg/hm ²、63.73%、88 186元/hm ²和61.10%。兼顾产量和经济效益等因素,适宜广东冬作马铃薯主产区的施肥方案为配施释放期60~90 d的缓控释复合肥,且总氮磷钾量应达到N 240 kg/hm ²、P₂O₅ 120 kg/hm ²、K₂O 480 kg/hm ²。     

缓/控释肥料对果蔗产量及氮素利用率的影响

为改善果蔗施肥技术、提高果蔗种植的经济效益和环境效益,开展了国产控释配方肥、脲醛缓释复合肥和进口复合肥在果蔗上应用的大田试验。结果表明,果蔗栽培中施用缓/控释配方肥料较施用进口复合肥的产量和总生物量分别提高了1.8%~5.7%和5.7%~15.5%。与进口复合肥相比,缓/控释配方肥料成本更低,施用控释配方肥和脲醛复合肥每公顷增收11 144~17 147元和20 835~23 037元。此外,施用控释配方肥可以显著提高果蔗的NAE、NPF及NUE,提高果蔗氮肥利用效率。果蔗栽培过程中合理地施用缓/控释配方肥料能促进果蔗增产、增收、提高肥料利用率。缓/控释配方肥料可以取代进口复合肥为果蔗生长提供养分,实现轻简施肥。     

配施氨基酸水溶肥对旱作区马铃薯干物质积累及产量的影响

定西市是全国马铃薯种植大市,属典型旱作农业区,由于多年来忽视微肥的配合施用,导致马铃薯种植中施肥不平衡,产量低且不稳现象愈加严重。为探讨氨基酸水溶肥在旱作马铃薯种植中的使用效果,通过田间试验,研究了氨基酸水溶肥和氮磷钾肥配合施用对马铃薯干物质积累的影响及增产效应。结果表明,配施处理全株鲜重最大值较单施氨基酸水溶肥处理最大值增加35.00%～60.23%,较单施复合肥处理最大值增加11.70%～42.87%。以配合施用处理A5+H(水溶肥拌种+水溶肥喷施2次+混合肥1 471 kg/hm~2)的地上、地下及全株干物质积累量为最高,地上茎叶、地下块茎和全株干物质最大值分别达99.50,252.00和321.78 g/株。配合施用处理较单施水溶肥和单施复合肥处理增产幅度分别在25.80%～79.45%和10.72%～57.98%,最高产量亦表现在A5+H处理中,产量达到52 960 kg/hm~2,分别较单施水溶肥处理和单施复合肥处理增产23 453和19 437 kg/hm~2,且与单施处理均呈现极显著差异。综合来看,氨基酸水溶肥和氮磷钾肥配施,能够有效提高马铃薯地上茎叶和块茎的鲜重、干物质积累量,提高块茎产量。     

水稻配方肥肥效试验

通过对吉林市世纪田王生物肥有限公司生产的水稻配方肥应用效果的研究,验证其与当地常规施肥效果的差异,完善水稻配方肥的配方。结果表明,配方肥肥效同当地常规施肥肥效相比可增产380 kg/hm2,增产率为3.7%,且比空白对照增产5 465 kg/hm2,增产率为108.2%,效果显著,肥效可靠。     

湖北省公安县棉花测土配方施肥试验简报

为了以点带面,把测土配方施肥的效果更为直观地展示给棉农,促进测土配方施肥技术的迅速推广,于2012年在湖北省公安县开展5处理3次重复的棉花测土配方施肥示范试验,结果表明：测土配方复混肥处理的籽棉产量为4272.4kg/hm2,比测土配方单质肥处理,习惯施复合肥处理、习惯施单质肥处理和空白对照分别增产14.3%、4.1%、16.3%和67.2%;测土配方复混肥处理的产投比达7.6,比其他处理高2.3~2.5。     

棉花黄萎病拮抗菌的筛选和增产效果研究

从江西九江棉区棉花根际土壤中分离纯化细菌180株,从中筛选出棉花黄萎病高效拮抗细菌1株,编号为C-02.将该菌株研制成棉花专用生物有机肥并进行大田棉花防病增产试验,结果表明,在常规施肥的基础上增施生物有机肥有利于棉花产量的提高,增施该棉花专用生物有机肥300 kg/hm2较常规施肥皮棉增产24.27%,增加投入和增收比达到1∶15.     

不同减肥技术对马铃薯养分高效利用的影响

马铃薯是一种对肥料较敏感的高产作物,合理施肥能够增加马铃薯产量,提高品质,降低成本。然而,目前马铃薯种植中普遍存在施肥量较高的问题。通过马铃薯减肥增效田间试验,研究了不同减肥技术对马铃薯产量、养分累积分配及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,相比习惯施肥,推荐施肥(专用肥)处理N、P、K养分总量减少20%,马铃薯产量提高6 075 kg/hm~2,增产率为13.8%;推荐施肥(专用肥)处理肥料利用率均高于习惯施肥,N、P、K肥料利用率分别为39.28%、22.60%、53.85%,相比习惯施肥N、P肥料利用率分别增加13.93和13.43个百分点,K肥利用率差异不显著。相比推荐施肥(专用肥),在专用肥减量的同时配施几种新型肥料(中微量元素肥、腐植酸水溶肥、生物有机肥)均能达到减肥稳产的效果,且专用肥减施30%的同时配施生物有机肥的马铃薯产量最高,与推荐施肥(专用肥)相比增产1 913 kg/hm~2,增产率为3.8%,氮肥利用率提高4.83个百分点,磷肥利用率提高7.70个百分点,钾肥利用率提高14.17个百分点。综上所述,相比习惯施肥,推荐施肥(专用肥)的施用能够有效提高马铃薯产量,增加养分累积量,提高肥料利用率;专用肥配施其他新型肥料可在减肥的基础上进一步增加马铃薯产量,提高肥料利用率,其中配施生物有机肥效果最优。     

不同施肥类型对马铃薯生长发育及产量效益的影响

马铃薯是一种高产喜肥的作物,由于马铃薯品种和肥料配比的差异性,各地区土壤养分和气候条件的不同,关于马铃薯具体的施肥种类、水平、方式等需细致研究。为研究不同类型底肥对马铃薯农艺性状和产量性状的影响,选用马铃薯新品种‘垦薯1号’为试验材料,设水溶肥、复合肥、掺混肥3种底肥并分别添加总肥量10%剂量增效剂及不施肥对照共计7个处理,研究其对马铃薯的主要农艺性状、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明,基施50kg/667m~2水溶肥、复合肥和掺混肥均提高了马铃薯的根长度、根数、根鲜重、株高、茎粗、单株结薯数、大中薯率和小区产量,降低了主茎数;各指标在混施10%增效剂的处理下明显好于单一施肥处理,水溶肥混施增效剂处理的所有测定指标均显著高于对照;所有施肥处理的经济效益也都高于对照,从大到小排序为水溶肥添加增效剂、复合肥添加增效剂、掺混肥添加增效剂、水溶肥单一施用、复合肥单一施用、掺混肥单一施用处理。试验结果确定了3种肥料的施肥效果,证明了水溶肥较其他类型底肥效果好,且配合施用增效剂对马铃薯生长发育及产量起到促进作用,经济效益更高。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.