近平滑假丝酵母(Candida parapsilosis)发酵普洱茶初探

以晒青茶为原料,接种专利菌株近平滑假丝酵母(Candida parapsilosis)GPT-5-11(专利号:201010182948.5)发酵普洱茶。结果表明,接种菌株的普洱茶样品GABA含量为0.3052~1.5332 mg/g,显著高于对照0.0628~0.1047 mg/g,其中灭菌每翻接种液态菌的样品GABA含量最高,为1.5332 mg/g,达到GABA茶的标准。同时,接种该菌株进行发酵后,发酵茶样中的主要功能成分含量均较自然发酵茶叶中的含量高,具有传统普洱茶的品质风味,且在香气和滋味方面有自身的特点,滋味醇和、厚滑,香气纯正略带乳香。     

不同有益菌固态发酵对普洱茶香气成分的影响研究

采用同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)提取有益菌固态发酵普洱茶的香气成分,经气质联用分析鉴定,探讨了授权专利有益菌种（绿色木霉Trichoderma viride Pers.ex Fr.、黑曲霉Aspergillus niger van Tieghem、少根根霉Rhizopus arrhizus Fischer、酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae）固态发酵对普洱茶香气成分的影响。结果表明,绿色木霉固态发酵共分离鉴定出13种化合物,占总检测量的53.66%,其中萜烯醇类化合物及其衍生物含量最高,占33.5%;黑曲霉固态发酵共分离鉴定出18种化合物,占总检测量的74.77%;少根根霉固态发酵共分离鉴定出19种化合物,占总检测量的54.19%;酿酒酵母固态发酵共分离鉴定出19种化合物,占总检测量的59.15%。黑曲霉、少根根霉固态发酵的普洱茶甲氧基苯及其衍生物含量最高,分别占31.24%、24.04%;酿酒酵母固态发酵的普洱茶萜烯醇类化合物及其衍生物与甲氧基苯及其衍生物含量都比较高,分别达21.89%、24.07%。感官审评表明,绿色木霉发酵的普洱茶滋味醇厚回甘,香气陈香透花-木香;黑曲霉发酵的普洱茶滋味醇厚,陈香透花果香;少根根霉发酵的普洱茶滋味醇厚甘滑,陈香浓;酿酒酵母发酵的普洱茶滋味醇和甘滑,香气陈香较显。     

普洱茶机械化生产及数控发酵的品质研究

为研究机械化加工普洱茶的可行性,使用“晒青茶机械化标准化生产线”加工晒青茶,并应用云南普洱茶树良种场开发的数控发酵系统对加工的晒青毛茶进行发酵,在各个加工过程中取样,应用电子鼻、气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）、高效液相色谱（HPLC）结合感官审评的方法,研究机械化生产晒青毛茶及其在数控发酵过程中内含成分和香气物质的变化,为普洱茶机械化加工和产业升级提供一定依据。结果显示,机械化加工的普洱茶审评结果符合普洱茶国家标准,普洱茶机械化生产具有可行性;数控发酵过程中,儿茶素、没食子酸（GA）、水浸出物、茶多酚及氨基酸的含量呈减少趋势,咖啡碱含量增加;GC-MS及电子鼻分析结果表明,第一次翻堆时香气物质与其他出堆样差异显著,随着数控发酵进行,香气物质种类增加而香气物质相对含量总体减少,香气物质种类以醇类、芳香烃类、酮类及醛类为主,检测出芳香烃类香气物质较为丰富。     

普洱茶发酵过程中外源接种黄曲霉产毒研究

以云南大叶种晒青茶为原料,接种产毒黄曲霉进行模拟普洱茶发酵试验,并在发酵结束时通过LC-MS/MS法对茶样进行黄曲霉毒素检测,研究普洱茶发酵过程中黄曲霉的生长及产毒情况。结果表明,在普洱茶发酵过程中,接种的黄曲霉能在茶叶中生长繁殖,初期生长较快,但随发酵时间的延长,黄曲霉在茶叶中的生长明显受到抑制,其数量逐渐下降。发酵终止时,未在茶样中检测出黄曲霉毒素。     

脱咖啡碱GABA绿茶品质成分研究

本研究将真空富集GABA和热水脱咖啡碱加工工艺相结合,探讨其对绿茶品质成分的影响。结果表明：通过真空嫌气和热水脱咖啡碱处理,可使茶样中的GABA含量达到1.5mg/g以上,且能有效降低咖啡碱含量（脱除率达75%以上）,同时将茶多酚等其他有益成分的损失率控制在较低范围。     

普洱茶中氟含量的现状分析

正普洱茶是以云南省一定区域内的云南大叶种晒青毛茶为原料,经过后发酵加工成的散装和紧压茶。其外形色泽褐红、内质汤色红浓明亮、香气独特陈香、滋味醇厚回甘、叶底褐红,因普洱茶独特的香气(陈香)和保健功能被广泛关注。茶树是一种聚氟植物,叶片是茶树对氟积累的主要器官之一,氟对人体健康的作用取决于剂量,按世界卫生组织规定,人均每天适宜的氟摄入量为2.5~4.0mg。适量的氟可以防龋,促进人体骨骼和牙齿的钙化,增强骨骼的强度等;但是摄入氟过多,导致氟尿、氟牙病、氟骨症和Ca代谢紊乱等疾病,对人体健康造成一定的危害。由于普洱茶中氟含量的研究鲜有报道,本文收集100份普洱茶的样本进行氟含量测定,对我国普洱茶中氟含量现状进行     

