盛花期高温对两系杂交稻两优培九结实率的影响研究

对两优培九和汕优63在盛花期置于人工气候室36℃高温下处理不同时间的结果表明,在无库源关系限制下,两优培九结实率明显高于汕优63, 表明两优培九具有较强的耐高温能力.然而,当两优培九、汕优63和Ⅱ优7号种植于不同密肥构建的6种库源群体条件下时,两优培九结实率却明显低于汕优63和Ⅱ优7号.对空秕率构成的分析表明,两优培九结实率低主要是由于受精子房中途停止发育所致.     

杂交水稻再生稻组合的筛选研究

不同熟期的杂交水稻组合与早稻同期播插，收后蓄再生稻，筛选出再生力强、产量较高的65396、两优培九、丰两优1号，再生稻单产比对照汕优63分别增加28.3%，25％，15.57%；丰两优1号、两优培九和65396头季＋再生稻单产分别比汕优63增加15.69%，7.02%，1.77%；头季稻留桩高度以20－30cm为宜；头季＋再生全生育期平均为185.4d，生稻收后还有100d左右的无霜期天气，有利于种植蔬菜和其它经济作物，为种植结构调整探索出了一条路子。     

两系杂交稻扬两优6号源库特征与结实特性的分析

以两系杂交稻扬两优6号和两优培九及三系杂交稻汕优63为材料,研究了源、库、流特征及其与籽粒充实的关系。 扬两优6号和汕优63的结实率、籽粒充实度和产量明显高于两优培九;扬两优6号和汕优63茎鞘物质输出率和转换率显著高于两优培九;扬两优6号和汕优63籽粒中蔗糖合成酶、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶和淀粉分支酶的活性显著高于两优培九,且上述各酶的活性与籽粒最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、谷粒充实度和粒重呈极显著的正相关;扬两优6号和汕优63的单位维管束和韧皮部的颖花负荷、现实产量负荷、总库容负荷显著小于两优培九,且负荷越大的组合结实率就越低,充实度也就越差。扬两优6号单位面积韧皮部的物质转运速率显著高于两优培九和汕优63。表明扬两优6号具有源足、库强、流畅的特点,这是它结实率高和籽粒充实度好的生理基础。     

超级杂交稻两优培九剑叶叶鞘叶绿体光化学活性的初步研究

以超级杂交稻两优培九及其父本9311、母本培矮64S和三系杂交稻组合汕优63为研究材料,采用光合膜人工反应体系和32Pi同位素标记等技术,初步研究了超级杂交稻两优培九剑叶叶鞘的光化学活性。结果表明,两优培九剑叶叶鞘及其叶片光系统Ⅰ还原能力的均值分别比汕优63高6.35和15.31 μmol/(mg·h),光系统Ⅱ放氧活性的均值分别高出616和9.89 μmol/(mg·h),且大多数时期达显著或极显著水平;两优培九剑叶叶鞘及其叶片浸出液钙含量均显著或极显著高于汕优63;两优培九剑叶叶鞘及其叶片叶绿体膜上Mg2+ ATPase活性的均值均高于汕优63,大多数时期达显著或极显著水平;两优培九剑叶叶鞘及其叶片循环光合磷酸化活性的均值也均高于汕优63,近一半时期达显著或极显著水平;非循环光合磷酸化活性的均值分别比汕优63高0.25和0.31 μmol/(mg·h),也近一半时期达显著或极显著水平;两优培九剑叶叶鞘及其叶片的光化学活性大多数时期显著或极显著高于亲本,具有平均优势或超亲优势;与叶片相比,剑叶叶鞘完全具有同剑叶一样的光化学活性,两者没有质的区别;两优培九剑叶叶鞘具有较高的光化学活性可能是它具有超高产特性的重要原因之一。     

两系杂交稻耐热性研究初报

本文通过分期播种的方法,对4个两系杂交稻组合两优2163、两优2186、两优培九、金两优36和对照汕优63在自然高温条件下进行耐热性鉴定,结果表明穗期日平均气温≥30℃、穗期≥35℃极端高温的日数达6 d以上,4个两系杂交稻组合和对照汕优63均有受到高温伤害,结实率比正常气候下平均下降15%左右,同时平均产量和千粒重也比正常气候低.4个两系杂交稻组合穗期耐热性与汕优63相当.     

