不同生育时期膜下滴灌对花生生长发育及产量的影响

以花生品种山花7号为材料,研究了不同生育时期膜下滴灌对花生生长发育、产量及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,膜下滴灌促进花生植株生长,其主茎高、侧枝长、分枝数、单株叶面积、生物量均大于CK;显著增加花生生育后期叶片叶绿素a/b值;对百果重、百仁重、单株结果数、出米率、荚果和籽仁产量有明显的促进作用。花针期滴灌、花针期和结荚期滴灌两处理花生荚果和籽仁产量增产幅度均在7%以上,而结荚期滴灌荚果和籽仁产量增幅仅分别为3.61%和5.08%。膜下滴灌有利于促进花生的生长发育,提高花生产量,在花针期进行膜下滴灌补水,增产效果较为明显。     

不同水分条件下氮肥对花生根系生长及产量的影响

在防雨棚旱池内以"花育25号"花生为试验材料进行土柱栽培试验,在中度干旱胁迫和充足灌水两个水分条件下,分别设置不施氮肥(N0)、中氮(N1,90kg/hm2)、高氮(N2,180kg/hm2)3个施氮水平,研究不同土壤水分和氮肥条件对花生根系生长及产量的影响。结果表明,与不施氮肥处理相比,两个水分处理下中氮处理均显著提高花生的荚果和籽仁产量,且能显著增加水分生产效率。随土层深度的加深,花生根系生物量在垂直分布上呈递减趋势。根系生物量的垂直分布可用对数函数模型、乘幂函数模型、指数函数模型、多项式函数模型来表示,其中乘幂函数的模拟精度最高。正常供水处理下出现高氮营养浅根化的趋势,而干旱胁迫下施用氮肥增加深层土壤内根系,且中氮显著增加干旱胁迫下根系伤流强度。相关性分析表明花生整体形态性状和40cm以下土层内根长和根系生物量与产量间达显著或极显著相关。干旱胁迫下适量施用氮肥增加深层土壤内根系,是提高干旱胁迫下花生产量的有效方法。     

干旱胁迫对不同类型花生根系生理特性及产量品质的影响

以干旱敏感型品种花育23号和抗旱型品种花育25号为材料,在防雨棚栽培池内进行土柱栽培试验,设置充足灌水和中度干旱胁迫2个水分处理,系统研究干旱胁迫对两花生品种根系生理生化特征及产量和品质的影响。研究表明,干旱胁迫处理下,两品种0-20cm土层根系中可溶性糖和脯氨酸积累量最大增幅出现的时间不同,花育25号对干旱胁迫的响应相对较早;干旱胁迫下,两品种0-20cm和20-40cm土层内根系活力在播种后30~50d增幅最大,花育25号和花育23号分别为203.62%、393.97%和74.62%、227.22%。干旱胁迫显著增加两品种籽仁蛋白质含量;花育23号脂肪含量和油酸/亚油酸(O/L)值因干旱胁迫而显著降低但对花育25号无显著影响。干旱胁迫显著降低两花生品种的荚果和籽仁产量,花育23号荚果和籽仁的减产率均在55%以上,而花育25号仅在38%以下。     

氮、磷、钾、钙肥不同用量对花生光合性能及产量品质的影响

在田间试验条件下研究了N、P、K、Ca肥不同用量对花生光合性能及产量品质的影响,结果表明,施N、P、K、Ca肥可提高花生叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率;对叶片光合性能的改善作用,N肥主要在前期、P肥在中后期、K肥和Ca肥前后期比较一致。施肥可明显提高花生荚果产量,且施N肥处理随施肥量的增加产量显著提高,施P、K、Ca肥处理以中等施肥量(P150、K300、Ca300)产量最高。施肥可不同程度地提高花生籽仁脂肪、粗蛋白和游离氨基酸含量,改善花生籽仁品质。对花生籽仁品质的改善作用,P肥最大,其次是N和Ca肥,K肥的作用不明显,施K肥过多(K450)还会明显降低脂肪含量。施用Ca肥能提高花生籽仁中油酸亚油酸比值(O/L),K肥可提高花生籽仁可溶性糖含量。     

多效唑对花生生长、产量和品质的影响

试验研究了中低产田花生喷施多效唑对花生生长发育、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,花生初花后25~35 d叶面喷施多效唑,可明显抑制主茎和侧枝的生长,促进干物质向荚果分配,增加库容量,提高库、源比,使单株结果数及产量增加,从而提高花生单位面积产量。但易造成花生病害加重,百果重、百仁重和出仁率降低,籽仁脂肪和蛋白质含量下降。因此,在花生中低产田使用多效唑必须与病害防治相结合,才能实现花生高产优质。     