不同厌氧时间对绿茶和红茶加工品质的影响

以'福鼎大白茶'、'黄金芽'和'白叶1号'的一芽二叶鲜叶为试验材料,采用不同厌氧时间(0、2、4、8 h)富集γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的方式,结合绿茶和红茶工艺制备样品,探讨不同厌氧时间对绿茶与红茶工艺茶叶的GABA及主要品质成分的影响.结果表明,随厌氧时间延长,两种工艺茶叶的GABA含量均呈极显著增加趋势,游离氨基酸含量显著增加,茶多酚和水浸出物含量下降,咖啡碱含量变化不大.相同厌氧时间内,红茶工艺茶叶GABA富集量显著高于绿茶工艺茶叶,且高氨基酸茶树品种的GABA富集效果较好,黄金芽在绿茶和红茶工艺中GABA含量最高,分别为2.64 mg·g-1、2.69 mg·g-1.以厌氧温度为25℃、真空度为0.09 Mpa,厌氧时间为4 h的条件,分别结合杀青锅温为180℃,投叶量300 g,杀青时间为2min的绿茶工艺和以发酵温度为28℃,湿度为90％,发酵时间为4 h的红茶工艺,所制得的绿茶清香浓郁、滋味清爽,红茶香气高长、滋味醇厚,综合品质最佳,且达GABA茶标准.     

不同方法渥堆发酵的普洱熟茶品质比较分析

为探究不同方式渥堆发酵的普洱熟茶品质差异,分别采用数控与传统两种发酵方法将茶叶加工成普洱熟茶样,分别对感官品质及主要理化成分进行相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析,探讨两种发酵方法普洱熟茶的品质差异。结果表明,数控设备发酵的普洱熟茶样感官品质整体低于传统方式发酵的普洱熟茶样,同时两种方法发酵的普洱熟茶各品质指标存在一定差异,品质指标间存在一定的相关性。数控设备发酵的普洱熟茶样和传统方式发酵的普洱熟茶样主要理化成分含量总体差异不大,除水分、咖啡碱和酚氨比差异显著（p <0.05）,其他均不显著,但存在差异;主成分分析结果表明,传统方法渥堆发酵的普洱熟茶样综合品质优于数控发酵的普洱熟茶。试验结果可为普洱熟茶发酵技术的研究及普洱熟茶的加工生产提供理论依据。     

不同加工工艺对超微茶粉的理化性质影响

研究分析了不同加工工艺超微茶粉球磨粉碎工艺、气磨粉碎工艺超微茶粉主要理化性质。不同粉碎处理的超微茶粉在理化成分含量、色泽、香气及滋味特征等方面均有所差异。结果表明,球磨、气磨粉碎超微茶粉游离氨基酸含量分别为25.4 mg/g、22.9 mg/g;咖啡碱含量分别为33.8 mg/g、33.6 mg/g;水溶性糖含量分别为31.2 mg/g、30.8 mg/g;水溶性蛋白质含量分别为21.1 mg/g、19.2 mg/g;茶多酚含量分别为172.2 mg/g、150.3 mg/g。球磨粉碎超微茶粉感官品质特征优于气磨粉碎超微茶粉,茶叶中的茶多酚、咖啡碱等主要香气物质、营养物质的损失也低于气磨粉碎超微茶粉,本实验对比两者理化性质的区别分析,从而可以为提高超微茶粉品质的加工措施提供理论依据。     

普洱茶渥堆发酵中可降解咖啡碱真菌菌株的筛选和鉴定

为了在普洱茶渥堆发酵中筛选出可降解咖啡碱的菌株,采用咖啡碱液体筛选培养基从不同阶段普洱茶发酵样中筛选目标菌株,结合菌落特征、分生孢子结构以及18 S r DNA序列对目标菌株进行鉴定。并将目标菌株接种至茶叶内进行单菌种发酵,通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定咖啡碱、茶碱、可可碱、3-甲基黄嘌呤等嘌呤碱含量。结果表明,在普洱茶发酵样中筛选出一株有效降解咖啡碱的菌株,此菌株在48 h内对咖啡碱的降解率为87.7%。经鉴定为聚多曲霉(Aspergillus sydowii),序列相似性为99.8%。在聚多曲霉茶叶单菌种发酵中,咖啡碱含量急剧下降,在发酵结束时仅占干物质重的(0.414±0.077)%;茶碱质量分数大幅度上升,由最初的不足0.1%上升至(2.129±0.246)%,成为主要的嘌呤碱;可可碱含量无显著变化(P0.05);3-甲基黄嘌呤有大幅度增加,增幅达130%。本文首次从发酵茶叶中筛选出可降解咖啡碱的菌株,探究了微生物发酵中咖啡碱的转化产物,为低咖啡碱普洱茶的开发提供了菌种。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.