水稻产量对生殖生长阶段不同时期高温的响应差异

【目的】研究水稻产量对不同时期不同类型高温的响应差异,为耐热水稻品种的筛选与培育提供依据。【方法】在桶栽条件下,于人工气候室内,以耐热水稻品种Nagina 22、汕优63和热敏感品种两优培九为材料,设置三个处理时期,即穗分化期、开花期和灌浆期;四种处理温度,即白天高温、夜间高温、全天高温和适宜温度,研究水稻产量和产量构成因子对不同时期高温的响应。【结果】汕优63在三个时期均表现出较强的耐热性;Nagina 22在花期和灌浆期对高温耐性较强,但易受穗分化期高温影响;两优培九对不同时期高温均较敏感。汕优63在不同时期高温下均表现出稳定的伤流强度,而高温敏感品种两优培九的伤流强度受高温影响均显著下降。【结论】水稻对不同时期的高温耐性并不具有相关性,筛选或培育耐热品种时应考虑其对不同时期高温的综合耐受性。     

超级杂交稻的生育特性及经济性状分析

在大田栽培条件下,以5个超级杂交稻组合和汕优63为供试材料,设计从4月20日到6月20日的7个播期,研究超级杂交稻组合的生育特性和经济性状。结果表明,两优培九、P88S/0293、协优9308、协优9320的生育期显著长于汕优63,适宜作一季稻栽培;国稻1号的生育期与汕优63相近,可作一季稻或双季晚稻栽培;两优培九、P88S/0293、国稻1号表现较强的感温性,协优9308和协优9320还表现一定的感光性,协优9320和协优9308的基本营养生长期较长,国稻1号较短;超级杂交稻组合具有明显的穗重优势,表现穗大粒多;协优9308和协优9320具有较高的生物学产量;在适宜条件下,5个超级杂交稻组合的产量优势明显;产量≥10.5 t/hm2的平均穗粒结构是:有效穗222.93万/hm2,每穗总粒数216.15粒,结实率83.75%,千粒重27.42 g。     

低温对水稻幼苗类囊体膜脂肪酸组分和膜脂过氧化的影响

以高产杂交稻组合两优培九和常规杂交稻汕优63为材料,设10℃低温和25℃常温对照两个处理,研究了夜间低温对幼苗类囊体膜膜脂过氧化和脂肪酸组分的影响。低温处理后,两个组合叶片的叶绿素含量明显下降,但两优培九下降幅度较小。两个组合的低温处理组脂肪酸组分中的16:0和18:0含量下降,常温对照组的下降幅度较小;而低温处理组脂肪酸组分中的18:1、18:2和18:3含量均上升。脂肪酸的不饱和度均呈上升趋势,但两优培九不饱和度整体上比汕优63小。低温处理下,两个组合的MDA和超氧阴离子含量都呈上升趋势,但两优培九MDA含量上升幅度远远比汕优63小。由结果可知,两优培九在苗期对低温不敏感,抗冷性较强。夜间低温引起叶片的类囊体膜膜脂过氧化加剧,脂肪酸不饱和度上升,这两方面的变化有着密切的关系,且都与杂交稻的冷适应发展有紧密的联系。     

穗期高温对协优315产量及其构成因素的影响

通过分期播种移栽试验研究了穗期高温对协优315产量及其构成因素的影响,结果表明,第1～3播栽期的穗期(颖花分化至齐穗期)遇到极端的高气温时段(日均温32℃以上,日最高气温平均37℃以上),协优315的产量均比对照汕优63低;第4～7播栽期穗期气温逐渐降低,协优315的产量均超过对照汕优63.结实率差异,尤其是穗下部籽粒的结实率差异是引起产量差异的主要原因.协优315穗期对高温的反应比汕优63敏感,易受高温影响而导致结实率和产量降低.     

水稻粒叶比与叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性及MDA含量的关系

以汕优63和两优培九为材料,在抽穗期剪去1/3枝梗,形成不同的粒叶比,研究其对叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性及MDA含量的影响。结果表明,与汕优63相比,两优培九粒叶比较大,抽穗后叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性下降较快,MDA含量上升较缓。同一品种剪去1/3枝梗,降低粒叶比,能减缓其叶片SOD下降以及MDA含量升高,加速POD、CAT活性降低。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.