江西省花生产业发展现状及展望

为摸清江西花生产业发展规律，探索新的发展方向和途径，本研究调研比较了江西省和周围邻近省份及 山东、河南等花生高产省份在花生总产、种植面积和单产方面的变化规律，及各省历年花生审定品种情况和品种产 量增长规律。结果表明江西花生产业发展相对滞后，主要原因为：1.江西土壤类型为红壤，有机质及营养元素含量 较低，不利于花生生长；2.品种更新速度慢、品种老化严重且花生品质改良没有得到重视，优质新品种相对较少；3. 良种缺乏与之配套的高产栽培技术。江西省花生芝麻产业技术体系的成立大力推动了江西花生产业的发展，2019 区域实验结果表明江西花生品种具有较大的高产潜力。平均荚果产量和籽仁产量最高的均为粤油271，荚果产量 达到6305.95 kg/hm2 ，籽仁产量为4632.57 kg/hm2 ，在试验品种中居第一位；粤油1712荚果产量为6022.25 kg/hm2， 籽仁产量为3824 kg/hm2，综合表现好，在试验品种中居第二位；湘花522荚果产量5451.6 kg/hm2，籽仁产量4003.8 kg/hm2，在试验品种中居第三位。这表明随着科技投入的进一步加大，产量潜力优良品种的培育及释放将推动江西 花生产业进入跨越式的发展阶段。     

播期对夏直播花生生理特性及产量的影响

通过田间试验,以大花生品种(系)365-2为试验材料,研究了不同播期对夏直播花生营养生长、生理特性及产量的影响。结果表明,随播期推迟,出苗率降低,主茎高变矮、侧枝长变短,分枝数、主茎绿叶数和饱果数减少,同时花生植株根、茎、叶以及饱果的干物质重呈下降趋势。夏直播花生早播有利于提高花针期和结荚期叶绿素含量,随播期的推迟,叶片净光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数ΦPSⅡ逐渐下降。与6月5日相比,6月15日、20日、25日叶面积系数分别降低15.23%、17.26%、21.33%,荚果产量、籽仁产量和出仁率逐渐降低,与6月5日早播相比,6月10日、15日、20日、25日荚果产量分别降低3.95%、17.29%、25.40%、29.67%。     

活性腐殖酸缓释肥对不同花生品种生长发育和产量的影响

为了探明活性腐殖酸缓释肥对不同花生品种生长发育和产量的影响,在山东省泰安市农业科学研究院南上高基地,采用田间小区对比试验的方法研究了活性腐殖酸缓释肥对不同花生品种生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,施用活性腐殖酸缓释肥和普通复合肥均能有效促进花生生长发育,增加单株结果数,有利于荚果充实,进而提高荚果和籽仁产量;施用活性腐殖酸缓释肥比施用普通复合肥花生生长更稳健,增产效果更显著。     

不同土层土壤容重组合对花生衰老特性及产量的影响

确定花生生长所需的适宜土壤紧实度,为花生高产耕作栽培体系的建立提供理论依据。以高产花生品种青花7号为材料,采用柱栽试验,设置上层(0~20cm)土壤容重分别为1.2g/cm~3和1.3g/cm~3 2个水平,下层(21~40cm)土壤容重分别为1.3、1.4、1.5g/cm~3 3个水平,研究了不同土层土壤容重组合对花生衰老特性及产量的影响。结果表明,0~20cm土层土壤容重一致时,20~40cm土层土壤容重增加,花生叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量减少,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性减小,丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,荚果产量降低;21~40cm土层土壤容重一致时,0~20cm土层土壤容重为1.3g/cm~3时花生叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、SOD、POD活性在花生生育中后期均高于土壤容重为1.2g/cm~3处理,MDA含量则低于土壤容重1.2g/cm~3处理。说明0~20cm土层土壤容重过低和20~40cm土层土壤容重过高均易引起花生早衰,降低荚果产量,适宜的的土壤容重组合可以延缓花生衰老,提高荚果产量。     

种用花生荚果含水量对机械剥壳效率及效果的影响

以不同果型花生品种泰花8号、泰花9号、宁泰9922荚果为试验材料,研究不同荚果含水量处理条件下机械剥壳的效率和效果。结果表明:花生荚果含水量对机械剥壳效率及效果的影响较大。花生荚果在低含水量时,机械脱壳率高,但籽仁破损率、发芽率低;随着含水量的增加,籽仁破损率呈现先降低后升高的U形曲线趋势,即含水量控制在12.0%～13.5%时,籽仁破损率最低;相关线性分析表明花生产量与出苗率之间呈极显著正相关,与含水量呈正相关,但相关性不显著,因此本试验认为花生荚果含水量的差异影响机械剥壳对籽仁的损伤程度,进而影响出苗率,造成产量差异。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.