节水栽培条件下冬小麦籽粒微量元素和蛋白质含量对施氮的反应

为明确节水栽培下冬小麦籽粒微量元素、蛋白质含量对施氮的响应及其调控效应,在大田限水灌溉条件下研究了施氯对高产冬小麦品种石家庄8号籽粒铁、锌、锰、铜含量、蛋白质及其组分含量的影响。结果表明,冬小麦一次性基施157．5kg N／ha处理的籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和铁、锌、锰、铜含量均显著高于不施氮肥处理,在基施157．5kg N／ha基础上追施氮肥,上述各指标的变化均不显著,过量施氮籽粒铁、锌、锰含量反而呈降低趋势。在本试验奢件下,冬小麦一次性基施157．5kg N／ha可以使产量、品质和资源效率得到最佳统一。     

氮肥运筹对华北平原限水灌溉冬小麦产量和水氮利用效率的影响

为了解不同氮肥运筹处理对华北平原限水灌溉条件下冬小麦产量、水分和氮素利用效率的影响,在中国农业大学吴桥试验站限水灌溉(播种前灌充足底墒水,春浇拔节水和开花水)条件下,开展了6个不同氮肥运筹处理(157.5 kg N/ha全部做基肥;基肥88.5 kg N/ha 追肥69 kg N/ha;基肥157.5 kg N/ha 追肥69 kg N/ha;基施88.5 kg N/ha 追施138 kg/ha;226.5 kg N/ha全部做基肥;基肥157.5 kg N/ha 追肥138 kg N/ha)的大田试验。结果表明,限水灌溉条件下,不同氮肥运筹处理的冬小麦经济产量和产量构成因素(有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重)间无显著差异。冬小麦水分利用效率(1.78~1.87 kg/m3)和氮素生理利用效率(39.65~44.42 kg/kgN)随氮肥施用量加大呈下降趋势,而氮肥生产力则随施氮量增加而显著降低。冬小麦氮素转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率(%)均表现为叶片>茎鞘>穗颖。氮肥一次性基施处理的氮素转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率(%)在各氮肥运筹处理中均较高。在华北平原地区,施氮水平在157.5 kg N/ha且一次性基施,是限水灌溉冬小麦高产、高效、简化的适宜施肥方式。     

氮肥追施对冬小麦西农2000籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响

为了探寻冬小麦品种西农2000的最佳追氮方式,在相同总施氮量（250kg.hm-2）下分析了不同施氮处理间西农2000籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的差异。结果表明,与氮肥全部基施相比,氮肥基追配施（基施纯氮60%,剩余40%纯氮用于追施）能够显著提高籽粒产量和蛋白质含量。其中基施纯氮150kg.hm-2,并配合拔节期追施纯氮62.5kg.hm-2和孕穗期追施纯氮37.5kg.hm-2（基追比为6∶2.5∶1.5）对提高西农2000籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的综合效果最好,其籽粒产量和蛋白质含量比氮肥全部基施处理分别提高8.9%和0.79个百分点。氮肥基追配施下小麦籽粒产量提高的主要原因是穗数与千粒重提高;籽粒蛋白质含量的提高主要与花后30d前旗叶平均游离氨基酸含量的提高有关,而花后30d前旗叶平均游离氨基酸含量的增加可能主要由花后旗叶NR、GS活性的提高所致。     

氮磷钾肥对稻米铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响

 采用田间试验，在四川省西昌市用两个水稻品种研究了氮、磷、钾肥施用量对稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响。结果表明，稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量均随着施氮量增加先上升后下降，滇屯502的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量都以施用90 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高；而合系39的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙的含量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用270 kg/hm2 N最高，说明供试籼型品种滇屯502对氮肥的敏感性较粳型品种合系39强；磷肥明显降低了稻米中铁、铜、锰、钙的含量和产量，适量增施磷肥有利于增加稻米中镁的含量和产量；适量施用钾肥有利于提高稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰含量和产量，两供试品种铁、锌、铜、锰含量均以90 kg/hm2 K2O时最高，而钾肥明显降低了稻米中镁、钙的含量和产量。     

氮素和基本苗对宁盐一号小麦籽粒产量、群体质量与蛋白质及其组分含量的影响

为给宁盐一号小麦品种的高产优质栽培提供依据,2003～2004年在江苏沿海地区农科所试验场,研究了不同氮肥施用量和基本苗对该品种籽粒产量与蛋白质及其组分含量的影响.结果表明,在基本苗相同时,增加氮肥施用量,每穗粒数、蛋白质及其组分含量提高,而千粒重降低.在基本苗90×104～180×104/ha范围内提高氮肥施用量,可增加穗数、花后干物质积累量、抽穗期群体LAI和产量,基本苗超过270×104/ha则表现为负效应.在氮肥施用量相同时,基本苗增加,每穗粒数、蛋白质及其组分含量均呈下降趋势.在施氮量180 kg/ha条件下,增加基本苗,穗数相应增加.综合来看,宁盐一号高产优质栽培的适宜氮肥和密度组合为施氮量180 kg/ha、基本苗270×104/ha或施氮量240 kg/ha、基本苗180×104/ha.     

氮肥运筹对豫中地区冬小麦旗叶生理及籽粒产量的影响

为探讨豫中地区冬小麦合理高效的氮肥运筹模式,以百农矮抗58为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计,研究了氮肥施用量及运筹模式对冬小麦旗叶生长生理及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,氮肥运筹对冬小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量的影响均达显著水平。随施氮总量的增加,旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率和可溶性蛋白含量均表现不同程度的升高,硝酸还原酶活性也保持较高值。在基肥相同的条件下,增加拔节期追氮量能显著提高旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量。施氮总量相同时,拔节期追氮量较多的处理对基施氮肥较少的处理有一定的补偿效应。氮肥运筹对籽粒产量的影响达极显著水平,其中N120＋150模式下的穗粒数及粒重最高,N120＋210模式下小麦成穗数及籽粒产量最高。综上,豫中地区生态环境下,施纯氮270 kg.hm-2,其中基施氮肥120 kg.hm-2、拔节期追施氮肥150 kg.hm-2的N120＋150处理是较为合理的氮肥运筹模式。     

：施氮水平对不同类型小麦产量和品质的影响

为了确定安徽淮北地区小麦超高产栽培的适宜施氮量,以强筋小麦济麦20、中强筋小麦烟农19和中筋小麦皖麦50为材料,在超高产栽培条件下,研究了施氮量对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在基施有机氮42～56 kg/ha基础上,每公顷施氮量0～360 kg范围内,籽粒产量与施氮量呈极显著二次曲线相关.济麦20和皖麦50在施氮量300 kg/ha时籽粒产量最高,但与施氮量为240 kg/ha的处理差异不显著;烟农19则以施240 kg/ha氮素时籽粒产量最高.单位面积穗数和穗粒数随施氮量的加大均呈增加趋势,千粒重随施氮量增大呈下降趋势.籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、形成时间和稳定时间等品质指标均与施氮量呈显著线性正相关.在本试验条件下,淮北地区小麦超高产栽培的适宜施氮量为240 ～300 kg/ha.     

氮素运筹对弱筋小麦扬麦9号产量、品质和旗叶衰老特性的影响

为了解弱筋小麦植株衰老特性与籽粒产量及品质形成的关系,选用弱筋小麦扬麦9号,设置不同的氮肥处理,测定和分析了植株生育后期旗叶光合特性和衰老特性及品质指标.结果表明,低氮(180 kg/ha)和高氮(240 kg/ha)在氮肥比例[基肥∶壮蘖肥(5叶期施)∶拔节肥(倒3叶施)∶孕穗肥(倒1.5叶施)]为7∶1∶2∶0时的两处理生产的籽粒品质均符合国标(GB/T 17893-1999).施氮量180 kg/ha、氮肥比例5∶1∶2∶2处理植株生育后期净光合速率、Rubisco含量、SPAD值、POD和SOD酶活性在品质符合国标的处理中最高,旗叶蔗糖含量高,籽粒转化蔗糖能力强,产量最高;施氮量240 kg/ha、氮肥运筹5∶1∶2∶2处理,虽然有效延缓了植株衰老,产量最高,但籽粒品质不符合国标.说明弱筋小麦扬麦9号后期衰老速率快虽有利于降低籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量,但不利于产量提高;延缓衰老虽有利于产量提高,但易致品质下降.本试验条件下,弱筋小麦扬麦9号采用施氮量180 kg/ha、氮肥运筹5∶1∶2∶2的栽培方式,后期衰老速率适度,有利于品质改善,产量亦较高.     

施氮方式对冬小麦品种京冬11籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

为确定冬小麦品种京冬11的适宜施氮方式,在总施氮量（210kg.hm-2）一致条件下,分析了全部基施（N1）、1/2作基施＋1/2在拔节期追施（N2）和1/2作基肥＋1/3在拔节期追施＋1/6在开花期追施（N3）三种施氮方式间该品种籽粒灌浆特性及产量的差异。结果表明,随氮肥后移,籽粒达到最大灌浆速率的时间后延,总灌浆时间延长;灌浆速率系列参数以氮肥全部基施的最小,其余两处理的基本相同;各灌浆阶段籽粒干物质积累量均以N1处理最少,N3处理最多。灌浆时间系列参数变异系数较小;灌浆速率除渐增期变异系数较小外,其余时期变异系数均较大。籽粒干重灌浆初期以氮肥全部基施处理最大,灌浆中后期随氮肥后移而增加。全部基施处理千粒重最小,产量最低,其余两处理间产量及其构成因素差异均不显著。     

氮肥运筹对不同茬口强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

为了探讨不同茬口下施氮对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的最佳效应,以强筋小麦品种烟农19号为材料,研究了施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响.结果表明,施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口下强筋小麦的籽粒产量和品质均有显著的影响.在0～240 kg/ha施氮量范围内烟农19号单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量随施氮量的增加而显著提高,且旱茬麦产量极显著高于稻茬麦,主要是提高了每穗粒数和千粒重.小麦籽粒蛋白质和面筋含量、沉淀值均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,旱茬麦的品质显著优于稻茬麦.在两种茬口下,烟农19号籽粒产量、蛋白质产量与施氮量均成二次曲线关系,稻茬麦在施氮量为251.26～280.24 kg/ha、旱茬麦在施氮量为281.03～303.02 kg/ha范围内籽粒产量和蛋白质产量可达到同步提高.拔节期和孕穗期追施氮肥可有效提高单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量,且籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量和沉淀值显著提高.本试验条件下,旱茬麦在拔节期至孕穗期、稻茬麦在孕穗期追施氮肥可同步提高强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质.     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.